International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystalsIOSR Journals
Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.
The document summarizes a study on the variation in melting point of encapsulated silver nanoparticles with size. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with inert oxide shells like ZrO2 and SiO2 using chemical methods. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS were used to analyze the structure and composition. Differential thermal and scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the melting transition at different sizes. Samples with silver core sizes of around 12nm and 30nm were prepared using a ZrO2 shell, while SiO2 shell samples were synthesized by varying reaction parameters to obtain silver cores between 2nm to 30nm.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single crystalseSAT Journals
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals. Six crystals were grown - pure KDP and KDP doped with varying amounts of CdS nanoparticles. The crystals were characterized through techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, optical transmission measurements, and electrical measurements. The results indicate that doping with CdS nanoparticles influences the structural, chemical, thermal, optical and electrical properties of KDP crystals.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystalsIOSR Journals
Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.
The document summarizes a study on the variation in melting point of encapsulated silver nanoparticles with size. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with inert oxide shells like ZrO2 and SiO2 using chemical methods. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS were used to analyze the structure and composition. Differential thermal and scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the melting transition at different sizes. Samples with silver core sizes of around 12nm and 30nm were prepared using a ZrO2 shell, while SiO2 shell samples were synthesized by varying reaction parameters to obtain silver cores between 2nm to 30nm.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single crystalseSAT Journals
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals. Six crystals were grown - pure KDP and KDP doped with varying amounts of CdS nanoparticles. The crystals were characterized through techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, optical transmission measurements, and electrical measurements. The results indicate that doping with CdS nanoparticles influences the structural, chemical, thermal, optical and electrical properties of KDP crystals.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Preparation of ZnO Nanostructures by Solvothermail MethodHai Yen Dang
1) ZnO nanostructures were prepared using a solvothermal method with zinc acetate as a precursor at 80°C.
2) The type of solvent used influenced the morphology of the synthesized ZnO, with ethylene glycol producing spherical nanoparticles, ethanol producing nanorods, and a mixture producing semi-spherical structures.
3) Characterization with XRD, TEM, and UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of wurtzite phase ZnO nanostructures with sizes and shapes dependent on the solvent environment during preparation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
Synthesis and characterization of some doped and undoped cadmium iodate cryst...ieijjournal
Cadmium iodate [Cd (IO3)2] crystals were grown by single diffusion gel technique. Growth conditions were
optimized. Optimum growth conditions are reported. The crystals were doped by impurities such as Cu+2
and Fe+3. Structure of crystals was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method. Effect of doping on
structure is studied. Slight change in lattice parameter values is reported. Thermal studies of doped and
undoped crystals are reported. Thermal analysis exhibits two steps explicitly on heating the samples. The
first step involves decomposition reaction in the temperature range 500 - 5800C, giving products Cd5
(IO6)2, I2, and O2. In the second step, decomposition reaction in the temperature range 580 - 6200C, yields
solid product, Cd5 (IO4)2 after reaction. Powder second harmonic generation experiments prove nonlinear
nature of the substance. Nonlinear coefficient values,‘d’ of doped and undoped samples are reported. Cu+2
doped samples stop the generation of second harmonic signal. Fe+3 doped samples generate second
harmonic signal, but the value of nonlinear coefficient is smaller than undoped sample.
Formation and Characterization of Mixed Crystals Based on Bis (Thiourea)Cadmi...IJERA Editor
Bis(thiourea)cadmium chloride(BTCC) and bis(thiourea)cadmium iodide (BTCI) are metal complexes of thiourea having better nonlinear optical properties than KH2PO4. An attempt has been made in the present study to form mixed crystals based on BTCC and BTCI (even though their crystal lattices mismatch) from aqueous solutions, the precursors mixed in proper proportions. A total of seven (including the end members) crystals were formed by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and electrically. The X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that (BTCC)X(BTCI)1-X crystals with x=1.0,0.8 and 0.6 are orthorhombic in structure with space group Pmn21 and that with x=0.5, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.0 are monoclinic in structure with space group P21/c. All the grown crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 215 °C and possessing wide optical transmission window (300-900 nm) which is suitable for NLO applications. The electrical measurements indicate that the grown crystals exhibit a normal dielectric behavior. The results obtained in the present study indicate that mixed crystals can be formed from the isomorphous precursors directly even though the end member’s crystals have lattice mismatching.
Growth and characterization of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate cry...eSAT Journals
Abstract Single crystals of glycine sodium sulfate (GSS), a new semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, have been grown by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and mechanically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates the crystal system as monoclinic. The functional groups have been identified using Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C. The UV-Vis-NIR spectral analysis shows that these crystals have their cut off wavelengths around 250nm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement shows the NLO property. Micro hardness measurement indicates that GSS comes under soft material category. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the optical transparency and micro hardness whereas it decreases the second harmonic generation efficiency. Keywords: Crystal growth, Thermal properties, Mechanical properties, Optical properties, X-ray diffraction
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Dielectric properties of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and Ni2+ added glycine sodium sulfate (GSS) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. All the six crystals grown exhibit normal dielectric behavior and are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C, NLO active and mechanically soft. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the dielectric parameters. The low dielectric constant values observed for pure GSS indicate that GSS is not only a promising NLO material but also a low dielectric constant value dielectric material. Keywords: Activation energy, Crystal growth, Dielectric crystal, Electrical properties, X-ray diffraction
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and structural characterization of cd s nanocrystals added with pb2+eSAT Journals
Abstract
For the past few years, the prepration and characterization of nanocrystals of materials have become an interesting area in the
research activity. CdS (Cadmium Sulphide) is a well known semi conducting material which finds applications in optical devices.
In the present study, we have made an attempt to investigate the effect of Pb2+ as impurity on the properties of CdS nanocrystals.
The samples were prepared by using simple domestic microwave assisted solvothermal method with ethylene glycol as solvant.
The samples prepared were annealed to have good ordering. X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out for all the smples.
The grain size, lattice parameter and yield were determined. The colour before and after annealing was noted. EDX and SEM
analyses were also done. The prepared samples were electrically characterized by making dielectric measurements on the
prepared pellets. The present study indicates that the polarization mechanism in the nano crystals considered is mainly
contributed by the space charge polarization.
Keywords: Semiconducting II –IV materieals, Cadmium sulphide, XRD patterns, solvothermal method, electrical
measurements
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
Investigation on Growth and Optical Properties of LVCC Single CrystalsIJERA Editor
L-valine cadmium chloride (LVCC) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with different
concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mole) of CdCl2. All the grown crystals were subjected to single crystal
X-ray diffraction analysis. Solid state parameters were calculated for the grown crystals. The optical properties
of the crystals were investigated by UV-Vis. absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that, the wider
bandgap and large transparency in the visible region along with higher polarizability of the grown crystals are
highly useful in optoelectronic devices. Also according to our needs, one can tune the optical and electrical
properties of LVCC crystals by adjusting the concentration of CdCl2 in LVCC.
Investigation on the Growth and Physio-Chemical Properties of L-Alanine Mixed...IJERA Editor
Pure and L-alanine an aminoacid mixed bisthiourea cadmium bromide chloride single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. A drastic change in morphology was inferred with the concentration of L-alanine. Mixed crystals have better optical transparency as well as NLO efficiency than the pure BTCBC which were imperative for nonlinear applications. Also L-alanine mixing increases the hardness. The AC conductivity of the grown crystals increases with increasing concentration of L-alanine.
IRJET - Comparative Study on the Structural and Optical Characterization of Z...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a comparative study of the structural and optical characterization of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. ZnS nanoparticles were prepared via chemical precipitation using zinc chloride, sodium sulfide, and mercaptoethanol as a capping agent. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using zinc acetate, ammonia, and thiourea as a capping agent. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize particle size and structure. Absorption spectra showed a blue shift with decreasing particle size due to quantum confinement. Photoluminescence spectra were also studied. The results show ZnS particles were 2-7nm and ZnO particles were 50-60nm. Both
Growth and Characterization of ZTS Single Crystal and its Analysis of Optical...IRJET Journal
The document describes the growth and characterization of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals. ZTS crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized through various tests and analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of ZTS. FTIR analysis revealed the bonding present in ZTS. Optical transmission spectra showed transparency from 200-1100nm. Thermal analysis indicated stability up to 240°C. Microhardness testing demonstrated increased hardness with higher loads. Dielectric studies showed the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency up to 80KHz at room temperature. In conclusion, ZTS is a promising material for nonlinear optical applications.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
This document summarizes a study on the thermal analysis of circular inclined pipes subjected to natural convection using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study investigated the effect of parameters like tube diameter, heat supplied, and tube inclination on the temperature and heat transfer coefficient through experimental testing and CFD analysis. The experimental results were validated against CFD results, with less than 5% error found between the two. It was found that temperature increased with increasing pipe diameter and heat supply. The temperature was also strongly influenced by heat flux and diameter, and weakly dependent on tube inclination.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Preparation of ZnO Nanostructures by Solvothermail MethodHai Yen Dang
1) ZnO nanostructures were prepared using a solvothermal method with zinc acetate as a precursor at 80°C.
2) The type of solvent used influenced the morphology of the synthesized ZnO, with ethylene glycol producing spherical nanoparticles, ethanol producing nanorods, and a mixture producing semi-spherical structures.
3) Characterization with XRD, TEM, and UV-vis spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of wurtzite phase ZnO nanostructures with sizes and shapes dependent on the solvent environment during preparation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
OPTICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SYNTHESIZED ZNO NANOTABLETS AND ITS TRANSFORMED NANORODS...antjjournal
We are reporting the preparation of ZnO nanotablets at relatively low temperature (1500C) using zinc acetate [Zn(Ac)2], NaOH, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by solvothermal method. By adjusting
the molar ratio of the reactants we obtained nanorods and we also obtained the variation of the dimension
of the nanorods using hydrazine hydrate as capping reagent. The prepared samples were morphologically
recognized as well crystallized. The average diameter of the ZnO nanotablets were ranging from 500 to 600 nm and the average thickness of the nanotablets were ranging from 85 to 90 nm. The length of ZnO nanorods were ranging from 300 to several micrometers and breadth of the ZnO nanorods were ranging from 80 to 160 nm. The optical properties of the prepared materials have also been studied with the exhibition of its interesting behavior.
Synthesis and characterization of some doped and undoped cadmium iodate cryst...ieijjournal
Cadmium iodate [Cd (IO3)2] crystals were grown by single diffusion gel technique. Growth conditions were
optimized. Optimum growth conditions are reported. The crystals were doped by impurities such as Cu+2
and Fe+3. Structure of crystals was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction method. Effect of doping on
structure is studied. Slight change in lattice parameter values is reported. Thermal studies of doped and
undoped crystals are reported. Thermal analysis exhibits two steps explicitly on heating the samples. The
first step involves decomposition reaction in the temperature range 500 - 5800C, giving products Cd5
(IO6)2, I2, and O2. In the second step, decomposition reaction in the temperature range 580 - 6200C, yields
solid product, Cd5 (IO4)2 after reaction. Powder second harmonic generation experiments prove nonlinear
nature of the substance. Nonlinear coefficient values,‘d’ of doped and undoped samples are reported. Cu+2
doped samples stop the generation of second harmonic signal. Fe+3 doped samples generate second
harmonic signal, but the value of nonlinear coefficient is smaller than undoped sample.
Formation and Characterization of Mixed Crystals Based on Bis (Thiourea)Cadmi...IJERA Editor
Bis(thiourea)cadmium chloride(BTCC) and bis(thiourea)cadmium iodide (BTCI) are metal complexes of thiourea having better nonlinear optical properties than KH2PO4. An attempt has been made in the present study to form mixed crystals based on BTCC and BTCI (even though their crystal lattices mismatch) from aqueous solutions, the precursors mixed in proper proportions. A total of seven (including the end members) crystals were formed by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and electrically. The X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that (BTCC)X(BTCI)1-X crystals with x=1.0,0.8 and 0.6 are orthorhombic in structure with space group Pmn21 and that with x=0.5, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.0 are monoclinic in structure with space group P21/c. All the grown crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 215 °C and possessing wide optical transmission window (300-900 nm) which is suitable for NLO applications. The electrical measurements indicate that the grown crystals exhibit a normal dielectric behavior. The results obtained in the present study indicate that mixed crystals can be formed from the isomorphous precursors directly even though the end member’s crystals have lattice mismatching.
Growth and characterization of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate cry...eSAT Journals
Abstract Single crystals of glycine sodium sulfate (GSS), a new semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, have been grown by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and mechanically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates the crystal system as monoclinic. The functional groups have been identified using Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C. The UV-Vis-NIR spectral analysis shows that these crystals have their cut off wavelengths around 250nm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement shows the NLO property. Micro hardness measurement indicates that GSS comes under soft material category. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the optical transparency and micro hardness whereas it decreases the second harmonic generation efficiency. Keywords: Crystal growth, Thermal properties, Mechanical properties, Optical properties, X-ray diffraction
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Dielectric properties of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and Ni2+ added glycine sodium sulfate (GSS) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. All the six crystals grown exhibit normal dielectric behavior and are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C, NLO active and mechanically soft. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the dielectric parameters. The low dielectric constant values observed for pure GSS indicate that GSS is not only a promising NLO material but also a low dielectric constant value dielectric material. Keywords: Activation energy, Crystal growth, Dielectric crystal, Electrical properties, X-ray diffraction
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and structural characterization of cd s nanocrystals added with pb2+eSAT Journals
Abstract
For the past few years, the prepration and characterization of nanocrystals of materials have become an interesting area in the
research activity. CdS (Cadmium Sulphide) is a well known semi conducting material which finds applications in optical devices.
In the present study, we have made an attempt to investigate the effect of Pb2+ as impurity on the properties of CdS nanocrystals.
The samples were prepared by using simple domestic microwave assisted solvothermal method with ethylene glycol as solvant.
The samples prepared were annealed to have good ordering. X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out for all the smples.
The grain size, lattice parameter and yield were determined. The colour before and after annealing was noted. EDX and SEM
analyses were also done. The prepared samples were electrically characterized by making dielectric measurements on the
prepared pellets. The present study indicates that the polarization mechanism in the nano crystals considered is mainly
contributed by the space charge polarization.
Keywords: Semiconducting II –IV materieals, Cadmium sulphide, XRD patterns, solvothermal method, electrical
measurements
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
Investigation on Growth and Optical Properties of LVCC Single CrystalsIJERA Editor
L-valine cadmium chloride (LVCC) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with different
concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mole) of CdCl2. All the grown crystals were subjected to single crystal
X-ray diffraction analysis. Solid state parameters were calculated for the grown crystals. The optical properties
of the crystals were investigated by UV-Vis. absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that, the wider
bandgap and large transparency in the visible region along with higher polarizability of the grown crystals are
highly useful in optoelectronic devices. Also according to our needs, one can tune the optical and electrical
properties of LVCC crystals by adjusting the concentration of CdCl2 in LVCC.
Investigation on the Growth and Physio-Chemical Properties of L-Alanine Mixed...IJERA Editor
Pure and L-alanine an aminoacid mixed bisthiourea cadmium bromide chloride single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. A drastic change in morphology was inferred with the concentration of L-alanine. Mixed crystals have better optical transparency as well as NLO efficiency than the pure BTCBC which were imperative for nonlinear applications. Also L-alanine mixing increases the hardness. The AC conductivity of the grown crystals increases with increasing concentration of L-alanine.
IRJET - Comparative Study on the Structural and Optical Characterization of Z...IRJET Journal
This document reports on a comparative study of the structural and optical characterization of zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. ZnS nanoparticles were prepared via chemical precipitation using zinc chloride, sodium sulfide, and mercaptoethanol as a capping agent. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using zinc acetate, ammonia, and thiourea as a capping agent. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize particle size and structure. Absorption spectra showed a blue shift with decreasing particle size due to quantum confinement. Photoluminescence spectra were also studied. The results show ZnS particles were 2-7nm and ZnO particles were 50-60nm. Both
Growth and Characterization of ZTS Single Crystal and its Analysis of Optical...IRJET Journal
The document describes the growth and characterization of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals. ZTS crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized through various tests and analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of ZTS. FTIR analysis revealed the bonding present in ZTS. Optical transmission spectra showed transparency from 200-1100nm. Thermal analysis indicated stability up to 240°C. Microhardness testing demonstrated increased hardness with higher loads. Dielectric studies showed the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency up to 80KHz at room temperature. In conclusion, ZTS is a promising material for nonlinear optical applications.
A study of micro structural, magnetic and electrical properties of La-Co-Sm n...IJECEIAES
A Lanthanum (La 3+ ) doped Samarium-Cobalt nanoferrites (La_x,Co_0.2,Sm_0.2,Fe_(2-x) O_4, where x=0.0,0.5,1.0) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in citrate media. Obtained spinal ferrites micro structure properties have been investigated by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and TEM-SAED techniques. All the samples are nano in size with significant hysteresis. Micro structural analysis by XRD confirms the obtained samples showing the single phase cubic spinal structures with an average crystal size found from 12 nm to 25 nm, while the average particles sizes identified from TEM analysis are ranging from 21.5nm-26.8 nm (~23.4nm) and from 20.5 nm to 28(~26.4nm) nm for x=0.5,1.0. The lattice parameter found to be a= 8.402, 8.423, 8.467Å for the respective values of x= 0.0, 0.05, and 1.0. Electrical properties show increase in dc resistivity with increase in La ion concentration. Finally, it was concluded that the doping of Lanthanum ion (La 3+ ) in the ferrites structure is found to influencing the structural and electrical properties without scarifying the ferromagnetic character.
This document summarizes a study on the thermal analysis of circular inclined pipes subjected to natural convection using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The study investigated the effect of parameters like tube diameter, heat supplied, and tube inclination on the temperature and heat transfer coefficient through experimental testing and CFD analysis. The experimental results were validated against CFD results, with less than 5% error found between the two. It was found that temperature increased with increasing pipe diameter and heat supply. The temperature was also strongly influenced by heat flux and diameter, and weakly dependent on tube inclination.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes research on using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer to generate an optical encoder and multiplexer. The researchers simulate an encoder and multiplexer operating at 10 Gb/s. They present the experimental setup and working principles of the encoder and multiplexer. Block diagrams and wavelength spectrum outputs are provided for different cases of the encoder and multiplexer. The research demonstrates that all-optical logic gates using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer have potential to operate above 40 Gb/s.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document describes a proposed control scheme for a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to improve performance under various load conditions. The control scheme uses least error squares filters to estimate voltage magnitudes and phases, enabling accurate sag detection and compensation. It controls each phase independently using proportional-integral controllers in an outer loop and proportional controllers in an inner loop to damp filter resonances. Simulation results show the DVR can restore voltages within 5 milliseconds under both linear and non-linear loads for faults like single line-to-ground and line-to-line.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The study aimed to identify the relationship between knowledge management requirements and academic human resource development in colleges of education in Jordanian public universities. A survey of 200 faculty found that human resource development and availability of knowledge management requirements were at a medium level. A positive statistically significant relationship was found between human resource development and knowledge management requirements. The study recommends incentive systems to apply faculty knowledge and expertise, and more research in this area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Mixed Ligand, Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Tertiary Diphosphin...Karwan Omer
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized mixed ligand palladium(II), platinum(II) complexes with tertiary diphosphine and S-1H benzo[d]imidazole-2-yl benzothioate ligands. The complexes were synthesized in two steps, first forming metal complexes with tertiary diphosphines, then adding the S-1H benzimidazole ligand. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and X-ray crystallography. The results indicate the ligand bonds to the metal through the nitrogen atom and the complexes have square planar geometries.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative study on ammonia sensing properties of sno2 nanocomposites fabric...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Research Article on Synthesis of Metal Nano Particles by Chemical Reduction...ijtsrd
Nanotechnology is an experimental and engineering technology manipulate at the nanoscale, such as in the field of different compound fabric synthesizing, food processing agriculture processing and as well as in medicinal application. Due to their physical and chemical applications the metal nanoparticles have a great interest in research. A variety of physical, chemical and biological method that can be used for the synthesis of the metal nanoparticle. All the methods have positive advantages as well as some obstruction. In this following review we try to explain recent research on the synthesis and various application of metal nanoparticle. We summarized the different chemical reduction method and briefly explain their application. Vijay Aithekar | Dr. Sangeeta Gautam "A Research Article on Synthesis of Metal Nano Particles by Chemical Reduction Method" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26371.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/nanotechnology/26371/a-research-article-on-synthesis-of-metal-nano-particles-by-chemical-reduction-method/vijay-aithekar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Selenide NanoparticlesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles. CdSe nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method involving cadmium oxide, selenium dioxide, ammonia, and thioglycerol as a capping agent. The nanoparticles were characterized using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of CdSe and showed peaks matching the standard pattern for CdSe. The synthesized CdSe nanoparticles have potential applications in solar cells, thin films, and biofluorescent tagging.
Some studies on ceria–zirconia reinforced solvothermally synthesized cordieri...Abhinav Srivastava
Nanostructured cordierite and 12 mol% ceria stabilized zirconia were chemically prepared separately. Pure cordierite was synthesized solvothermally, whereas [(Zr)0.88(Ce)0.12O2] termed as CeSZ was processed with gelation and co-precipitation method. The evolution of crystalline phases and the microstructures have been studied using X-ray diffractometer, and FE-SEM with EDX. Varying contents (0–20 weight%) of CeSZ were then mixed with cordierite to form sample blocks of desired shapes. These nano-composite blocks were fired at 1100–1400 C for a soaking time of 3 h to observe their thermomechanical, micro-structural and physical properties. Results indicate that ceria not only acts as a stabilizer in zirconia ceramics but it also acts as a sintering aid in cordierite formation. CeO2 also improves
compressibility and structural properties of nano-composites. Sintering temperature also plays an important role in the behavior of nano-composite blocks. All properties show a major improvement than previous reported data’s.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
1) Tin oxide nanostructures were synthesized via a hydrothermal process to optimize their morphology for use as photoanodes in dye-sensitized solar cells.
2) Samples synthesized at different temperatures resulted in different nanostructure morphologies. The sample synthesized at 200°C showed an optimal mixture of tin oxide nanoparticles and hollow nanospheres.
3) When used as a photoanode, the optimized tin oxide nanostructures synthesized at 200°C achieved the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 7.5%, the highest reported for pristine tin oxide at the time.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorods doped with copper (Cu) for application in photonic devices. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-prepared CdS:Cu nanorods were a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases, with preferential growth of the (100) plane. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed garland-like nanorod structures consisting of cubic and hexagonal particles, with hexagonal particles confirming the hexagonal phase of CdS. The CdS:Cu nanorods exhibited a red shift in absorption compared to undoped CdS, indicating quantum confinement effects due to Cu doping.
The document describes a study on the facile preparation of silver sulfide (Ag2S) nanoparticles with broad photoelectric response. Ag2S nanoparticles were prepared via a simple one-step hydrothermal synthesis using thiourea and silver nitrate as precursors. Different concentrations of the surfactants glutathione and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used to obtain Ag2S nanoparticles with various particle diameters. Characterization techniques confirmed the formation of Ag2S nanoparticles. Surface photovoltage measurements showed the Ag2S nanoparticles exhibited intense photoelectric response in the near infrared and visible light regions, indicating potential application as a photoelectric detector.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The document presents a project on the synthesis of ZnSe nanocrystals. It discusses the objective to synthesize ZnSe nanocrystals and study their optical and electrical properties for application in photovoltaic cells. The methodology uses a solvothermal synthesis method with water as solvent to produce ZnSe nanocrystals. Characterization will include XRD, TEM, UV spectroscopy, SEM and FTIR to analyze the nanocrystals. Further work will dope the ZnSe with magnesium and send it for characterization at a university.
Synthesis and characterization of pyrochlore (Gd2Ti2O7)UditGupta128
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of the pyrochlore gadolinium titanium oxide (Gd2Ti2O7). It describes pyrochlores as a class of ternary metallic oxides with the general formula A2B2O7. Three techniques are discussed for synthesizing Gd2Ti2O7: molten salt, solid state reaction, and combustion process. The document characterizes the synthesized Gd2Ti2O7 using X-ray diffraction, which confirms a single pyrochlore phase with the expected crystal structure. Finally, some applications of oxide pyrochlores in electronic materials, electrodes, and waste disposal are mentioned.
This document discusses the effect of heating rate on the structural and optical properties of silicon and magnesium co-doped zirconia nanopowders prepared by a sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that different heating rates between 1-10°C/min affected the formation of tetragonal and cubic phases, crystallinity, and particle size. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed that the band gap energy of the doped zirconia crystals decreased depending on the heating rate, with a minimum band gap of around 3-3.2 eV.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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Lh3519311940
1. J. M. Kavitha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
RESEARCH ARTICLE
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OPEN ACCESS
Growth And Characterization Of Pure And Glycine Added
Morenosite Single Crystals
J. M. Kavitha and C. K. Mahadevan
Physics Research Centre, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil-629 002, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
Morenosite (NiSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields.
In an attempt to understand the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of morenosite crystals, we
have grown by the free evaporation method at room temperature and characterized pure and glycine added
morenosite single crystals. The grown crystals were characterized structurally, mechanically, optically and
electrically. The densities observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix.
The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. The second
harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results of microhardness
measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that the
grown crystals exhibit a normal dielectric behaviour and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the
protonic movement. The present study indicates that glycine addition plays an important role in reducing the
dielectric constant εr value significantly to make morenosite crystals low-εr value dielectric materials, expected
to be useful in the microelectronics industry.
Keywords - Crystal growth, Electrical properties, Mechanical properties, Morenosite crystals, Optical
properties, Single crystals, X-ray diffraction
I.
Introduction
The mineral morenosite (nickel sulphate
heptahydrate, NiSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded
single crystal and is isomorphous with goslarite (zinc
sulphate heptahydrate, ZnSO4.7H2O) and epsomite
(magnesium sulphate heptahydrate, MgSO4.7H2O).
These three minerals crystallize in the orthorhombic
crystal system with tetramolecular unit cells having
the space group P212121. The structure consists of an
octahedron formed by Ni2+/ Zn2+/ Mg2+ bonded to six
water (H2O) molecules and a tetrahedron formed by
S6+ ion bonded to four O2- ions. One additional water
molecule participates in linking these structural
elements with a network of weak hydrogen bonds.
This interstitial seventh water molecule is easily lost
at near ambient temperature to leave the material
hexahydrated.
Morenosite is a chemical agent and is used
for manufacturing of batteries, in fungicide mixtures,
for production of catalysts, in food and oil industry,
and in perfumery industry. Morenosite crystal is of
emerald-green colour. The unit cell parameters [1]
are : a=11.86, b=12.08 and c=6.81Å. It is soluble in
water and the solubility at room temperature (at
30°C) is 77.5g/100 ml of water. The molecular
weight, mean refractive index and density are 280.88,
1.483 and 1.948 g/cc respectively [2]. Pure and doped
morenosite single crystals have been grown at low
temperatures from aqueous solutions [3-5].
Ptasiewiez-Bak et al. [6] have determined the charge
density distribution in NiSO4.7H2O single crystals.
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The SO4 group in NiSO4.7H2O may be considered
similar to the PO4 group (having tetrahedral
geometry) in NH4H2PO4 (ADP) and KH2PO4 (KDP).
Mahadevan and his co-workers [7,8] have reported
the possibility of reducing the dielectric constant
value by adding simple organic molecules like urea
and L-arginine to KDP. The electrical properties of
tris(thiourea)zinc(II) sulphate (ZTS) have some
similarities to those of KDP[9]. Considerable interest
has been shown by several investigators in studying
the effect of impurities (both inorganic and organic)
on the nucleation, growth and physical properties of
some hydrogen-bonded crystals like KDP and ADP
and obtained several useful results. But, only limited
studies have been done on morenosite crystals.
Aiming at discovering new useful materials,
in the present study, we have grown morenosite
single crystals by the free evaporation method and
investigated the effect of glycine (a simple and
interesting amino acid) as an impurity (added in the
morenosite solution used for the growth of crystals)
with impurity concentration ranging from 200010000 ppm (i.e. 0.2 - 1.0 mole%) on the properties of
morenosite. A total of six crystals were grown and
characterized. The results obtained are reported
herein and discussed.
II.
Experimental Details
2.1 Growth of single crystals
Analytical reagent (AR) grade samples of
NiSO4.7H2O and glycine along with double distilled
water were used in the present study. Aqueous
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2. J. M. Kavitha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
solution of the required salt (pure or glycine doped)
was prepared at a supersaturated concentration and
taken in the nucleation cell (corning glass vessel) and
allowed to equilibrate at the desired temperature. The
crystals were grown in the unstirred condition. Small
crystals appeared in the beginning due to slow
evaporation and grew larger in considerable finite
time. Best crystals were selected from this and used
for the characterization measurements. The
temperature and volume were kept constant
respectively at 30°C and 25ml for all the crystal
growth experiments. Crystals were grown from pure
(NiSO4.7H2O) and five impurity (glycine) added
(with impurity concentrations, viz. 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8
and
1.0
mole%)
solutions.
Concentration
programming was done to get good morenosite
crystals
by
using
various
supersaturated
concentrations between 1.8 and 2.5M. 2.2 M solution
gave good morenosite single crystals. This
concentration was considered for growing the glycine
added morenosite single crystals.
2.2. Characterization
Densities of the grown crystals were
determined by using the floatation method [10,11]
within an accuracy of ± 0.008 g/cm3. Carbon
tetrachloride of density 1.594 g/cm3 and bromoform
of density 2.890 g/cm3 are respectively the rarer and
denser liquids used.
Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) spectra were recorded by the KBr pellet
method for all the six grown crystals in the wave
number range 400-4000 cm-1 by employing a
SHIMADZU spectrometer. X-ray powder diffraction
(PXRD) data were collected using an automated Xray powder diffractometer (PANalytical) with
monochromated Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54056 Å) in
the 2θ range 10-70 °. The reflections were indexed
following the procedures of Lipson and Steeple [12].
Lattice parameters were also determined from the
indexed data.
The UV-Vis-NIR transmittance spectra were
recorded for all the six grown crystals (dissolved in
water) in the wavelength range 190-1100 nm by
using a Lambda-35 spectrophotometer. The second
harmonic generation (SHG) property was tested for
all the six grown crystals by passing the output of
Nd-YAG Quanta ray laser (with fundamental
radiation of wavelength 1064 nm) through the
crystalline powder sample (Kurtz and Perry method
[13] ). Vicker’s hardness measurements were carried
out on all the six grown crystals using a SHIMADZU
HMV2 microhardness tester.
The
DC
electrical
conductivity
measurements were carried out to an accuracy of
±2.5% for all the six grown crystals in the present
study along the c-direction (major growth direction)
at various temperatures ranging from 35-80 °C by the
conventional two-probe method using a million
megohm meter in a way similar to that followed by
Mahadevan and his co-workers [14-16]. The above
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temperature range was considered due to the thermal
instability of these crystals beyond about 85 °C.
Temperature was controlled to an accuracy of ±1 °C
and the observations were made while cooling the
sample crystal. Crystals with large surface defect-free
(i.e. without any pit or crack or scratch on the
surface, tested with a travelling microscope) size (> 3
mm) were selected and used. The extended portions
of the crystals were removed completely and the
opposite faces were polished and coated with good
quality graphite to obtain a good conductive surface
layer. The dimensions of the crystal were measured
using a travelling microscope (Least count=0.001
cm). The DC conductivity (ζdc) of the crystal was
calculated using the relation:
ζdc= dcrys / (R Acrys)
(1)
where R is the measured resistance, dcrys is the
thickness of the sample crystal and Acrys is the area of
the face of the crystal in contact with the electrode.
The capacitance (Ccrys) and dielectric loss
factor (tanδ) measurements were carried out to an
accuracy of ±2% by the parallel plate capacitor
method using an LCR meter (Systronics make) with a
frequency of 1kHz at various temperatures ranging
from 35-80 °C along the c-direction in a way similar
to that followed by Mahadevan and his co-workers
[20-22]. The required sample crystals were prepared
as in the case of DC conductivity measurements.
Here also, the observations were made while cooling
the sample crystal and the temperature was controlled
to an accuracy of ±1°C. The air capacitance (Cair) was
measured only at the lower temperature considered as
the temperature variation of air capacitance was
found to be negligible. As the sample crystal area was
smaller than the plate area of the cell, the dielectric
constant of the crystal (εr) was calculated using
Mahadevan’s formula [17,18 ]:
εr = [Aair/Acrys][[Ccrys-Cair[1-Acrys/Aair]]/Cair]
(2)
where Ccrys is the capacitance with crystal (including
air), Cair is the capacitance of air and Aair is the area
of the electrode. The AC electrical conductivity (ζ ac)
was calculated using the relation:
ζac = ε0 εr ω tan δ
(3)
where ε0 is the permittivity of free space and ω is the
angular frequency of the applied field.
III.
Results and Discussion
3.1. Colour, densities and lattice parameters
All the six crystals grown are found to be
stable, greenish in colour and shining. Crystals upto a
maximum of 2 cm length were obtained. A rough
thermal test carried out on all the six grown crystals
indicates that at about 85 °C, the crystals loose
slowly the shining green colour and release the water
of hydration with increasing temperature. Figure 1
shows a photograph of the sample crystals grown in
the present study.
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3. J. M. Kavitha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
Fig.1 : Photograph of the sample crystals ( From leftPure morenosite, glycine added morenosite in the
mole% 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0)
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Table 1: Densities and lattice parameters
Lattice parameters
System (with Density
impurity
Volume
a(Å)
b(Å)
c(Å)
concentration (g/cc)
(Å3)
in the
solution,
mole%)
Pure morenosite
1.956 11.350
12.196
6.712
929.1
Glycine added morenosite
0.2
6.527
954.5
1.951
11.450
12.321
6.818
961.9
1.949
12.001
12.187
6.654
973.2
0.8
1.948
11.839
12.379
6.792
995.4
1.0
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12.389
0.6
The indexed PXRD patterns recorded are
shown in Figure 2. Appearance of strong and sharp
peaks confirms the crystalline nature of the sample
crystals grown. The average densities and lattice
parameters obtained are provided in Table 1.
11.804
0.4
Fig.2 : The PXRD patterns observed.
1.954
1.946
11.863
12.146
7.407
1067.
The average density value and lattice parameters
observed in the present study for the pure morenosite
crystal agree well with the literature values,
confirming the identity of the substance. The
observed decrease of density and increase of lattice
volume caused by the impurity addition indicates that
the impurity molecules have entered into the
morenosite crystal matrix. Moreover, it can be seen
that the density and lattice volume vary further with
the increase in impurity concentration.
3.2. FTIR spectra
The FTIR spectra recorded for the grown
crystals are shown in Figure 3. Significant difference
could not be observed for the doped crystals as the
impurity concentrations considered are small.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
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Fig.3 : The FTIR spectra observed
Four normal modes are present in the
infrared region for the sulphate anion (SO42-): a nondegenerate symmetric bending ν1, a doubly
degenerate symmetric bending ν2, and two triply
degenerate symmetric stretching and bending ν3 and
ν4 respectively [19]. Changes in protonation, metal
complexation and solvation of SO42- can modify S-O
bond length and, as a result, may change the
symmetry of the anion. This leads to a shift in the
vibrational bands to different wave numbers and
causes the degenerate vibrations to become nondegenerate.
The broad envelope around 3379-3198 cm-1
indicates the presence of water and it belongs to free
water symmetry stretch. The asymmetric stretch of
water has been observed at 1670-1634 cm-1. The
bending mode of water has been observed at around
463-445 cm-1. The asymmetric stretch of sulphate
(ν3) appears at 1194-1105 cm-1. The bending modes
of sulphate (ν4) are positioned at around 752-730 and
654-595 cm-1. The spectra observed for all the six
grown crystals are similar to that reported in the
literature for MgSO4.7H2O [19-21] and ZnSO4.7H2O
[22].
3.3. Optical and mechanical properties
The UV-Vis-NIR transmittance spectra
observed for the grown crystals are shown in Figure
4. All the spectra are found to be similar and they
show wide transmission window with a small dip at
around 390 nm in the UV-Vis-NIR region (from 2101100 nm). This enables these crystals to be potential
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candidates for opto-electronic applications. Efficient
nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals are expected to
have optical transparency lower cut-off wavelengths
between 200 and 400 nm [23]. From this it can be
understood that the crystals grown in the present
study can be considered as promising NLO crystals.
The second harmonic generation (SHG)
efficiencies (compared to that of KDP) observed are
provided in Table 2. Results obtained indicate that
the crystals grown in the present study are NLO
active.
The hardness behaviour is shown in Figure
5. P is the load applied and d is the diagonal length
of the indentation made on the crystal surface.
Fig.4 : The UV-Vis-NIR spectra observed
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
Table 2: SHG efficiencies, work hardening coefficients (n) and DC activation energies (Edc )
System (with
impurity
concentration
in
the solution,
mole%)
Pure
morenosite
SHG
efficiency
(in KDP
unit)
n
Edc
(eV)
0.93
Glycine added
morenosite
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
3.17
0.572
0.95
1.03
1.23
1.29
1.35
2.59
4.03
5.02
4.20
4.10
0.602
0.615
0.710
0.674
0.677
The Vicker’s hardness number (Hv) is defined as
Hv = 1.8544 P/d2 kg/mm2
(4)
Results obtained indicate that the Hv value
increases with increasing load for all the six crystals
grown in the present study. The value increases up to
a load of 100 g, above which cracks start developing
which may be due to the release of internal stress
generation with indentation. Table 2 contains the
work hardening coefficients (n) estimated from the
slopes of the best-fitted straight lines of log P versus
log d curves (not shown here).
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Indentation size effect is the phenomenon of a
solid’s dependence of microhardness on the applied
load at low level of testing load [24]. The Meyer’s
law [24] is expressed as
P=k1dn
(5)
where k1 is the material constant. Combining
equations (4) and (5), we have
Hv = 1.8544k1dn-2
Or
Hv = 1.8544k1(1+2/n) P(1-2/n)
Or
Hv = b P(n-2)/n
(6)
where b = 1.8544k1(1+2/n), a new constant. The
expression shown above indicates that Hv should
increase with the load if n>2. The experimental data
observed in the present study agree well with this
confirming the normal indentation size effect (ISE).
According to Onitsch and Hanneman ‘n’ should
lie between 1.0 and 1.6 for hard materials and above
1.6 for soft ones [24]. The ‘n’ values observed in the
present study are all more than 1.6 which indicates
that all the six crystals grown belong to soft materials
category. Thus, the experimental results observed in
the present study follow the normal ISE trend.
3.4. Electrical properties
The ζdc, εr, tanδ and ζac values obtained for
pure and impurity added morenosite single crystals
are respectively shown in Figures 6,7,8 and 9.
Fig.6 : DC electrical conductivities
Fig.5 : The hardness behavior
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Fig.7 : Dielectric constants
Fig.9 : AC electrical conductivities
Fig.10 : Compositional dependence of ζdc
Fig.8 : Dielectric loss factors
It can be seen that ζdc, εr, tanδ and ζac values
increase with increase in temperature. However, no
systematic variation is observed with the impurity
concentration (taken in the solution used for the
crystal growth) for all the above electrical parameters
in the whole temperature range considered in the
present study. 0.2 and 0.8 mole% glycine addition
significantly increases the ζdc values whereas 0.6
mole% significantly decreases the same. This is
illustrated in Figure 10.
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Considering only the temperature range of
35-70°C, the εr, tanδ and ζac values increase with the
increase in impurity concentration, attain the
maximum for 0.4 mole % and then decrease. This is
illustrated in Figure 11.
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.11 : Compositional dependence of: (a) εr, (b)
tanδ and (c) ζac
The electrical conduction in dielectrics is
mainly a defect controlled process in the low
temperature region. The presence of impurities and
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vacancies mainly determine this region. The energy
needed to form the defect is much larger than the
energy needed for its drift. The conductivity of the
crystal in the higher temperature region is
determined by the intrinsic defects caused by the
thermal fluctuations in the crystal [25].
The conduction region considered in the
present study seems to be connected to mobility of
vacancies.
If the probability of occupation of an
interstice is ρ, then the probability of finding a vacant
neighbour site is
(1-ρ). Even for very high
concentrations, of the order of 1020 cm-3, ρ does not
exceed 10-2 so that in real cases with concentration of
interstitials of the order of 1015 to 1020 cm-3, (1-ρ) ≈1
[25].
Electrical conductivity of morenosite
crystals may be determined by the proton transport
within the framework of hydrogen bonds. A
combination of the following two mechanisms may
be considered. The first mechanism is identical to the
conductivity mechanism in ice also containing
hydrogen bonds. According to the second
mechanism, conductivity is associated with the
incorporation into the crystal lattice of impurities and
the formation of corresponding defects in ionic
crystals. The proton conduction may be accounted
for by motion of protons accompanied by a D defect
(excess of positive charge). Migration of these
defects may only modify electric polarization and
may not change the charge at an electrode [25]. The
motion of defects occurs by some kind of rotation in
the bond with defects. The speed of displacement v=
νa, where a and ν are the distance and frequency
respectively of the jump from one bond to the other.
When the temperature of the crystal is
increased there is a possibility of weakening of the
hydrogen bonding system due to rotation of the
hydroxyl ions in water molecules. This results in an
enhanced conduction in these materials.
The mechanism of electrical conductivity in alkali
and silver halide crystals is usually the motion of
ions and not the motion of electrons. This has been
established by comparing the transport of charge
with the transport of mass as measured by the
material plated out on electrodes in contact with the
crystal [26].
It is assumed that the conductivity of ice is
determined by the simultaneous presence of positive
and negative ions and orientational defects-vacant
hydrogen bonds (L-defects) and doubly occupied
hydrogen bonds (D-defects). Other possible defects
are vacancies and defect associates [27].
The experimental data and especially the
character of the temperature dependence of
conductivity allowed to understand that the
conductivity of KDP crystals is determined by both
thermally generated L-defects and the foreign
impurities incorporated into the lattice and
generating L-defects there [27]. When performing
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
measurements, Lokshin [28] (in the case of KDP
crystals) assumed that HPO42- ions are also
responsible for the formation of vacant hydrogen
bonds (L-defects). Therefore, the pH value of the
initial solution, which determines its ionic
composition, can be one of the most important
factors that affects crystal conductivity, because the
concentration of HPO42- ions in the solution at some
pH is higher by several orders of magnitude than the
concentration of any other impurity [29].
From the above knowledge, it is understood
that the proton transport depends on the generation of
L-defects. Hence, the increase of conductivity with
the increase in temperature observed for glycine
added morenosite crystals in the present study can be
understood as due to the temperature dependence of
the proton transport. Also, the conductivity increases
smoothly through the temperature range considered
in the present study; there is no sharp increase that
would be characteristic of a superprotonic phase
transition [30].
It should be noted that the ζdc values are
more than the ζac values at higher temperatures as
well as with higher glycine concentrations.
Moreover, the increase of ζac is found to be less than
that of ζdc with the increase of temperature. The
reason for this is not understood at present. However,
it may be mentioned that when AC voltage is applied
some obstruction is given by the natural and added
impurities in random directions which may cause the
reduction in AC conductivity at higher temperatures
and with higher glycine concentrations.
Plots between ln ζdc and 103/T (not shown
here) are found to be nearly linear. So, the DC
conductivity values were fitted to the Arrhenius
relation
ζdc = ζodc exp[-Edc/(kT)]
(7)
where ζodc is the proportionality constant (considered
to be the characteristic constant of the material), k is
the Boltzmann constant and T is the absolute
temperature. The DC activation energies (Edc) were
estimated using the slopes of the corresponding line
plots. The estimated Edc values are given in Table 2.
The low activation energies observed suggests that
oxygen vacancies may be responsible for conduction
in the temperature region considered in the present
study.
The DC electrical conductivity is easily
calculated [31] to be :
ζdc = Ne2a2 / (kTη),
(8)
where η is a mean jump time, perhaps different from
the dipolar orientation but still given by an equation
like
1/ η = 1/ηo exp (-Edc/(kT))
(9)
where a is the distance of a jump. The factor
1/ηo = ωo (nearly equal to 2fD where fD is the Debye
frequency) is the ionic vibrational frequency around
its equilibrium position and exp(-Edc/(kT)) is the
statistical Boltzmann factor. A jump is attempted
with each vibration, but only a fraction succeeds,
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depending on the (activation) energy Edc required in
order to squeeze through the barrier to neighbouring
equilibrium position. N stands for the number of
perfect bonds or the number of charges per unit
volume. The frequency 1/ηo ≈ 1013 s-1. Also 1/η ≤
1011 s-1 and 1/η will be very much smaller than this at
temperatures much below the melting temperature
[31].
The Debye (cutoff) frequency available in
the literature [4] for the pure morenosite (determined
at 25°C) is 3.247 x 1012 s-1. The Edc value obtained in
the present study is 0.572 eV. The 1/ηo and 1/η values
(estimated using equation (9) with the above fD and
Edc values) are found to be 2.040 x 1013 s-1 and 4.411
x 103 s-1 respectively. These values compare well
with those expected by the above model. Also, the fD
value (3.247 x 1012 s-1 at 25°C) compares well with
the frequency of the mode (2.5 x 1012 s-1 at 27°C)
[25] assigned to oscillation modes of protons. Thus,
the conduction in NiSO4.7H2O crystals can be
considered to be protonic.
It is a known fact that glycine is a simple
organic substance and is expected to occupy mainly
the interstitial positions. The density measurement
shows a small decrease of density with the increase
of impurity concentration taken in the solution used
for the growth of single crystals. Moreover, the
impurity concentrations considered in the present
study are small. So, the glycine molecules can be
assumed to replace the water molecules and ions
(Ni2+ and SO42-) to some extent in addition to
occupying the interstitials in the morenosite crystal
lattice creating a disturbance in the hydrogen
bonding system. As the conduction in morenosite
crystal is protonic and mainly due to the water
molecules and SO42- ions, the disturbance in the
hydrogen bonding system may cause the
conductivity to vary nonlinearly with the impurity
concentration.
The dielectric constant of a material is
generally composed of four types of contributions,
viz., ionic, electronic, orientational and space charge
polarizations. All these may be active at low
frequencies, the nature of variations of dielectric
constant with frequency and temperature indicates
the type of contributions that are present in them.
Variation of εr with temperature is generally
attributed to the crystal expansion, the electronic and
ionic polarizations and the presence of impurities and
crystal defects. The variation at low temperature is
mainly due to the expansion and electronic and ionic
polarizations. The increase at higher temperatures is
mainly attributed to the thermally generated charge
carriers and impurity dipoles. Varotsos [32] has
shown that the electronic polarizability practically
remains constant in the case of ionic crystals. The
increase in dielectric constant with temperature is
essentially due to the temperature variation of ionic
polarizability.
1938 |
9. J. M. Kavitha et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.1931-1940
It should be noted that there is no significant
increase of the dielectric parameters, viz., εr, tanδ and
ζac observed with the increase of temperature at low
temperatures (see Figures 7-9). However, these
parameters vary significantly (although nonlinearly)
with the impurity (glycine) concentration. Moreover,
it is interesting to note that glycine addition (with
0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 mole% concentrations) leads to a
reduction of dielectric constant significantly. The
disturbance caused due to glycine addition in the
hydrogen bonding system of the morenosite crystal
lattice may be the reason for this.
Microelectronics
industry
needs
replacement of dielectric materials in multilevel
interconnect structures with new low-dielectric
constant (εr) value materials, as an interlayer
dielectric (ILD) which surrounds and insulates
interconnect wiring. Lowering the values of the ILD
decreases the RC delay, lowers power consumptions,
and
reduces
‘cross-talk’
between
nearby
interconnects [33].
Silica has εr ≈ 4.0, in part as a result of the
Si-O bonds. Several innovative developments have
been made for the development of new low- εr
materials to replace silica. Reduction in εr value has
taken place (with non-porous and porous thin films)
but with several other problems. So, there is still a
need for new low-dielectric constant materials [33].
Goma et al [7] have reported reduction in εr value in
the case of KDP added with 0.6 mole % urea. They
observed at 40°C, εr = 2.86 along a- and 3.17 along
c-directions. This illustrated that urea doping to KDP
reduces the εr value. Moreover, material in the single
crystal form would be very much interesting.
The present study indicates that glycine
addition (1.0 mole %) to morenosite reduces the εr
value from 11.391 to 3.745 in the temperature range
of 35-60 °C which shows that morenosite crystal
becomes interesting and useful when added with
glycine. So, glycine addition leads morenosite to
become a potential material useful in the
microelectronics industry.
IV.
Conclusions
Single crystals of morenosite added with
glycine were grown by the free evaporation method
and
characterized
structurally,
optically,
mechanically and electrically. Density and lattice
volume variations indicate that the glycine molecules
have entered into the morenosite crystal matrix. All
the six grown crystals are found to be transparent in
the wavelength range 210-1100nm, NLO active,
mechanically soft and exhibit normal dielectric
behaviour. Analysis of the DC and AC electrical
conductivity data indicates that the conductivity is
due to the proton transport. The present study
indicates that doping morenosite with glycine leads
to the discovery of promising NLO active and low-εr
value dielectric materials.
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