The document summarizes research on the characterization and DC conductivity of novel copper oxide (CuO) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-composite films. PVA-CuO composite films with 1-4 wt% CuO were prepared by solution casting. The composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDXS. XRD showed CuO retained its structure in the composite. FTIR showed interactions between PVA and CuO. DC conductivity increased with temperature, indicating semiconducting behavior. Conductivity increased with higher CuO content, with maximum at 4 wt%. The study analyzed the structural, morphological and electrical properties of the PVA-CuO nano-comp
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Influence of reaction medium on morphology and crystallite size of zinc oxidejournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by reacting zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in different mediums such as chitosan, poly vinyl alcohol, ethanol and starch. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis was done by energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).
KEY WORDS : Nano zinc oxide, morphology, crystallite size
Characterization of Manganese doped ZnO (MZO) thin films by Spin Coating Tech...IOSR Journals
Doping is a widely used to improve the structural and optical properties of semiconductors. However deposition route is also very important to get nanostructure with different properties. ZnO nanostructures doped with Mn having 5% doping concentrations by weight percentage have been synthesized in the laboratory using Spin coating technique. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image shows the around one millimeter and X-ray diffractometer studies shows that the average diameter of the particles is 25 nm. From the UV-Vis studies the annealing temperature increases the crystal size decreases and the bandgap values increases accordingly.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Influence of reaction medium on morphology and crystallite size of zinc oxidejournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by reacting zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in different mediums such as chitosan, poly vinyl alcohol, ethanol and starch. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis was done by energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).
KEY WORDS : Nano zinc oxide, morphology, crystallite size
Characterization of Manganese doped ZnO (MZO) thin films by Spin Coating Tech...IOSR Journals
Doping is a widely used to improve the structural and optical properties of semiconductors. However deposition route is also very important to get nanostructure with different properties. ZnO nanostructures doped with Mn having 5% doping concentrations by weight percentage have been synthesized in the laboratory using Spin coating technique. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image shows the around one millimeter and X-ray diffractometer studies shows that the average diameter of the particles is 25 nm. From the UV-Vis studies the annealing temperature increases the crystal size decreases and the bandgap values increases accordingly.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Chitosan capped Silver nanoparticles used as Pressure sensorsIOSR Journals
In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles, capped with chitosan (biopolymer ). The majority of the particles produced in this way had sizes around 18 nm. Composite films of capped silver nanoparticles and chitosan polymer were studied to understand the charge transport under different pressure. Films of different compositions were prepared to measure current voltage curves across the film thickness. The results reveal that these materials exhibit electrical conductivity as predicted by the “classical theory of percolation”. Pressure dependent electrical conductivity and these composites can be explored to develop low cost pressure sensors.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and CdS added potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals (a total of six) have been grown by the slow evaporation method at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectroscopic and Fourier transform infrared spectral measurements were done to characterize the grown crystals structurally and chemically. Thermal and mechanical stabilities were understood by making respectively the thermogravimetric and microhardness measurements. The optical transmittance and second harmonic generation efficiency were understood by making respectively the UV-Vis-NIR spectral and nonlinear optical measurements. The AC and DC electrical measurements made on all the six grown single crystals indicate a normal dielectric behaviour. The electrical parameters, viz. dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC and DC electrical conductivities are found to increase with the increase in temperature in the range (40 – 150oC ) considered in the present study. The estimated AC and DC activation energies are found to vary nonlinearly with the impurity concentration. Keywords: Crystal growth, Doped crystals, KDP crystals, Physical properties, X-ray diffraction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs) From Opuntia Prickly Pear Dye Usi...IJERA Editor
Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (NDSSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of solar energy due to their simple fabrication, good efficiency, and low production cost. Natural dyes are environmentally and economically superior to ruthenium-based dyes because they are nontoxic and cheap. However, the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes is low. One way to improve the DSSC performance is to enhance the absorptivity of extracted natural dyes. We investigated the influence of various factors in the extraction process, such as utilization of different extraction approaches, the acidity of extraction solvent, and different compounds of solvents on the optical absorption spectra. It was found that we could considerably enhance the optical absorptivity of dye and consequently the performance of DSSC by choosing a proper mixture of ethanol, methanol and water. In this study, a photo electrode using ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by sol-gel method. In this paper we investigate the optical absorption, functional group, surface morphology and elementary composition of pure TiO2, ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles and opuntia prickly pear dye extract by using UV-Visible, PL-Studies, FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDS analysis. Finally photocurrent-voltaic characterization of nanocrystaline natural dye solar cell using I-V studies. It was found that the levels of short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and overall conversion efficiency (η).
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
introduction to Tio2 nanostructures, properties of Tio2, current trends in biomedical application, general application of Tio2, synthesis of Tio2 nanoparticle by chemical route, characterization technique and objective.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Chitosan capped Silver nanoparticles used as Pressure sensorsIOSR Journals
In the present work, we report the synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles, capped with chitosan (biopolymer ). The majority of the particles produced in this way had sizes around 18 nm. Composite films of capped silver nanoparticles and chitosan polymer were studied to understand the charge transport under different pressure. Films of different compositions were prepared to measure current voltage curves across the film thickness. The results reveal that these materials exhibit electrical conductivity as predicted by the “classical theory of percolation”. Pressure dependent electrical conductivity and these composites can be explored to develop low cost pressure sensors.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and CdS added potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals (a total of six) have been grown by the slow evaporation method at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectroscopic and Fourier transform infrared spectral measurements were done to characterize the grown crystals structurally and chemically. Thermal and mechanical stabilities were understood by making respectively the thermogravimetric and microhardness measurements. The optical transmittance and second harmonic generation efficiency were understood by making respectively the UV-Vis-NIR spectral and nonlinear optical measurements. The AC and DC electrical measurements made on all the six grown single crystals indicate a normal dielectric behaviour. The electrical parameters, viz. dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC and DC electrical conductivities are found to increase with the increase in temperature in the range (40 – 150oC ) considered in the present study. The estimated AC and DC activation energies are found to vary nonlinearly with the impurity concentration. Keywords: Crystal growth, Doped crystals, KDP crystals, Physical properties, X-ray diffraction.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs) From Opuntia Prickly Pear Dye Usi...IJERA Editor
Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (NDSSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of solar energy due to their simple fabrication, good efficiency, and low production cost. Natural dyes are environmentally and economically superior to ruthenium-based dyes because they are nontoxic and cheap. However, the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes is low. One way to improve the DSSC performance is to enhance the absorptivity of extracted natural dyes. We investigated the influence of various factors in the extraction process, such as utilization of different extraction approaches, the acidity of extraction solvent, and different compounds of solvents on the optical absorption spectra. It was found that we could considerably enhance the optical absorptivity of dye and consequently the performance of DSSC by choosing a proper mixture of ethanol, methanol and water. In this study, a photo electrode using ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by sol-gel method. In this paper we investigate the optical absorption, functional group, surface morphology and elementary composition of pure TiO2, ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles and opuntia prickly pear dye extract by using UV-Visible, PL-Studies, FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDS analysis. Finally photocurrent-voltaic characterization of nanocrystaline natural dye solar cell using I-V studies. It was found that the levels of short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and overall conversion efficiency (η).
Synthesis and characterization of nano tio2 via different methodshena78
Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles are the ultra fine particles Particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) have the diameters less than 100 nm. It is believed to be one of the three most produced nanomaterials , along with silicon dioxide nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanoparticles.
Synthesis and charecterization studies of nano ti o2 prepared via sol gel methodeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
introduction to Tio2 nanostructures, properties of Tio2, current trends in biomedical application, general application of Tio2, synthesis of Tio2 nanoparticle by chemical route, characterization technique and objective.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Evaluation of Euclidean and Manhanttan Metrics In Content Based Image Retriev...IJERA Editor
Content-based Image Retrieval is all about generating signatures of images in database and comparing the signature of the query image with these stored signatures. Color histogram can be used as signature of an image and used to compare two images based on certain distance metric. Distance metrics Manhattan distance (L1 norm) and Euclidean distance (L2 norm) are used to determine similarities between a pair of images. In this paper, Corel database is used to evaluate the performance of Manhattan and Euclidean distance metrics. The experimental results showed that Manhattan showed better precision rate than Euclidean distance metric. The evaluation is made using Content based image retrieval application developed using color moments of the Hue, Saturation and Value(HSV) of the image and Gabor descriptors are adopted as texture features.
Thermal Instability of Chemically Reacting Maxwell Fluid in a Horizontal Poro...IJERA Editor
The effect of chemical reaction on the linear stability of a viscoelastic fluid saturated horizontal densely-packed
porous layer is investigated. The viscoelastic properties are given by Maxwell constitutive relations. The porous
layer is cooled from the upper boundary while an adiabatic thermal boundary condition is imposed at the lower
boundary. Linear stability analysis suggests that there is a competition between the processes of viscous
relaxation and thermal diffusion that causes the first convective instability to be oscillatory rather than stationary.
The effect of Deborah number, Darcy-Prandtl number, normalized porosity, and the Frank-Kamenetskii number
on the stability of the system is investigated. Using a weighted residual method we calculate numerically the
convective thresholds for both stationary and oscillatory instability. The effects of viscoelasticity and chemical
reaction on the instability are emphasized. Some existing results are reproduced as the particular cases of the
present study.
Research on the Model of Sight Distance Triangle in Mountain HighwayIntersect...IJERA Editor
Because of the complex terrain,thestopping sight distance ofintersection is difficult to meet and intersections
become accident-prone section in mountain highway. In response to this phenomenon,thisstudy establishedsight
distance triangle modelsfor uncontrolled intersections and minor roadswith a stop controlledbased on
driver’svisual characteristics by analyzing the driver's visual features and driving characteristics of mountain
highway intersection.It can provide a theoretical basis for the design of mountain highway intersection.
A Model For Integrating Environmental Considerations Into The Valuation Of In...IJERA Editor
In Nigeria, the Estate Surveyor and Valuer has been bestowed with the responsibility of interpreting value of properties for various purposes. In carrying out this responsibility, the Valuer depends on models which were developed decades ago. These models in themselves have implied environmental considerations by way of neighbourhood analysis. The models do not consider serious environmental problems such as air, water, soil, noise pollutions and industrial health and safety. This work developed a model for integrating these variables into the valuation of industries using Enugu as a study area. The model developed is referred to as The Environmental Factor Adjusted Cost Approach to Valuation (or in short from “The E-factor Model”). The model was found to conform with the provisions of the Nigerian Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste) Regulations of 1991. The model is therefore recommended for use by the Nigerian Institution of Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the Valuation of Industries and other facilities generating waste in Nigeria.
Fvm Analysis for Thermal and Hydraulic Behaviour of Circular Finned Mpfhs by ...IJERA Editor
In this exploration the influence of using two types of Nano fluids (Ag-water and Al203-water) as a coolant at volumetric concentration is taken (c= 4%) in micro pin fin heat sink with circular fins in addition to the un-finned micro-channel heat sink is deliberated with the help of commercially available computational fluid dynamics software Fluent 14. The evaluation of flow and heat transfer characteristics of MPFHS and cooling fluids has been made under the similar boundary condition; at the range of Reynolds number used is (100-500). The gotten outcomes is exemplified that, Ag-water Nano fluid is gives the minimum pressure drop and slightly maximum heat transfer rate compared to Al203-water Nano fluid. And circular finned heat sink is dissipating more amount of heat compared to un-finned micro-channel heat sink. But it is also gives the maximum pressure drop due to finned area.
Image Restitution Using Non-Locally Centralized Sparse Representation ModelIJERA Editor
Sparse representation models uses a linear combination of a few atoms selected from an over-completed
dictionary to code an image patch which have given good results in different image restitution applications. The
reconstruction of the original image is not so accurate using traditional models of sparse representation to solve
degradation problems which are blurring, noisy, and down-sampled. The goal of image restitution is to suppress
the sparse coding noise and to improve the image quality by using the concept of sparse representation. To
obtain a good sparse coding coefficients of the original image we exploit the image non-local self similarity and
then by centralizing the sparse coding coefficients of the observation image to those estimates. This non-locally
centralized sparse representation model outperforms standard sparse representation models in all aspects of
image restitution problems including de-noising, de-blurring, and super-resolution.
This paper discusses an automated approach to database change management throughout the companies’ development workflow. By using automated tools, companies can avoid common issues related to manual database deployments. This work was motivated by analyzing usual problems within organizations, mostly originated from manual interventions that may result in systems disruptions and production incidents. In addition to practices of continuous integration and continuous delivery, the current paper describes a case study in which a suggested pipeline is implemented in order to reduce the deployment times and decrease incidents due to ineffective data controlling.
Dynamic Topology Re-Configuration in Multihop Cellular Networks Using Sequent...IJERA Editor
Cellular communications has experienced explosive growth in the past two decades. Today millions of people around the world use cellular phones. Cellular phones allow a person to make or receive a call from almost anywhere. Likewise, a person is allowed to continue the phone conversation while on the move. Cellular communications is supported by an infrastructure called a cellular network, which integrates cellular phones into the public switched telephone network. The cellular network has gone through three generations.The first generation of cellular networks is analog in nature. To accommodate more cellular phone subscribers, digital TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) technologies are used in the second generation (2G) to increase the network capacity. With digital technologies, digitized voice can be coded and encrypted. Therefore, the 2G cellular network is also more secure. The third generation (3G) integrates cellular phones into the Internet world by providing highspeed packet-switching data transmission in addition to circuit-switching voice transmission. The 3G cellular networks have been deployed in some parts of Asia, Europe, and the United States since 2002 and will be widely deployed in the coming years. The high increase in traffic and data rate for future generations of mobile communication systems, with simultaneous requirement for reduced power consumption, makes Multihop Cellular Networks (MCNs) an attractive technology. To exploit the potentials of MCNs a new network paradigm is proposed in this paper. In addition, a novel sequential genetic algorithm (SGA) is proposed as a heuristic approximation to reconfigure the optimum relaying topology as the network traffic changes. Network coding is used to combine the uplink and downlink transmissions, and incorporate it into the optimum bidirectional relaying with ICI awareness. Numerical results have shown that the algorithms suggested in this thesis provide significant improvement with respect to the existing results, and are expected to have significant impact in the analysis and design of future cellular networks.
Effect of Thermo-Diffusion and Chemical Reaction on Mixed Convective Heat And...IJERA Editor
A finite element study of combined heat and mass transfer flow through a porous medium in a circular cylindrical annulus with Soret and Dufour effects in the presence of heat sources has been analyzed. The coupled velocity, energy, and diffusion equations are solved numerically by using Galerkin- finite element technique. Shear stress, Nusslet number and Sherwood number are evaluated numerically for different values of the governing parameters under consideration and are shown in tabular form.
An Improved Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol for Wireless S...IJERA Editor
In recent development, achieving the deployment of nodes, lifetime, fault tolerance, latency, energy efficiency in brief robustness and high reliability have become the prime research goals of wireless sensor network. In recent years many clustering protocols have been suggested on clustering structure based on heterogeneity. We propose improved deterministic energy-efficient clustering protocol for four types of nodes which extend the stability and lifetime of the network in team of first node get dead. Hence, it increases the heterogeneity and energy level of the network. I-DEC performs better than E-SEP, SEP and DEC with more stability and effective messages shows in simulation results.
Enhancement in Power Quality With Grid Interconnection of Renewable Energy So...IJERA Editor
At present the Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid and shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
Impact of Air Quality on Human Health In The Vicinity of Construction Sites i...IJERA Editor
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Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nano-composite Films
1. Chivukula Srikanth Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.38-46
www.ijera.com 38 | P a g e
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Nano-composite Films
Chivukula Srikanth*, Chakradhar Sridhar B**, B.M.Nagabhushana*** and
R.D.Mathad*
*(Department of Physics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-585 106, Karnataka, India.)
** (Department of Physics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-585 106, Karnataka, India)
***(Department of Chemistry, M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore 560 054, India)
ABSTRACT
DC conductivity of PVA-CuO nano-composite films have been studied in the present work. The composites
were prepared by solution-casting technique. The prepared PVA-CuO composites have been characterized by X-
ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS); which confirmed the presence of CuO
in polyvinyl alcohol and the formation of the composite. DC conductivity studies show thermally activated
behavior of all the composites. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase in temperature
indicating the semiconducting behavior of all the compositions. The activation energy increases as the content of
CuO nanoparticles increases from 1 to 4 in wt% in the PVA- CuO nano-composites. Maximum conductivity was
observed in 4 wt% of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol.
Keywords - DC conductivity, FTIR, Nano copper oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, X-ray diffraction.
I. INTRODUCTION
The organic–inorganic composite polymeric
materials have attracted researchers because of their
potential uses in developing new materials and
devices [1]. Recently, polyvinyl alcohol has received
much attention because of its unique chemical,
physical properties as well as its industrial
applications [2–5]. Its good film-forming nature,
hydrophilicity, processibility and good chemical
resistivity [6] have been used to develop inorganic-
organic nano-composites. Cupric oxide (CuO,
tenorite) is a monoclinic (Fig.1) p-type
semiconductor with a band gap of 1.5 - 1.8 eV [7-
9].It has been a hot topic because of their promising
applications in various fields such as dye sensitized
solar cells [10], gas sensors [11],bio-sensors[12],
nanofluid [13], photo detectors [14], energetic
materials (EMs) [15], field emissions [16], super
capacitors [17],removal of inorganic pollutants
[18,19],photo catalysis [20] and magnetic storage
media [21].Combining the properties of the organic
polyvinyl alcohol and inorganic nano CuO will help
in the generation of the new class of materials with
improved properties and that can overcome the
drawbacks coming from the individual counterparts
as well as will also improve the physical and chemical
properties of materials. These composites are
expected to find commercial applications like gas
sensors, electro chromic devices and super capacitors.
In the present work, attempts have been made to
synthesize the nano-cupric oxide particles by low
solution heat combustion method and PVA-CuO
nano-composite by solution-casting method. These
polymer nano-composites have been characterized by
using various techniques such as X-ray diffraction
(XRD), Fourier Trans-form Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and
Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).The dc
conductivity measurements are done by using two
probe set-up.
Fig.1. Monoclinic crystal structure of CuO with each
Cu atom being surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms (red
spheres).
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Materials:
Polyvinyl alcohol of analytical grade was
obtained in the powder form from Nice Chemicals
Pvt.Ltd. Cochin, with the average molecular weight of
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Chivukula Srikanth Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.38-46
www.ijera.com 39 | P a g e
125,000 (98% hydrolyzed). Cupric Nitrate of AR
grade was purchased from S.D. Fine-Chem.
Ltd.Mumbai.
2.2. Synthesis of Nano Cupric Oxide (CuO):
Low Solution combustion (LSC) technique was
employed for the preparation of nano- cupric oxide
[22]. Hydrated Cupric Nitrate [Cu (NO3)2 3H2O] is
used for the synthesis of cupric oxide. The filtered
lemon juice was used as a fuel [22]. 4 gm of Cupric
Nitrate and 12ml of filtered lemon juice were taken
into the cylindrical Petri dish of 300 ml and well
dissolved in de-ionized water. The aqueous redox
mixture was dispersed uniformly by stirring the
mixture using a magnetic stirrer for 5 min. Then the
resulting mixture was placed into a pre-heated muffle
furnace maintained at (400 ± 10) °C. In the beginning,
the solution was thermally dehydrated and ignited
with the liberation of large amount of gases (N2, O2,
etc.). The entire process took place within 8 min. The
resultant powder occupied the entire volume of the
reaction vessel. The combustion was self-propagating
and within a few minutes the reaction was completed
and fluffy powder was obtained. After completion of
the process, the product obtained was grinded well
using mortar and pestle. The powder is voluminous,
weakly agglomerated, foamy, nano in size and has a
high surface area. The formation of product through
LSC process can be represented by the following
reaction.
Cu (NO3)2 3H2O+Lemon juice (aq.) Combustion
product(S) + Heat + Gases (1)
LSC process can be considered as a thermally induced
redox reaction of the precursor wherein a fuel acts as
reductant and 3
NO
ions act as oxidant.
2.2.1. Synthesis of Polyvinyl alcohol film.
The pure PVA films were prepared by solution
casting technique [23]. Powdered PVA of about 2.5 g
was dissolved in 50ml of double distilled water by
stirring. The solution was then warmed up to 333 K
and thoroughly stirred, using a magnetic stirrer, for
about 1h until the polymer became completely
soluble. By removing the trapped air bubbles, the
solution was poured onto a leveled clean glass plate
and left to dry at room temperature for about 48 h.The
dried films were peeled off from the glass plate and
cut into suitable pieces for measurements [24].
2.2.2. Synthesis of PVA–CuO nano-composite films:
PVA-CuO nano-composite films were also prepared
again by the solution casting method. First, the PVA
stock solution was prepared by the above method
and to this solution 1.0 wt%,2.0wt%, 3.0 wt% and 4.0
wt% of CuO nano powder was mixed and stirred
vigorously by using magnetic stirrer until transparent
PVA–CuO multi component dispersion was obtained.
Further, ultrasonication was done for complete
dispersal of CuO in PVA solution. Then known
volume of viscous PVA–CuO solution was poured
onto a leveled clean glass plate and left to dry at room
temperature for about 48 h. The dried films were
peeled off from the glass plate and cut into suitable
pieces for characterization.
2.3. Measurements:
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the pure
PVA film, nano CuO powder and the polymer nano-
composite films were recorded at room temperature
using an X-ray powder diffractometer with Cu Kα
radiation (λ = 1.5416 Ǻ ) in the 2Ө (Bragg angles)
range (10˚ 2Ө 80˚) to elicit the information
related to phase purity, crystallinity and details of
their structure. The FTIR spectra of the samples were
recorded on a Perkin Elmer 1600 spectrophotometer
in KBr medium. The morphology of the composites
in the form of powder was investigated using
scanning electron microscope (SEM) Model-EVO-18
Special Edison, Zeus, Germany. The nano-composite
films are coated with silver paste on either side to
study DC electrical conductivity. Temperature
dependent electrical conductivity was measured from
35°c to 125°c using Keithley 6514 electrometer.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. X–Ray diffraction:
The X-ray diffraction pattern of pure PVA is
shown in Fig.2 (a). In this spectrum, one main peak
appeared around 2Ө= 19.72° corresponding to (10Ө1)
crystal plane for PVA, which indicates the semi
crystalline nature of PVA [25]. The crystalline nature
of PVA results from the strong intermolecular
interaction between PVA chains through hydrogen
bond [26].
The XRD patterns of CuO nanoparticles are shown in
Fig.2 (b). CuO was synthesized by Heat Combustion
method. These nanoparticles have shown good
crystallinity because of the existence of sharp peaks in
the XRD pattern. The crystallite size of the
synthesized CuO nanoparticles was calculated using
Scherer’s formula [27] given by
0.9
cos
D
(2)
where D is the average crystallite size, λ is the X-ray
wavelength (1.5416A°) and is full width at half
maximum in radian.
The calculation of crystallite size from XRD is a
quantitative approach which is widely accepted and
used in scientific community [28-30]. The average
crystallite size is found to be ~10 nm. In the XRD
pattern, different lines are attributed to the (110),
(002), (111), (200), (202), (112), (202),
3. Chivukula Srikanth Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 10( Part - 5), October 2014, pp.38-46
www.ijera.com 40 | P a g e
(113),(311),(220),(221),(004) and (023) planes are in
good agreement with the data of CuO powder file
(JCPDS number 80-1917) which corresponds to the
monoclinic structure. The XRD spectrum exhibits an
intense peak for (111) plane. The lattice constants
calculated from the present data are a=4.6890A°,
b=3.4250A° and c=5.1324A° respectively, which are
in good agreement with the reported data [31].
The X-ray diffraction pattern of PVA, PVA–CuO
composite (1%wt.to 4% wt.) and nano CuO is shown
in the Fig.2(c). In the XRD pattern, different lines are
attributed to the (110), (002), (111), (200), (112),
(113) and (004) planes; by comparing the XRD
pattern of the composite and CuO, it is confirmed that
CuO has retained its structure even though it is
dispersed in PVA during polymerization reaction.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Intensity(arb.units.)
2 (degree)
PURE PVA(101)
Fig.2 (a) XRD of Pure PVA
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Intensity(arb.units)
2(degree)
Nano CuO
(110)
(002)
(111)
(200)
(202)
(112)
(202)
(113)
(311)
(220)
(221)
(004)
(023)
Fig.2 (b) XRD of Nano CuO
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
(A) (110)
(002)
(111)
(112)
(202)
(113)
(311)
(220)
(B)
(C)
(101)
(101)
(110)
(002)
(111)
(D)
(110)
(002)
(111)
(E)
(101)
(101)
(110)
(002)
(111)
(112)
(202)
Intensity(arb.units)
2(degree)
(F)
(101)
(110)
(002)
(111)
(112)
(202)
Fig.2(c). XRD of (A) pure CuO (B) pure PVA
(C) PVA-1% CuO , (D)PVA-2% CuO (E) PVA-3%
CuO (F) PVA-4% CuO
3.2. FTIR Spectra
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Transmittance%
Wavenumber(cm-1)
PURE PVA
3290
2934
2353
1724
14201326
1086
915
836
682
2850
3575
1142
Fig.3(a). FTIR of pure PVA
The FT-IR spectroscopy is important in the investigati
-on of polymer structure, since it provides information
about the complexation and interactions between the
various constituents in the polymer composite. The
Fig.3a shows spectra of pure PVA film wherein the
peaks at 2934 cm-1
, 1420 cm-1
, 1326 cm-1
, 1086 cm-1
,
915 cm-1
are assigned to the characteristic vibration
bands of PVA. The O–H stretching band in IR
spectrum is by far the most characteristic feature of
alcohols and appears in the range 3500–3000 cm-1
in
pure PVA.The bands around 3290 cm-1
and 1326 cm-1
are attributed to H–OH stretching and CH2 stretching,
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respectively. The band around 1420 cm-1
is attributed
to –CH3 bending and the bands around 2934 cm-1
and
2850 cm-1
correspond to the –CH2 asymmetric and
symmetric stretching, respectively. The peak at 1086
cm-1
is attributed to Ө(C–O) stretching vibration of
the ether group. The band at 915 cm-1
has been related
to syndiotactic structure and is assigned to the CH2
rocking vibration. The bands at 836 cm-1
and 682 cm-1
are assigned to Ө(C–C) stretching vibration and out of
plane OH bending,respectively.The band at 1724 cm-1
of the carbonyl group is due to absorption of the
residual acetate groups during the manufacturing of
PVA from hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate [32].
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
Transmittance%
Wavenumber(cm-1)
Nano CuO
3334
598
525
430
1385
Fig.3 (b) FTIR of nano CuO.
The Fig. 3(b) shows FTIR spectrum of nano CuO
which shows several characteristic bands. The
presence of a weak adsorption at 3334 cm-1
is due to
the stretching vibration of the adsorbed water and
surface hydroxyls. Several other bands appeared in
the FTIR spectrum at 598, 525, and 430 cm-1
[33] are
the characteristic for monoclinic CuO phase and
confirms the monoclinic phase for the as-grown
structures[34].
The Fig.3(c) shows the FTIR spectra of PVA–CuO
nano-composite films where a marginal shift in
position of bands corresponding to OH stretching and
C=O group are seen which may be attributed to the
strong interaction between filler CuO and host PVA
polymer matrix. Further-more, peaks observed around
430 cm-1
and 525 cm-1
in the PVA-CuO nano-
composites, is due to Cu-O stretching, which is not
observed in the pure PVA film. This suggests the
presence of CuO in the PVA matrix.
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500Transmittance%
pva
3575
3258
2934
2850
2353 1724
1420
1326
11421326
1086
915
836
682
525
pva-1%cuo
598
430
pva-2%cuo
Wavenumber(cm-1)
pva-3%cuo
pva-4%cuo
Fig.3(c). FTIR Spectra of PVA, PVA– CuO (1% to
4%) nano-composites.
3.3 Scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis:
The scanning electron micrographs of PVA film, CuO
nano powder and CuO doped PVA films are shown in
Fig. 4. SEM of pure PVA shows uniformly processed
smooth PVA matrix and the semi crystalline nature of
PVA supporting the observations of XRD analysis
(Fig.4 (a)). The average grain size for PVA is found to
be 114nm to 234nm. Well defined nanocrystalline
morphology of CuO is shown in Fig.4(b).The
particles are rod like [35] in shape having an average
grain size from 52nm to 84nm. The grains are found
to be well interconnected with each other which
indicate that they have enough binding energy to
combine with neighbour grains or molecules.Fig.4(c-
f) show the SEM image of PVA- CuO (1% to 4%Wt.)
nano-composites. The average grain size for PVA-
1%CuO is found to be 76nm to 132nm and that of
PVA-4%CuO is 53nm to 104nm.Thus the crystalline
nature of the composites increases, as CuO
concentration increases in PVA.
The representative EDX spectra of nano CuO, PVA–
1% CuO and PVA–4% CuO composite films are
shown in Fig.5.The spectra shows enhancement in
copper and oxygen content when concentration of the
CuO increases.
3.4 DC Conductivity Measurements:
Fig.6 (a) shows a typical logσ vs.1000/T plot for
PVA and PVA-CuO (1%to4%Wt.) nano-composite
films. The conductivity increased with increase in
temperature but the rate of increase was different in
different temperature regions. The activation energy
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has been determined from the slopes of these curves
by using the relation [36],
log
2.303
1 /
k
E
T e
(3)
where σ is the conductivity at temperature T, E is the
activation energy, e is the charge of an electron and k
is the Boltzmann constant.
The activation energy increases with the increase in
doping concentration of CuO in PVA matrix both at
high temperature and low temperature regions (Table
1). At 308K and 398K, the dc electrical conductivity
of pure PVA was found to be 5.51×10-13
Scm-1
and
17.9×10-13
Scm-1
respectively. As content of CuO
increases from 1% to 4% in PVA matrix, the
conductivity of PVA–CuO nano-composite increases
from 6.69×10-13
Scm-1
to 31.59×10-13
Scm-1
at 308K,
similarly at 398K it increases from 27.0×10-13
Scm-1
to 427.0×10-13
Scm-1
(Table 1).The increase in
conductivity with increase of temperature is the
characteristic behavior of semiconductors. The
temperature dependence of the conductivity σ (T) of
disordered semiconducting materials is generally
described by the Mott Variable Range Hopping
(VRH) model [37],
1
4
( ) exp
OT
T
T
(4)
where σ is the conductivity, T is the temperature and
σ0 is the conductivity at characteristic temperature T0.
PVA–CuO nano-composites follow the three-
dimensional VRH electrical conduction process [38].
Fig. 6(b) and 6(c) shows the plot of conductivity vs.
the content of CuO nanoparticles in the PVA– CuO
nano-composites both at 308K and 398K. The plot
shows that the conductivity of PVA increases
remarkably after insertion of CuO nanoparticles
(1 to 4%) in the PVA matrix.PVA, CuO and PVA–
CuO nano-composites are of P-type semiconducting
materials having large number of free charge carriers
available for the purpose of conduction. Hence, as the
concentration of CuO increases the number of
free charge carriers also increases, all together
electrons from polar O2-
terminated CuO
nanoparticles surfaces and from the PVA chains,
resulting in the improvement in the conductivity of
PVA– CuO nano-composites [39].
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3
-12.5
-12.0
-11.5
-11.0
-10.5
log
1000/T (K
-1
)
PVA
pva-1% CuO
pva-2% CuO
pva-3% CuO
pva-4% CuO
(a)
0 1 2 3 4 5
PVA-CuO(wt%)
Conductivity(10¯
13
)Scm
-1
5
10
15
20
25
30 (b)
0 1 2 3 4 5
PVA-CuO(wt%)
Conductivity(10¯
13
)Scm
-1
100
200
300
400
500
(c)
Fig.6. (a) Plot of logσ vs. 1000/T PVA, PVA- CuO
(1-4%) composites. (b) Plot of conductivity vs. PVA-
CuO (wt. %) (at 308K) (c) Plot of conductivity vs.
PVA- CuO (wt. %) (at 398K)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Polyvinyl alcohol-Nano cupric oxide composites
of various weight percentages were synthesized by
solution casting method. X-ray diffraction studies
show the retention of CuO in polymer matrix. Studies
on Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
confirm the formation of PVA- CuO composites and
the SEM image reveals the presence of CuO particles
which are uniformly distributed throughout the
composite films. Maximum conductivity was
observed in 4 wt.% of CuO in PVA. The room
temperature dc electrical conductivity of PVA–CuO
composite films increases gradually as the CuO
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content increases in PVA matrix, which is described
by the Mott Variable Range Hopping (VRH) model.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Author would like to thank T.Navalea, Functional
Materials Research Laboratory,School of Physical Sc
iences, Solapur University, Solapur; and Prof.M.V.N.
Ambika Prasad, Department of Materials Science, Gul
barga University, Gulbarga for providing lab facility
to measure DC conductivity.
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www.ijera.com 45 | P a g e
Fig.4. SEM of (a) Pure PVA (b) Nano CuO (c) PVA-1%CuO (d)PVA-2%CuO
(e) PVA-3%CuO (f) PVA- 4%CuO
a b
c d
e f
A
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FIG.5. EDX OF (A) NANO CUO (B) PVA-1%CUO (C) PVA-4%CUO
TABLE 1. Activation energy and Conductivity of PVA-CuO Nano-composite films.
S.NO.
COMPOSITION
ACTIVATION ENERGY E(eV) Conductivity
13 1
( ) 10 Scm
High
temperature
range.
Low
temperature
range.
(At 308K) (At 398K)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PVA
PVA-1% CuO
PVA-2% CuO
PVA-3% CuO
PVA-4% CuO
0.081
0.109
0.132
0.143
0.444
0.173
0.180
0.194
0.195
0.197
5.51
6.69
13.35
23.36
31.59
17.90
27.0
53.9
77.1
427.0
B
b
C
c