A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
DC conductivity of PVA-CuO nano-composite films have been studied in the present work. The composites were prepared by solution-casting technique. The prepared PVA-CuO composites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS); which confirmed the presence of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol and the formation of the composite. DC conductivity studies show thermally activated behavior of all the composites. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase in temperature indicating the semiconducting behavior of all the compositions. The activation energy increases as the content of CuO nanoparticles increases from 1 to 4 in wt% in the PVA- CuO nano-composites. Maximum conductivity was observed in 4 wt% of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol.
LGS crystal which melts congruently at 1470⁰C has been grown by Czochralski method. The langasite
crystal of length about 1cm grown along its Z-axis was cut in X and Y directions , polished and
subjected to various characterization studies. Phase and structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by
Powder XRD measurement. FTIR spectrum was carried out to confirm the functional groups present in
the grown crystals. The optical behavior was studied by UV–vis-NIR analysis. Electrical properties such as Dielectric constant, Resistivity, Conductivity and Piezoelectric coefficient have also been studied.
Pure and Al substituted Langanite
(La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14) ceramics have been synthesized
by solid state sintering method and studied their
structural, dielectric and electrical properties. The
crystalline nature was confirmed by powder XRD
studies. The ac conductivity and dielectric
properties of La3Ga5.5-xAlxNb0.5O14 samples were
examined by using complex impedance technique.
Surface morphology and elemental composition
were studied by energy-dispersive x-ray
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The frequency dependence of dielectric constant,
dielectric loss and AC conductivity were studied in
the frequency range of 100 KHz to 3 MHz at
different temperatures. The activation energy was
calculated using Arrhenius plot. The lattice
parameter, grain size, dielectric constant and AC
conductivity of pure LGN ceramics were deeply
affected by Al substitution in pure LGN.
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
DC conductivity of PVA-CuO nano-composite films have been studied in the present work. The composites were prepared by solution-casting technique. The prepared PVA-CuO composites have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS); which confirmed the presence of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol and the formation of the composite. DC conductivity studies show thermally activated behavior of all the composites. The conductivity was found to increase with the increase in temperature indicating the semiconducting behavior of all the compositions. The activation energy increases as the content of CuO nanoparticles increases from 1 to 4 in wt% in the PVA- CuO nano-composites. Maximum conductivity was observed in 4 wt% of CuO in polyvinyl alcohol.
LGS crystal which melts congruently at 1470⁰C has been grown by Czochralski method. The langasite
crystal of length about 1cm grown along its Z-axis was cut in X and Y directions , polished and
subjected to various characterization studies. Phase and structure of the grown crystal was confirmed by
Powder XRD measurement. FTIR spectrum was carried out to confirm the functional groups present in
the grown crystals. The optical behavior was studied by UV–vis-NIR analysis. Electrical properties such as Dielectric constant, Resistivity, Conductivity and Piezoelectric coefficient have also been studied.
Pure and Al substituted Langanite
(La3Ga5.5Nb0.5O14) ceramics have been synthesized
by solid state sintering method and studied their
structural, dielectric and electrical properties. The
crystalline nature was confirmed by powder XRD
studies. The ac conductivity and dielectric
properties of La3Ga5.5-xAlxNb0.5O14 samples were
examined by using complex impedance technique.
Surface morphology and elemental composition
were studied by energy-dispersive x-ray
spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
The frequency dependence of dielectric constant,
dielectric loss and AC conductivity were studied in
the frequency range of 100 KHz to 3 MHz at
different temperatures. The activation energy was
calculated using Arrhenius plot. The lattice
parameter, grain size, dielectric constant and AC
conductivity of pure LGN ceramics were deeply
affected by Al substitution in pure LGN.
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Synthesis Characterization and Properties of Silica-Nickel Nanocomposites thr...IJERA Editor
There has been an increasing demand for high performance Nanocomposites which can withstand several conditions such as low and high temperature, pressure and atmosphere in various applications. In order to meet these demands, SiO2-Nickel Nanocomposites can be explored for important applications in various industries. Metals having sizes of the order of a few nanometers dispersed in silica matrix and their sintering mechanism have been discussed in this work. A Niihara approach is chosen to measure the micro-fracture toughness of silica-nickel Nanocomposites for both type of cracks found in this work.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
In this experimental study, the reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The inclusion of the GO Sheets enhances the degree of hydration of the cement paste. However, the workability of the GO-cement composite becomes somewhat Reduced. The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
Influence of reaction medium on morphology and crystallite size of zinc oxidejournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by reacting zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in different mediums such as chitosan, poly vinyl alcohol, ethanol and starch. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis was done by energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).
KEY WORDS : Nano zinc oxide, morphology, crystallite size
Graphene field-effect transistor simulation with TCAD on top-gate dielectric ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the influence of top-gate dielectric material for graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) using TCAD simulation. Apart from silicon-based dielectric that is typically used for top-gate structure, other high-dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric materials namely aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide are also involved in the analysis deliberately to improve the electrical properties of the GFET. The unique GFET current-voltage characteristics against several top-gate dielectric thicknesses are also investigated to guide the wafer fabrication engineers during the process optimization stage. The improvement to critical electrical parameters of GFET in terms of higher saturation drain current and greater on/off current ratio shows that the use of high-k dielectric material with very thin oxide layer is absolutely necessary.
The reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Solving Fuzzy Maximal Flow Problem Using Octagonal Fuzzy NumberIJERA Editor
In this paper a general fuzzy maximal flow problem is discussed . A crisp maximal flow problem can be solved
in two methods : linear programming modeling and maximal flow algorithm . Here I tried to fuzzify the
maximal flow algorithm using octagonal fuzzy numbers introduced by S.U Malini and Felbin .C. kennedy [26].
By ranking the octagonal fuzzy numbers it is possible to compare them and using this we convert the fuzzy
valued maximal flow algorithm to a crisp valued algorithm . It is proved that a better solution is obtained when
it is solved using fuzzy octagonal number than when it is solved using trapezoidal fuzzy number . To illustrate
this a numerical example is solved and the obtained result is compared with the existing results . If there is no
uncertainty about the flow between source and sink then the proposed algorithm gives the same result as in crisp
maximal flow problems.
Autosizing Control Panel for Needle BearingIJERA Editor
A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical rollers. Bearings are used to reduce friction of
any rotating surface. Needle bearings have a large surface in contact with the bearing outer surfaces as
compared to ball bearings. There is less added clearance(Diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing
are different) so they are much compact. The structure consists of a needle cage which contains the needle
rollersthemselves and an outer race (The housing itself). Radial bearings are cylindrical and they use rollers
parallel to the axis of the shaft. Radial pattern of needle are being used by thrust needles. Complement bearings
have solid inner as well as outer rings and rib-guided cylindrical rollers. The bearings have the largest number
of rolling elements and also have extremely high radial load carrying capacity and are suitable for compact
designs.Needle roller bearings have relatively small diameter cylindrical rolling elements whose length is much
larger than their diameter. As compared to other types of rolling bearings, needle roller bearings possess a small
cross-sectional height and significant load-bearing capacity and rigidity relative to their volume. Also, because
the inertial force acting on them is limited, needle bearings are an ideal choice for applications with oscillating
motion. These bearings also work well in compact and lightweight machine designs and they serve as a ready
replacement for sliding bearings. Needle bearings features are great rigidity, smaller cross-section, higher loadcarrying
capacity, and has lower inertia forces that facilitate to size and weight reductions in machinery. Needle
bearings are designed to stand in oscillation, performwell under any conditions, and interchange with the sliding
of bearings.
Synthesis Characterization and Properties of Silica-Nickel Nanocomposites thr...IJERA Editor
There has been an increasing demand for high performance Nanocomposites which can withstand several conditions such as low and high temperature, pressure and atmosphere in various applications. In order to meet these demands, SiO2-Nickel Nanocomposites can be explored for important applications in various industries. Metals having sizes of the order of a few nanometers dispersed in silica matrix and their sintering mechanism have been discussed in this work. A Niihara approach is chosen to measure the micro-fracture toughness of silica-nickel Nanocomposites for both type of cracks found in this work.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
Preparation, Structure, and Characterization of Nd2mo2o9 fast Oxide Ion Condu...IJARIIT
The structure and ion conductivity of Nd2Mo2O9powders were synthesized by using Nd(NO2)3, MoO3, and aspartic acid (fuel) in assisted combustion method with heating at 550˚C for 6 hours. The thermal decomposition, phase identification, morphology, ionic conductivity of the samples were studied by TGA/DTA, XRD and SEM four probe D.C. method respectively. The formation of Nd2Mo2O9 was confirmed by FTIR studies. The synthesis and crystallization were followed by thermochemical techniques (TGA/DTA) studies. The synthesized materials showed reasonable ionic conductivity. These results indicate that assisted combustion method is a promising method to prepare nanocrystalline Nd2Mo2O9 for solid oxide fuel cell.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
In this experimental study, the reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The inclusion of the GO Sheets enhances the degree of hydration of the cement paste. However, the workability of the GO-cement composite becomes somewhat Reduced. The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
Influence of reaction medium on morphology and crystallite size of zinc oxidejournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by reacting zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in different mediums such as chitosan, poly vinyl alcohol, ethanol and starch. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis was done by energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).
KEY WORDS : Nano zinc oxide, morphology, crystallite size
Graphene field-effect transistor simulation with TCAD on top-gate dielectric ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the influence of top-gate dielectric material for graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) using TCAD simulation. Apart from silicon-based dielectric that is typically used for top-gate structure, other high-dielectric constant (high-k) dielectric materials namely aluminum oxide and hafnium oxide are also involved in the analysis deliberately to improve the electrical properties of the GFET. The unique GFET current-voltage characteristics against several top-gate dielectric thicknesses are also investigated to guide the wafer fabrication engineers during the process optimization stage. The improvement to critical electrical parameters of GFET in terms of higher saturation drain current and greater on/off current ratio shows that the use of high-k dielectric material with very thin oxide layer is absolutely necessary.
The reinforcing effects of graphene oxide (GO) on portland cement paste are investigated. It is dis- covered that the introduction of 0.05% by weight GO sheets into the cement paste can increase the compressive strength and tensile strength Of the cement composite due to the reduction of the pore structure of the cement paste.The overall results indicate that GO reinforcing the engineering properties of portland cement.
The objective of this research is to study the possibility of using water based drilling mud waste as
raw material in the production of building brick making. The water based drilling mud wastes from a petroleum
drill hole of Phitsanulok basin, an onshore Tertiary basin located in northern Thailand, had been collected,
dried, ground, and analyzed its chemical composition by XRF and XRD analysis. Dried and ground drilling
mud waste powders were molded into a square shape steel box size 6.5x16x4 cm. to make the building brick
samples and sintered at1000oC, and were then tested according to the American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) C67-11 and the Thai Industrial Standard(TIS) 77-2545 B.E. to test their water absorption
and compressive strength. The results of laboratory tests showed that the water absorption percent and the
compressive strength of building brick samples could be met the acceptable limits and was classified into grade
A brick according to the ASTM C67-11 and TIS 77-2545 B.E. standard. Therefore, the reuse of this waste
material in the building industry will contribute to the protection of the environment through great advantages
in waste minimization and beneficial income to the community through the utilization process in building
industry.
Solving Fuzzy Maximal Flow Problem Using Octagonal Fuzzy NumberIJERA Editor
In this paper a general fuzzy maximal flow problem is discussed . A crisp maximal flow problem can be solved
in two methods : linear programming modeling and maximal flow algorithm . Here I tried to fuzzify the
maximal flow algorithm using octagonal fuzzy numbers introduced by S.U Malini and Felbin .C. kennedy [26].
By ranking the octagonal fuzzy numbers it is possible to compare them and using this we convert the fuzzy
valued maximal flow algorithm to a crisp valued algorithm . It is proved that a better solution is obtained when
it is solved using fuzzy octagonal number than when it is solved using trapezoidal fuzzy number . To illustrate
this a numerical example is solved and the obtained result is compared with the existing results . If there is no
uncertainty about the flow between source and sink then the proposed algorithm gives the same result as in crisp
maximal flow problems.
Autosizing Control Panel for Needle BearingIJERA Editor
A needle roller bearing is a bearing which uses small cylindrical rollers. Bearings are used to reduce friction of
any rotating surface. Needle bearings have a large surface in contact with the bearing outer surfaces as
compared to ball bearings. There is less added clearance(Diameter of the shaft and the diameter of the bearing
are different) so they are much compact. The structure consists of a needle cage which contains the needle
rollersthemselves and an outer race (The housing itself). Radial bearings are cylindrical and they use rollers
parallel to the axis of the shaft. Radial pattern of needle are being used by thrust needles. Complement bearings
have solid inner as well as outer rings and rib-guided cylindrical rollers. The bearings have the largest number
of rolling elements and also have extremely high radial load carrying capacity and are suitable for compact
designs.Needle roller bearings have relatively small diameter cylindrical rolling elements whose length is much
larger than their diameter. As compared to other types of rolling bearings, needle roller bearings possess a small
cross-sectional height and significant load-bearing capacity and rigidity relative to their volume. Also, because
the inertial force acting on them is limited, needle bearings are an ideal choice for applications with oscillating
motion. These bearings also work well in compact and lightweight machine designs and they serve as a ready
replacement for sliding bearings. Needle bearings features are great rigidity, smaller cross-section, higher loadcarrying
capacity, and has lower inertia forces that facilitate to size and weight reductions in machinery. Needle
bearings are designed to stand in oscillation, performwell under any conditions, and interchange with the sliding
of bearings.
Computational modelling of six speed hybrid gear box and its simulation using...IJERA Editor
The paper introduces an idea which adds itself into contribution of getting best fuel economy of a passenger car
when it is running at high speed on a highway. A six speed (forward) gear box is addressed in the paper which is
controlled manually and automatically as well. The paper introduces an advancement in manual transmission
gear box for passenger cars. Hydraulic circuit is designed with mechatronics point of view and resulting in
making the shifting of gear automatically. A computational design is made of the Hybrid Gear Box (HGB) using
CATIA P3 V5 as a designing software. A new gear meshing in 5 speed manual transmission gear box which
synchronizes with the output shaft of the transmission automatically after getting command by the automated
system designed. Parameters are considered on the basis of practical model and is been simulated by using
Simdriveline as the Simulink tool of MATLAB r2010a. The mechanical properties of the components of the
hybrid gear box is calculated on the basis of the functional parameters and with help of the fundamental and
dependent properties formulation. The final result is the graphical analysis of the model forobtaining at least
15% fuel efficient than any of the vehicle of same configurations.
Identification and Classification of Leaf Diseases in Turmeric PlantsIJERA Editor
Plant disease identification is the most important sector in agriculture. Turmeric is one of the important
rhizomatous crops grown in India. The turmeric leaf is highly exposed to diseases like rhizome rot, leaf spot,
and leaf blotch. The identification of plant diseases requires close monitoring and hence this paper adopts
technologies to manage turmeric plant diseases caused by fungi to enable production of high quality crop yields.
Various image processing and machine learning techniques are used to identify and classify the diseases in
turmeric leaf. The dataset with 800 leaf images of different categories were pre-processed and segmented to
promote efficient feature extraction. Machine learning algorithms like support vector machine, decision tree and
naïve bayes were applied to train the model. The performance of the model was evaluated using 10 fold cross
validation and the results are reported.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Steel Moment Resisting Frame due to Infil...IDES Editor
Steel moment resisting frame with open first storey
(soft storey) is known to perform well compared with the RC
frames during strong earthquake shaking. The presence of
masonry infill wall influences the overall behavior of the
structure when subjected to lateral forces, when masonry infill
are considered to interact with their surrounding frames the
lateral stiffness and lateral load carrying capacity of structure
largely increase. In this paper, the seismic vulnerability of
building with soft storey is shown with an example of G+10
three dimensional (3D) steel frame. The open first storey is
an important functional requirement of almost all the urban
multi-storey buildings, and hence, cannot be eliminated.
Hence some special measures need to be adopted for this
specific situation. The under-lying principle of any solution
to this problem is in increasing the stiffness’s of the first
storey such that the first storey stiffness is at least 50% as
stiff as the second storey, i.e., soft first storeys are to be avoided,
and providing adequate lateral strength in the first storey. In
this paper, stiffness balancing is proposed between the first
and second storey of a steel moment resisting frame building
with open first storey and brick infills as described in models.
A simple example building is analyzed by modeling it with
nine different methods. The stiffness effect on the first storey
is demonstrated through the lateral displacement profile of
the building.
MHD Free Convection from an Isothermal Truncated Cone with Variable Viscosity...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a study of MHD free convection flow of an electrically conducting incompressible fluid with
variable viscosity about an isothermal truncated cone in the presence of heat generation or absorption. The fluid
viscosity is assumed to vary as a inverse linear function of temperature. The non-linear coupled partial
differential equations governing the flow and heat transfer have been solved numerically by using an implicit
finite - difference scheme along with quasilinearization technique. The non-similar solutions have been obtained
for the problem, overcoming numerical difficulties near the leading edge and in the downstream regime. Results
indicate that skin friction and heat transfer are strongly affected by, both, viscosity-variation parameter and
magnetic field. In fact, the transverse magnetic field influences the momentum and thermal fields, considerably.
Further, skin friction is found to decrease and heat transfer increases near the leading edge. Also, it is found that
the direction of heat transfer gets reversed during heat generation.
Theoretical and experimental spectroscopic analysis by FTIR in the effect of ...IJERA Editor
The development of new fibrous composites with specific properties has attracted a big interest in the
development of new technologies. One of the biggest problems in this area is the improvement of the
fiber/matrix interface to increase the mechanical properties in the final composite. In this work, surface chemical
modifications of the rice husk (by-product of the rice industry) were carried out to achieve a better compatibility
with diverse polymeric matrices. These modifications include the use of three different silanes: 3-
(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (TMS), dichlorodimethylsilane (DDS) and trichlorovinylsilane (TVS). The
natural fibers and their changes after each treatment were studied experimentally by Fourier Transformed
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). This experimental spectroscopic information was compared with a theoretical
analysis of molecular vibrations using the HyperChem Release 7.0 software as molecular modeling tool. The
result of this comparison confirmed the chemical modification. It was concluded that the chemical modification
was carried out and after an experimental spectroscopic analysis (FTIR) the molecular vibrations data were agree
with those calculated by theoretical analysis being verified in this way the chemical modification of the rice-husk
fiber surface.
On Characterizations of NANO RGB-Closed Sets in NANO Topological SpacesIJMER
The purpose of this paper is to establish and derive the theorems which exhibit the
characterization of nano rgb-closed sets in nano topological space and obtain some of their interesting
properties. We also use this notion to consider new weak form of continuities with these sets.
2010 AMS classification: 54A05, 54C10.
Dynamic Analysis of RC Multi-storeyed Building - A Comparative Studyijsrd.com
In India with a seismic moderate zone, the equivalent static force method to estimate the seismic force, subsequent vulnerability and behavior of RC building under seismic load is inadequate. The main goal of this paper is to show how the modal analysis can contribute to the understanding the behavior of building using Response Spectrum Method. In this study, Dynamic Analysis of four storied Reinforced Concrete building was investigated using Staad pro and Etabs software packages. For this, Response Spectrum Method was used to evaluate the base shear, frequency, modal mass participation and the mode shapes of the building have been plotted for 15 frequencies. Seismic Zone 3 has been considered and base shear was calculated as per the procedure recommended by IS 1893-2002. The results shows that only slight variation in frequencies and modal participation factors was observed as each software has its own way of considering the mass.
Seismic Evaluation of Multi-storeyed Buildings On Plain Ground And Curve Slop...IJSRD
Most of the hilly regions of India are highly seismic. Buildings on hill slopes differ in a way from other buildings. The soft storeies are typical feature in modern constructions specially in seismic areas which has been experience by the previous studies and past earthquakes. Due to verious type of structures on sloped ground structures are comes under irregularity and asymmetricity. Structures on slope leads to seismic cases.The damages to the structures are determined and acceptable safety can be provided. The linear-elastic analysis is not adequate in highly seismic areas. Thus for the design of building in seimic areas and sloped areas inelastic procedure is used. In the present dissertation work, 3D analytical model of eleven storeyed buildings on plain and curved ground have been generated. Models are analyze using ‘‘ETABSâ€Âto get the behavior of structure due to change in column height in ground story due to curved sloped ground. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure. To study the effect of infill, concrete shear wall and concrete core wall during earthquake, seismic analysis using both elastic and inelastic method of analyses i.e., linear static (equivalent static method), linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The deflections at each storey level has been compared by performing equivalent static method, response spectrum method. Storey drifts are within the permissible limit given for linear static and linear dynamic method. Again contrary to common practice, the presence of masonry infills, concrete shear and concrete core wall may affect the overall behavior of structure while subjected to earthquake forces.
Lateral Load Analysis of Shear Wall and Concrete Braced Multi-Storeyed R.C Fr...ijsrd.com
Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements. RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. Past earthquakes are evident that collapses due to soft storeys are most often in RC buildings. In the soft storey, columns are severely stressed and unable to provide adequate shear resistance during the earthquake. . In this study, 3D analytical model of twelve storeyed buildings have been generated for different buildings Models and analyzed using structural analysis tool 'ETABS'. To study the effect of infill, ground soft, bare frame and models with ground soft having concrete core wall and shear walls and concrete bracings at different positions during earthquake; seismic analysis using both linear static, linear dynamic (response spectrum method) has been performed. The analytical model of the building includes all important components that influence the mass, strength, stiffness and deformability of the structure.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Growth and Characterization of Barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Sing...IJERA Editor
The Non Linear Optical materials have acquired new significance with the advent of a large number of devices
utilizing solid state Laser sources. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate one of the Non Linear Optical material having
superior non linear optical properties has been exploited for variety of application. In the present work, KHP
single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with Barium metal ion as a dopant. The grown
crystals were subjected to powder XRD analysis and the result shows that the Ba2+ ions does not alter the crystal
structure, but it enter into the crystal lattice of pure KHP. The optical transparency of the grown crystal was
studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the molecular structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis and its thermal
stability by TG/DTA analysis. The improved SHG efficiency of barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
crystal could enhance the nonlinearity behaviour. In addition to this, the electrical parameter such as dielectric
constant was studied in detail.
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
Spectral studies of praseodymium doped heavy metal borate glass systemsinventy
Praseodymium doped HMO glasses are fabricated with the following compositions using conventional melt quenching technique. The compositions of the glass systems are 12 ZnO + 33 B2O3 + (50-x) PbO + (x+10) CaO + 4 Al2O3 + 1 Pr6O11 where (x = 0,10,20,30 and 40 mol %.). Certain physical properties of these systems have been evaluated and reported. Spectral data for all these systems were recorded for X-ray diffraction, Optical absorption and Fluorescence properties. The Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ ( λ = 2,4,6) were evaluated from the spectral data and in turn employed to evaluate the lasing parameters of Pr3+ HMO glass systems such as radiative transition probabilities (A), radiative life-times (τR), branching ratios (βR) absorption cross-sections (σa) and Stimulated emission cross-sections (σe). The experimental and calculated branching ratios (βR) for the lasing transitions 3P0 3H4, 3P0 3H6, and 3P0 3F2 are found to be in good agreement in the present work.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Growth, structural and optical studies of pure and kbr doped adp crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and KBr doped crystals of ADP were grown by slow evaporation technique from the supersaturated solution of ADP at room temperature. The tetragonal structure of the grown crystals was observed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups present in the grown crystals. The UV-Vis spectral analysis shows high transparency in the entire visible region. The band gap value of the pure ADP crystal was found assuming indirect transition. Key Words: ADP, Powder XRD, FTIR, Band gap
Spectroscopic and Physical Properties of Mn2+ spin probe in RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4...IJERA Editor
RO-P2O5-ZnO-Pb3O4 (R=Li, Na and K) glasses containing 0.1concentrations of MnO have been prepared. The structural, optical and physical properties of prepared glasses are studied by XRD, UV-Visible, EPR and FTIR techniques. The nature of local symmetry and structural information of the neighboring atoms of dopant ions (Mn2+) in the host matrix have been understood by evaluating the crystal field strength (Dq) and Racah (B & C) parameters. The combined analysis of optical absorption and EPR spectroscopy has indicated that the manganese ions exist in Mn2+ (in octahedral) local coordination sites. FTIR results showed that PO4 are the main structural unit of the glass system and the manganese ions are located in the glass matrix network.
Synthesis & Characterization of Fluorescent Silver Nanoparticles stabilized b...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was achieved by a simple green procedure using Tinospora Cordifolia leaf extract as stabilizer/reducing agents. Ag-NPs in the size range of 2–19 nm is obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with leaf extracts of Tinospora Cordifolia. This eco-friendly approach is simple, amenable for large scale commercial production and technical applications. Further, photoluminiscence studies of these Ag-NPs were recorded & suggested that the present particles were suitable for fluorescence emitting probes. These red emitting Ag-NPs exhibited distinct fluorescence properties (both emission and stokeshift).
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdf
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium complexes
1. M. Selvapandiyan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.75-80
www.ijera.com 75|P a g e
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of
Potassium and Ammonium complexes
M. Selvapandiyana*
, L. Govindarajb
, P. Sivaprakashb
, S. Arumugamb
a
Department of Physics, Periyar University PG Extension Centre, Dharmapuri, India - 636 705
b
Centre for High Pressure Research, School of Physics, Bharathidasan University, Trichy – 620 024.
Abstract
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Keywords: Crystal Growth; FTIR; UV; TG/DTA; Dielectric; Second harmonic generation
I. Introduction
The materials with high optical nonlinearities are
the target to the researchers since their applications in
optoelectronics, telecommunication industries, laser
technology and optical storage devices are
innumerable. Ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate
(ADP) and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate
(KDP) are two of the oldest crystals grown in large
size for many applications and continue to be
interesting materials both academically and
industrially [1-6]. ADP crystals have a wide range of
applications in integrated and nonlinear optics
because of their piezoelectric (antiferroelectric at low
temperature) and nonlinear optical property. Due to
its interesting electrical and optical properties,
structural phase transitions, and ease of
crystallization, it has been the subject of a wide
variety of investigations for several years [7, 8].
Ammonium dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) is a
representative of hydrogen-bonded materials that
possesses excellent dielectric, piezoelectric,
antiferroelectric, electro-optic and nonlinear optical
properties. Growth and studies of ammonium
dihydrogen phosphate are a center of attention to
researchers because of its unique properties and wide
applications. Single crystals of ADP are used for
frequency doubling and frequency tripling of laser
systems, optical switches in inertial confinement
fusion and acousto-optical devices. ADP crystallizes
in a body-centered tetragonal structure with the space
group of I 4 2d and its unit cell parameters are a = b =
7.510 Å and c = 7.564 Å [9, 10].
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) has
been extensively studied due to its important
applications such as second harmonic generation, Q-
switch and quantum electronics [11, 12]. KDP is a
nonlinear optical material that finds its application in
optical modulators and frequency converters. The
National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), requires
single crystal plates of KDP and DKDP for Pockels
cells and frequency converters as a part of its design
[13]. For inertial confinement fusion, optical crystals
with low impurity and higher damage threshold are
required. KDP is one such transparent dielectric
material best known for its optical and electro-optical
properties. It has been incorporated into various laser
systems for harmonic generation and opto electrical
switching [14].
II. Experimental
Calculated amounts of the analar grade starting
materials Potassium dihydrogen (KDP) phosphate
and Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) were
dissolved separately in deionized (DI) water at room
temperature. After 2 hours of the stirrer, the saturated
homogeneous solution was prepared by using
magnetic stirrer. The saturated solution was filtered
twice with what man filter paper before it was
subjected to evaporation. The solution was covered to
avoid dust and kept undisturbed for days together.
Crystal of appreciable size was obtained within 30
days. The as grown KDP and ADP crystals are
shown in the Fig. 1a and 1b.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. M. Selvapandiyan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.75-80
www.ijera.com 76|P a g e
Fig. 1a As grown KDP crystal
Fig. 1b As grown ADP crystal
III. Characterization analysis
3.1 Single crystal X-ray diffraction
The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was
carried out using an ENRAF NONIOUS CAD-4
automatic X-ray diffractometer with MoKα
radiations (λ= 0.717Å) to identify the structure and
cell parameters of the grown single crystal . The cell
parameter values are found to be a = 7.4401 Å, b =
7.4574Å, c = 6.9748 Å and α=β=γ=90°. The KDP
crystal belongs to tetragonal system. The unit cell
parameters of ADP crystal is a=b=7.90 Å, c=7.87 Å,
α=β=γ= 90 ° Volume of the unit cell, V= 430.67 Å3
.
3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectral analysis
Fourier transform spectroscopy is a very
powerful technique for detection of very weak signals
from the environmental noise. It is a simple
mathematical technique to resolve a complex wave
into frequency component. FTIR is rapidly becoming
a common feature in modern spectroscopy
laboratories with the advent of inexpensive
microcomputers. The functional group and modes of
vibration of KDP were carried out by using of Perkin
Elmer Spectrum Two FTIR instrument scanning
range is MIR 4000-450cm-1
with resolution 0.5 cm-1
.
The broad band at the frequency 3703.29 cm-1
and
3318 cm-1
may represent the OH stretching of
unchanged COOH group of the amino acid. An
absorption in FTIR spectra of KDP crystal at 1761.32
cm-1
is assigned to stretching vibration. The
involvement of NH3+
in hydrogen bonding is evident
by the fine structure of the band at lower energy
region. The FTIR spectrum is shown in Fig. 2a and
the absorption bands with the assignments are
tabulated in table-1.
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
%Absorption
Wavenumber (cm
-1
)
KDP
Fig. 2a FTIR spectrum of KDP crystal
Table-1 FTIR assignments of KDP crystal
Reference
cm-1
KDP
cm-1
Assignments
2429 2323 P-O-H asymmetric
stretching
1509 1463 O-H stretching
1230 1283 CH2 bending, P=O
symmetric stretching
1142 1074 P-O-H stretching
866 859 O=P-OH bending
582 531 P-OH deformation/ K-O
stretching
The grown ADP FTIR spectrum was taken
between wave number 400 to 4000 cm-1
, shown in
Fig. 2b and the assignments are tabulated in the table-
2. The peaks between 485 and 902 cm-1
are due to the
O-N=P and –ONO2 bond vibration in ADP crystal.
The band at 1076 Cm-1
and 1544 Cm-1
are assigned to
be P=O and O-H stretching vibration. The
frequencies of 2400 Cm-1
and 3371 Cm-1
indicate that
the presence of O-H and N-H stretching vibration.
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
%Absorption
Wavenumber(cm
-1
)
ADP
Fig. 2b FTIR spectrum of ADP crystal
3. M. Selvapandiyan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.75-80
www.ijera.com 77|P a g e
Table-2 FTIR assignments of KDP crystal
Reference
cm-1
ADP
cm-1
Assignment
3249 3223 O-H stretching
2387 2323 Band due to hydrogen
bond
1409 1404 Bending vibration of
ammonium
1098 1078 P-O-H vibration
485-902 857 O-N=P and –ONO2
vibration
545-439 540 PO4 vibration
3.3 UV-Vis Spectral Studies
The UV-visible spectral of grown crystal was
carried out using lambda 35 model UV- visible
spectrometer in the spectral range 190 nm-1100 nm.
The absorption spectra of KDP and ADP crystals are
shown in Fig. 3a and 3b. The observed upper cut-off
wavelength of the KDP and ADP crystal is 383 nm
and 416 nm. Transparency in the entire visible region
is one of the most desirable properties of a material to
possess nonlinear optical property. The forbidden
band gap for the grown crystal was calculated by
using the relation
Eg=hc/ λ
Where, h is the plank's constant, c is the velocity
of the light and λ is the lower cut-off wavelength of
the material the material. The calculated forbidden
energy band gap of KDP and ADP crystal is 3.24 eV
and 2.98 eV respectively. These results suggest that
the grown materials belong to the typical insulating
material and are suitable for fabricating
optoelectronic devices.
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Absorbance
Wavelength (nm)
KDP
Fig. 3a Optical Absorption spectrum of KDP
crystal
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Absorbance
wavelength (nm)
ADP
Fig. 3b Optical Absorption spectrum of ADP
crystal
3.4 Measurement of Micro hardness Test
The mechanical behaviours of the grown KDP
and ADP crystals were analysed by using Vickers
micro hardness tester HMV-2T model. The selected
surface of grown crystal polished, washed and dried.
Then the crystals were monitored as the platform of
the micro hardness tester, the tester diamond intended
tip in used. The hardness values of grown crystals
were measured by applying different loads like 25
gm, 50 gm, and 100 gm. This shows that the hardness
values of grown crystal are increased with increasing
of a load. The graph was plotted between log P and
hardness number (Hv) which is an almost straight
line is shown in Fig. 4a. If we increase the load
beyond 100 gm the crystal will be broken. The graph
is also plotted between load P and log d and is also a
straight line is shown in Fig. 4b. The slope of the
straight line gives the work hardening coefficient (n)
value. The calculated work hardening coefficient of
KDP and ADP crystals are 2.9 and 2.6. The obtained
values of n confirmed that the grown both KDP and
ADP crystals belong to the categories of soft in
nature.
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
HardnessNumber(Kg/mm
2
)
Load P (Gram)
ADP
KDP
Fig. 4 a. Load P Vs Hardness Number for KDP
and ADP single crystal
4. M. Selvapandiyan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.75-80
www.ijera.com 78|P a g e
1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
2.00
2.05
Logd
Log P
ADP
KDP
Fig. 4 b. Log P Vs Log d for KDP and ADP single
crystal
3.5 Dielectric Studies
The dielectric studies of the KDP and ADP
single crystals carried out using LCR HIOKI 3532 HI
tester with the frequency range between 50 Hz to 5
MHz at the temperature 323 K and 373 K for KDP
single crystal and 313 K to 333 K for ADP single
crystal. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss
were calculated. The graph plotted between log f Vs
dielectric constant (Fig. 5a-b) and also between log f
Vs dielectric loss (Fig. 5c-d) for KDP and ADP
crystals. The dielectric constant decreases with
increasing frequency and the dielectric loss of the
material also decrease with increasing frequency with
two different temperatures. The variation of dielectric
constant is a function of frequency with two
temperatures due to an attribution of an electronic
and ionic orientation of polarization. The grown
materials are well suited to apply the optoelectronics
device applications because the dielectric loss of
material very low at high frequency.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
KDP
Dielectricconstant
Log f
B 323K
C 373K
Fig. 5a Log f vs Dielectric constant of KDP
crystals
2 3 4 5 6 7
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
ADP
Dielectricconstant
Log f
B 313K
C 333K
Fig. 5b Log f vs Dielectric constant of ADP
crystals
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
KDP
Dielectricloss
Log f
B 323K
C 373K
Fig. 5c Log f vs Dielectric loss of KDP crystals
2 3 4 5 6 7
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
ADP
Dielectricloss
Log f
B 313K
C 333K
Fig. 5d Log f vs Dielectric loss of ADP crystals
3.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis of the grown KDP
and ADP single crystals were carried out by using
SDT-Q 600 analyzer with the temperature between
00
C and 11000
C at the heating rate 200
C per minutes
5. M. Selvapandiyan et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 2, (Part - 2) February 2016, pp.75-80
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in nitrogen atmosphere. The grown KDP and ADP
single crystals are thermally stable up to 192.4o
C and
227.2o
C (Fig. 6a). The major weight losses of ADP
and KDP crystals are 12.9% and 28.8% takes place
between the temperatures 227.8o
C - 408.8o
C and
192o
C – 473.1o
C respectively.
Fig. 6a TGA thermogram of KDP and ADP
crystals
3.7 Differential Thermal Analysis
Differential thermal analysis is used to find out
the melting point of grown crystal. The number of
sharp peaks of differential thermal analysis curves
shows that the grown materials having high
crystalline nature. The sharp endothermic peaks of
differential thermal analysis curves are 218.3o
C and
284.3o
C which represents the melting point of the
grown KDP and ADP single crystals. The differential
thermal analysis curve is shown in Fig. 6b.
0 100 200 300 400 500
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
284.3º C
218.3º C
DerivativeWeight(%/min)
Temperature (º C)
KDP
ADP
Fig. 6b DTA thermogram of KDP and ADP
crystals
3.8 Measurement of SHG efficiency
The Nonlinear property of KDP and ADP crystal
was studied by Kurtz and Perry. The crystal was
grounded into a fine powder and densely packed in
the capillary tube. A Q-switched Nd: YAG laser
emitting a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm
(pulse width 8 ns) was allowed to strike the sample.
The second harmonic generation in the crystalline
sample was confirmed by the emission of green
radiation (532nm) emitted by the sample.
IV. Conclusion
Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphates (ADP) single
crystals were grown by conventional slow
evaporation solution growth technique. The single
crystal XRD analysis confirmed that KDP crystals
belonged to the tetragonal system The grown crystals
were subjected to various characterization analysis
for testing the suitability of the materials in nonlinear
optical device applications. The results suggest the
potentiality of the materials are good in the
fabrication of optical devices since the forbidden
energy gap lies within 5 eV. Also, the thermal
analysis suggests that both KDP and ADP are
thermally stable till 218 °C and 284 °C respectively.
The second harmonic generation in the crystalline
sample was confirmed by the emission of green
radiation (532nm) emitted by the sample.
V. Acknowledgements
Author (M.S) extends his thank to the
management and Dr. K. Arul, Principal, Sri Vidya
Mandir Arts & Science College, Uthangarai for their
kind help and support to carry out this work. The
authors also thank Dr. Joe Jesudurai, Head,
Department of Physics, Loyola College, Chennai for
extending the characterization facilities of Dielectric
studies. One of the authors(L.G) thank to
R.Muraleedharan, center for research and
development, PRIST University, Thanjavur.
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