This presentation provides an overview of microcontrollers and robotics. It discusses the PIC18F4520 microcontroller, including its architecture, features, and programming. Examples are provided of programming LED patterns, 7-segment displays, PWM, and timers using assembly and C languages. Robotics concepts covered include locomotion systems, power supplies, actuators, and control systems. Static and dynamic stability in legged robot locomotion are also explained.
The document introduces ladder diagrams and their basic components and logic. Ladder diagrams are a graphical programming language used to program programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Each rung represents a program statement with inputs on the left and outputs on the right. The PLC executes the ladder diagram by reading input states and determining output states from top to bottom. The document also describes common logic components like contacts, coils, timers, and counters used in ladder diagrams.
This document provides an overview of ladder logic fundamentals for a PLC controls and instrumentation course. It discusses the anatomy of a ladder program including input and output instructions, rungs, and power rails. It also covers logic functions like AND, OR, and XOR. Additionally, it explains logical continuity versus electrical continuity and examines input instructions like examine on and examine off. The document concludes with a discussion of I/O mapping and how input and output field devices connect to instructions in the PLC program.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and industrial robots. It defines PLCs as digitally operating electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions to control machines and processes. PLCs have input/output modules, memory, and peripherals. The document also discusses ladder logic diagrams used to program PLCs to control sequences like having a robot unload parts from one machine and load parts into another machine.
This document presents information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that a PLC is a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The document outlines the history of PLCs, their major components including the processor, power supply, and input/output modules. It describes the operational sequence of a PLC including self-test, input scan, logic solve, and output scan. The document provides an example of a ladder logic program for starting and stopping a motor. It lists advantages such as reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. The document also discusses applications of PLCs in industries such as manufacturing, food processing, and materials handling.
This document is a user manual for the LokPilot V2.0 and LokPilot DCC V2.0 decoders. It provides general information on the features and specifications of the decoders. The decoders support DCC and Motorola protocols and can be used in analog layouts. They provide advanced functions like lighting effects and load control. The manual describes installation of the decoders and notes important safety instructions to follow.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The document outlines the history of PLCs, their major components including the processor, power supply, and I/O modules. It describes the operational sequence of a PLC including input scan, logic solve, and output scan. Programming methods like ladder logic and functional block diagrams are discussed. Examples are provided of ladder logic programs for starting and stopping a motor. Advantages of PLCs include reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. The document concludes by listing some common industrial applications of PLCs.
- CY (carry flag) is set when there is a carry out from the D7 bit during addition/subtraction. It can be directly set or cleared.
- AC (auxiliary carry flag) is set if there is a carry from D3 to D4 during addition/subtraction. It is used for BCD operations.
- P (parity flag) reflects the number of 1s in the accumulator register. It is set if there is an odd number of 1s and cleared if there is an even number.
- OV (overflow flag) is set when a signed number operation result is too large, indicating overflow into the sign bit. It detects errors in signed arithmetic.
The document introduces ladder diagrams and their basic components and logic. Ladder diagrams are a graphical programming language used to program programmable logic controllers (PLCs). Each rung represents a program statement with inputs on the left and outputs on the right. The PLC executes the ladder diagram by reading input states and determining output states from top to bottom. The document also describes common logic components like contacts, coils, timers, and counters used in ladder diagrams.
This document provides an overview of ladder logic fundamentals for a PLC controls and instrumentation course. It discusses the anatomy of a ladder program including input and output instructions, rungs, and power rails. It also covers logic functions like AND, OR, and XOR. Additionally, it explains logical continuity versus electrical continuity and examines input instructions like examine on and examine off. The document concludes with a discussion of I/O mapping and how input and output field devices connect to instructions in the PLC program.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and industrial robots. It defines PLCs as digitally operating electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions to control machines and processes. PLCs have input/output modules, memory, and peripherals. The document also discusses ladder logic diagrams used to program PLCs to control sequences like having a robot unload parts from one machine and load parts into another machine.
This document presents information about programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that a PLC is a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The document outlines the history of PLCs, their major components including the processor, power supply, and input/output modules. It describes the operational sequence of a PLC including self-test, input scan, logic solve, and output scan. The document provides an example of a ladder logic program for starting and stopping a motor. It lists advantages such as reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. The document also discusses applications of PLCs in industries such as manufacturing, food processing, and materials handling.
This document is a user manual for the LokPilot V2.0 and LokPilot DCC V2.0 decoders. It provides general information on the features and specifications of the decoders. The decoders support DCC and Motorola protocols and can be used in analog layouts. They provide advanced functions like lighting effects and load control. The manual describes installation of the decoders and notes important safety instructions to follow.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines a PLC as a digital computer used for industrial control systems. The document outlines the history of PLCs, their major components including the processor, power supply, and I/O modules. It describes the operational sequence of a PLC including input scan, logic solve, and output scan. Programming methods like ladder logic and functional block diagrams are discussed. Examples are provided of ladder logic programs for starting and stopping a motor. Advantages of PLCs include reliability, flexibility, and cost effectiveness. The document concludes by listing some common industrial applications of PLCs.
- CY (carry flag) is set when there is a carry out from the D7 bit during addition/subtraction. It can be directly set or cleared.
- AC (auxiliary carry flag) is set if there is a carry from D3 to D4 during addition/subtraction. It is used for BCD operations.
- P (parity flag) reflects the number of 1s in the accumulator register. It is set if there is an odd number of 1s and cleared if there is an even number.
- OV (overflow flag) is set when a signed number operation result is too large, indicating overflow into the sign bit. It detects errors in signed arithmetic.
8051 micro controllers Instruction set Nitin Ahire
This document discusses the instruction groups of the 8051 microprocessor, including arithmetic, logic, data transfer, boolean, and branching instructions. It provides examples of instructions such as ADD, MOV, ANL, XCH, PUSH, POP, and MOVX. Specific instructions like ADD, SUB, AND, OR, XOR, INC, DEC, SWAP are explained along with examples of their usage. On-chip and off-chip memory access using RD and PSEN signals is also covered.
A PLC is a programmable device that was invented to replace sequential relay circuits for machine control. It scans its inputs and outputs and executes a user-programmed logic program to control outputs based on inputs. Early PLCs were programmed using ladder logic to resemble relay circuits. Modern PLCs can be programmed in various languages and communicate with other devices. A PLC consists of a CPU, memory, and input and output modules to interface with the outside world.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It outlines the general objectives of explaining PLC concepts, including the structure of PLC systems and their components, programming languages, logic gates, counters, shift registers, and programming applications. It then defines PLCs, describes their advantages, functions, basic control systems, hardware and software components, programming formats, logic gates, timers, counters, internal relays, shift registers, and provides examples of PLC programming applications for machines.
32 bit ALU Chip Design using IBM 130nm process technologyBharat Biyani
- Implemented a 32 bit Arithmetic/Logic unit in VHDL using behavioral Modeling which involves all basic ALU operations including special functionality like binary-to-grey code conversion, parity check, sum of first N numbers. Simulation is performed in ModelSim IDE.
- Involved design using Cadence (Virtuoso Layout/Schematic) and Hspice simulation of standard library cell.
- Involved library characterization using NCX, RTL synthesis of VHDL code using Synopsys Design Vision, auto placement & routing using Encounter, static timing analysis using Synopsys Primetime.
Ladder diagrams are a type of graphic language used to represent logic systems for industrial control. They resemble a ladder, with two vertical power rails and circuits connected horizontally in rungs. Standard symbols are used to represent components like switches, relays, and outputs. Logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT can be depicted using these symbols. Ladder diagrams are used to program PLCs and show control circuits for machines, depicting inputs, logic functions, and outputs.
The PIC 16F877A microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses. It has 8kB of flash memory, 368 bytes of RAM, and 256 bytes of EEPROM. It features five I/O ports, three timers, USART serial communication, and 15 interrupt sources. Instructions are in RISC format and execute in 4 machine cycles, with most instructions completing in one cycle.
Here are the key components of a temperature controller system using an 8085 microprocessor:
- 8085 microprocessor - Acts as the central processing unit to control the system.
- ADC interface board - Contains an ADC (analog to digital converter) which converts the analog temperature sensor output to digital for the microprocessor. Also interfaces the ADC to the microprocessor bus.
- Temperature sensor (e.g. thermistor) - Measures the temperature of the plant and provides an analog output to the ADC.
- Relay and driver circuit - Switches power to the heating element on/off under microprocessor control to regulate temperature.
- Supporting hardware - Includes memory (ROM, RAM), I/
The document is about a book titled "PIC microcontrollers for beginners, too!" that introduces microcontrollers and programming for PIC microcontrollers. It provides an overview of the book's contents which include introductions to microcontrollers and assembly language programming, descriptions of the PIC16F84 microcontroller and its instruction set, examples of assembly language programs, and tutorials on using the MPLAB programming environment and code samples. The book is intended for beginners to help them learn microcontroller fundamentals and get started with PIC microcontroller programming.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It contains the following key points:
1) The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory using 40 pins running at a maximum of 3MHz. It has address, data and control busses to interface with external memory and I/O devices.
2) The address bus uses 8 lines for the high order address bits and the low order bits are multiplexed with the data bus. Control signals like ALE are used to separate the address and data.
3) It has an ALU, accumulator, flags register and can perform arithmetic, logic and I/O operations. Memory reads, writes and I/
This document discusses interfacing devices like LEDs, LCDs, and keyboards to an 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining what input/output interfacing is and the differences that exist between CPUs and peripheral devices. It then reviews the pin configuration of the 8051 and the specific devices that will be interfaced: LEDs, an LCD, and a keyboard. Wiring diagrams and code examples are provided for interfacing each device. Key concepts like scanning keyboard rows and columns, sending commands and data to an LCD, and checking an LCD's busy flag are explained.
This document discusses various applications of embedded systems including temperature measurement using thermistors and linear temperature sensors like the LM35. It describes how to interface the LM35 temperature sensor with an 8-bit ADC0809 and microcontroller port for temperature readings. It also discusses controlling a stepper motor and interfacing it to port pins of a microcontroller. Finally, it explains interfacing a 2x16 LCD display and keyboard matrix to a microcontroller for input/output applications.
This slides includes all the necessary steps to Program 8051 family micro-controller. A fresher will be able to simulate LCD in Proteus Using C in Keil !!
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions like sequencing and timing to control machines and processes. The document discusses the basic structure of PLCs including the CPU, memory, input/output interfaces, and power supply. It also covers programming methods like ladder logic and instruction lists. Additional topics include input/output addressing, timers, counters, and techniques like latching, internal relays, and sequencing using timers.
This document discusses various types of input/output interfaces used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes interfaces for analog, digital, and specialty signals like temperature sensors. Intelligent interfaces include PID controllers for closed-loop processes and positioning interfaces for machine axes. The document also covers serial communication modes and network interfaces that allow multiple PLCs to communicate over local area networks.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It describes that the 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory using 40 pins that operate at 5V with a maximum frequency of 3MHz. It has registers, ALU, instruction decoder, address buffer and other functional blocks. The registers include general purpose registers, temporary registers, flags register and program counter and stack pointer. The document also discusses the addressing modes, instruction formats and types of instructions of the 8085 microprocessor.
This document discusses programming and controlling PUMA robot arms using various software libraries and controllers. It provides an overview of PUMA robot arms, their controllers including the Mark I, Mark II, Mark III, and UNIVAL controllers. It then discusses various software libraries for controlling PUMA arms including VAL, RCCL, Level II, Kali, and ALVIN. It provides block diagrams and descriptions of how these different software libraries interface with and control PUMA robot arms.
The document discusses the basics of programmable logic controller (PLC) programming including PLC architecture, memory organization, programming languages, ladder logic instructions, addressing schemes, and programming techniques. Specifically, it covers the processor memory being divided into program and data memory, the ladder logic programming language using relay-type instructions like examine if closed and examine if open, addressing I/O locations by module and bit, and programming concepts such as parallel and nested rungs, internal control relays, and adjustments for different scan patterns.
Synthesis & FPGA Implementation of UART IP Soft Coreijsrd.com
this paper presents synthesis and hardware implementation of fully functional Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Intellectual Property core using XILINX SPARTAN-3 XC3S400 series FPGA. The UART soft core module consists of a transmitter along with baud rate generator and a receiver module with false start bit detection features. This has been implemented using VERILOG hardware description language and synthesized using XILINX ISE development tools. All behavioral simulation of UART module performed using MODELSIM simulator. After successful FPGA implementation transmitter and receiver module was tested by connecting FPGA board with Hyper Terminal software via RS232 interface at a data speed of 9.6 kbps.
The document provides details about the 8085 microprocessor including its architecture, pin diagram, addressing modes, instruction set, timing diagram, applications, programming examples, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses the different units of the 8085 microprocessor such as the register unit, timing and control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and interrupt unit. Examples are provided to illustrate various instructions and addressing modes of the 8085 microprocessor.
Wireless RF Module Using PIC MCU (Slides).Abee Sharma
It's a Presentation Of Actual Project.
An RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceive
radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF modules are widely used
in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial
remote controls, smart sensor applications, weather monitoring system, RFID,
wireless mouse technology and wireless home automation systems. They are often
used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring
line-of-sight operation.
This document discusses the importance of computer literacy in the workplace. It notes that employers expect competence in selecting and using appropriate technology like Microsoft Office programs. A survey found that over 75% of employers said word processing, Excel, and Outlook were important to know. The document also discusses SCANS competencies around selecting, applying, and maintaining technology. It provides examples of how computer skills are needed for careers in clerical, automotive, and retail work. Overall, the document emphasizes that having basic computer skills and knowledge of common software packages is essential for functioning in today's workplace.
8051 micro controllers Instruction set Nitin Ahire
This document discusses the instruction groups of the 8051 microprocessor, including arithmetic, logic, data transfer, boolean, and branching instructions. It provides examples of instructions such as ADD, MOV, ANL, XCH, PUSH, POP, and MOVX. Specific instructions like ADD, SUB, AND, OR, XOR, INC, DEC, SWAP are explained along with examples of their usage. On-chip and off-chip memory access using RD and PSEN signals is also covered.
A PLC is a programmable device that was invented to replace sequential relay circuits for machine control. It scans its inputs and outputs and executes a user-programmed logic program to control outputs based on inputs. Early PLCs were programmed using ladder logic to resemble relay circuits. Modern PLCs can be programmed in various languages and communicate with other devices. A PLC consists of a CPU, memory, and input and output modules to interface with the outside world.
The document discusses programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It outlines the general objectives of explaining PLC concepts, including the structure of PLC systems and their components, programming languages, logic gates, counters, shift registers, and programming applications. It then defines PLCs, describes their advantages, functions, basic control systems, hardware and software components, programming formats, logic gates, timers, counters, internal relays, shift registers, and provides examples of PLC programming applications for machines.
32 bit ALU Chip Design using IBM 130nm process technologyBharat Biyani
- Implemented a 32 bit Arithmetic/Logic unit in VHDL using behavioral Modeling which involves all basic ALU operations including special functionality like binary-to-grey code conversion, parity check, sum of first N numbers. Simulation is performed in ModelSim IDE.
- Involved design using Cadence (Virtuoso Layout/Schematic) and Hspice simulation of standard library cell.
- Involved library characterization using NCX, RTL synthesis of VHDL code using Synopsys Design Vision, auto placement & routing using Encounter, static timing analysis using Synopsys Primetime.
Ladder diagrams are a type of graphic language used to represent logic systems for industrial control. They resemble a ladder, with two vertical power rails and circuits connected horizontally in rungs. Standard symbols are used to represent components like switches, relays, and outputs. Logic functions like AND, OR, and NOT can be depicted using these symbols. Ladder diagrams are used to program PLCs and show control circuits for machines, depicting inputs, logic functions, and outputs.
The PIC 16F877A microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses. It has 8kB of flash memory, 368 bytes of RAM, and 256 bytes of EEPROM. It features five I/O ports, three timers, USART serial communication, and 15 interrupt sources. Instructions are in RISC format and execute in 4 machine cycles, with most instructions completing in one cycle.
Here are the key components of a temperature controller system using an 8085 microprocessor:
- 8085 microprocessor - Acts as the central processing unit to control the system.
- ADC interface board - Contains an ADC (analog to digital converter) which converts the analog temperature sensor output to digital for the microprocessor. Also interfaces the ADC to the microprocessor bus.
- Temperature sensor (e.g. thermistor) - Measures the temperature of the plant and provides an analog output to the ADC.
- Relay and driver circuit - Switches power to the heating element on/off under microprocessor control to regulate temperature.
- Supporting hardware - Includes memory (ROM, RAM), I/
The document is about a book titled "PIC microcontrollers for beginners, too!" that introduces microcontrollers and programming for PIC microcontrollers. It provides an overview of the book's contents which include introductions to microcontrollers and assembly language programming, descriptions of the PIC16F84 microcontroller and its instruction set, examples of assembly language programs, and tutorials on using the MPLAB programming environment and code samples. The book is intended for beginners to help them learn microcontroller fundamentals and get started with PIC microcontroller programming.
The document discusses the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor. It contains the following key points:
1) The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory using 40 pins running at a maximum of 3MHz. It has address, data and control busses to interface with external memory and I/O devices.
2) The address bus uses 8 lines for the high order address bits and the low order bits are multiplexed with the data bus. Control signals like ALE are used to separate the address and data.
3) It has an ALU, accumulator, flags register and can perform arithmetic, logic and I/O operations. Memory reads, writes and I/
This document discusses interfacing devices like LEDs, LCDs, and keyboards to an 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining what input/output interfacing is and the differences that exist between CPUs and peripheral devices. It then reviews the pin configuration of the 8051 and the specific devices that will be interfaced: LEDs, an LCD, and a keyboard. Wiring diagrams and code examples are provided for interfacing each device. Key concepts like scanning keyboard rows and columns, sending commands and data to an LCD, and checking an LCD's busy flag are explained.
This document discusses various applications of embedded systems including temperature measurement using thermistors and linear temperature sensors like the LM35. It describes how to interface the LM35 temperature sensor with an 8-bit ADC0809 and microcontroller port for temperature readings. It also discusses controlling a stepper motor and interfacing it to port pins of a microcontroller. Finally, it explains interfacing a 2x16 LCD display and keyboard matrix to a microcontroller for input/output applications.
This slides includes all the necessary steps to Program 8051 family micro-controller. A fresher will be able to simulate LCD in Proteus Using C in Keil !!
The document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It defines PLCs as digital electronic devices that use programmable memory to implement logic functions like sequencing and timing to control machines and processes. The document discusses the basic structure of PLCs including the CPU, memory, input/output interfaces, and power supply. It also covers programming methods like ladder logic and instruction lists. Additional topics include input/output addressing, timers, counters, and techniques like latching, internal relays, and sequencing using timers.
This document discusses various types of input/output interfaces used in programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It describes interfaces for analog, digital, and specialty signals like temperature sensors. Intelligent interfaces include PID controllers for closed-loop processes and positioning interfaces for machine axes. The document also covers serial communication modes and network interfaces that allow multiple PLCs to communicate over local area networks.
The document discusses the 8085 microprocessor. It describes that the 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor that can address 64KB of memory using 40 pins that operate at 5V with a maximum frequency of 3MHz. It has registers, ALU, instruction decoder, address buffer and other functional blocks. The registers include general purpose registers, temporary registers, flags register and program counter and stack pointer. The document also discusses the addressing modes, instruction formats and types of instructions of the 8085 microprocessor.
This document discusses programming and controlling PUMA robot arms using various software libraries and controllers. It provides an overview of PUMA robot arms, their controllers including the Mark I, Mark II, Mark III, and UNIVAL controllers. It then discusses various software libraries for controlling PUMA arms including VAL, RCCL, Level II, Kali, and ALVIN. It provides block diagrams and descriptions of how these different software libraries interface with and control PUMA robot arms.
The document discusses the basics of programmable logic controller (PLC) programming including PLC architecture, memory organization, programming languages, ladder logic instructions, addressing schemes, and programming techniques. Specifically, it covers the processor memory being divided into program and data memory, the ladder logic programming language using relay-type instructions like examine if closed and examine if open, addressing I/O locations by module and bit, and programming concepts such as parallel and nested rungs, internal control relays, and adjustments for different scan patterns.
Synthesis & FPGA Implementation of UART IP Soft Coreijsrd.com
this paper presents synthesis and hardware implementation of fully functional Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Intellectual Property core using XILINX SPARTAN-3 XC3S400 series FPGA. The UART soft core module consists of a transmitter along with baud rate generator and a receiver module with false start bit detection features. This has been implemented using VERILOG hardware description language and synthesized using XILINX ISE development tools. All behavioral simulation of UART module performed using MODELSIM simulator. After successful FPGA implementation transmitter and receiver module was tested by connecting FPGA board with Hyper Terminal software via RS232 interface at a data speed of 9.6 kbps.
The document provides details about the 8085 microprocessor including its architecture, pin diagram, addressing modes, instruction set, timing diagram, applications, programming examples, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses the different units of the 8085 microprocessor such as the register unit, timing and control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and interrupt unit. Examples are provided to illustrate various instructions and addressing modes of the 8085 microprocessor.
Wireless RF Module Using PIC MCU (Slides).Abee Sharma
It's a Presentation Of Actual Project.
An RF module is a small electronic circuit used to transmit, receive, or transceive
radio waves on one of a number of carrier frequencies. RF modules are widely used
in consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial
remote controls, smart sensor applications, weather monitoring system, RFID,
wireless mouse technology and wireless home automation systems. They are often
used instead of infrared remote controls as they have the advantage of not requiring
line-of-sight operation.
This document discusses the importance of computer literacy in the workplace. It notes that employers expect competence in selecting and using appropriate technology like Microsoft Office programs. A survey found that over 75% of employers said word processing, Excel, and Outlook were important to know. The document also discusses SCANS competencies around selecting, applying, and maintaining technology. It provides examples of how computer skills are needed for careers in clerical, automotive, and retail work. Overall, the document emphasizes that having basic computer skills and knowledge of common software packages is essential for functioning in today's workplace.
Dokumen ini merupakan laporan latihan dan pertandingan bercerita yang diikuti oleh murid-murid sekolah. Laporan mencatat nama peserta, tanggal, dan tempat kegiatan berlatih dan bercerita serta mengumumkan pemenang pertandingan bercerita.
The stack is an area of memory used for temporary storage of information. Information is stored and retrieved using PUSH and POP instructions, which operate in a LIFO (last in, first out) manner. Subroutines allow code to be reused by calling the subroutine and returning to the original code using CALL and RTE instructions. Data can be passed between the main program and subroutines using registers or memory locations.
U-healthcare monitoring and reporting using smartphoneRajeev Piyare
This document describes a smartphone-based system for remote patient monitoring. The system collects biometric data like ECG, blood pressure, and oxygen levels from wireless sensors and sends it to a central server via the phone. An Android app processes the ECG data in real-time to detect abnormalities. The system aims to improve healthcare access in developing areas by allowing continuous remote monitoring with fewer medical resources.
Ecg signal processing for detection and classification of cardiac diseasesIAEME Publication
This document discusses ECG signal processing for detecting and classifying cardiac diseases. It begins with an overview of heart anatomy and the cardiac conduction system. It then discusses properties of cardiac muscle cells and ECG measurements. The main types of cardiac arrhythmias and diseases that can be detected from ECG signals are outlined, including ventricular fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contractions, ischemia, and myocardial infarction. Detection methods focus on time-domain analysis of ECG signals using algorithms like Pan-Tompkins to identify arrhythmias, with results verified against databases like MIT-BIH and PhysioNet.
Line following bot without using micro controllerRajat Verma
This document discusses the key components and design of a basic line-following robot. It describes the main sensory systems as photoresistors, phototransistors, and photodiodes to collect information about the environment. It then explains the data processing and motor control systems that interpret sensor input and decide the robot's actions. Finally, it outlines different drive systems like DC motors, stepper motors and servo motors to implement the motor controller's signals.
This document discusses computerized accounting systems and their components. It explains that a computerized accounting system processes financial transactions and generates reports according to accounting principles and user-defined structures. The key components of a computerized accounting system include input, processing, output, and control subsystems. The input subsystem collects accounting data, processing converts it into useful information, output produces reports, and control ensures accuracy, security and compliance. The system handles modules for sales, purchasing, inventory, human resources, production, assets, and financial reporting to support the accounting process.
A 64-by-8 Scrolling Led Matrix Display SystemSamson Kayode
For this project, a prototype of a 64 x 8 LED matrix, capable of displaying a maximum of eight (8) characters at a time was constructed. Then, scrolling the characters to show the remaining part of the message and repeating the same loop over and over again was achieved. This process can be interrupted by failure in the power supply or when the reset button is being pushed and released. The system can easily be expanded to handle more characters. The control of this LED matrix is based on a PIC18F4520 microcontroller. This microcontroller was programmed using C language. The number of the microcontroller’s pins used in controlling the LED matrix was strictly minimized to three by adopting the serial to parallel mode of signal transmission. The design of the project was done and simulated with Proteus software. The LED matrix was constructed on a vero board. The drive circuitry which consists of the microcontroller, two ULN2803s, nine 74HC595s and other peripherals was constructed on a printed circuit board. This was done to ensure the project was compact as possible. Cost efficiency was also given a priority in the implementation of this project.
This presentation provides an overview of artificial neural networks. It discusses the general architecture including layers, activation functions, and learning methods like supervised learning. Applications mentioned include control systems, engine control units, and neuro-fuzzy hybrid systems. The strengths of neural networks are their ability to solve complex problems by learning from large amounts of input data and adapting. Some shortfalls discussed are the time required for learning and processing.
This document describes a project to create a circuit that can quickly solve Karnaugh maps (K-maps), which are used to minimize logical expressions. The project team designed and simulated the circuit using Proteus and programmed a PIC18F4520 microcontroller with mikroC. They created a printed circuit board layout with DipTrace and assembled the working circuit. The circuit provides an accurate and fast way to minimize logical expressions but faces some issues like lack of a 3-state switch and needs further improvements like adding more variables and don't cares. The project helped improve the team's skills in programming, circuit implementation, and group work.
The document discusses microcontrollers and the PIC16F84 microcontroller in particular. It provides the following key details:
- A microcontroller is a single integrated circuit containing specialized circuits and functions used in mechatronic systems, including a CPU, memory, I/O ports, and communication interfaces.
- The PIC16F84 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 1792 bytes of flash memory and 68 bytes of RAM. It has digital I/O pins that allow input and output functionality.
- The microcontroller requires power and ground connections and has a reset pin that allows the device to restart the program stored in its memory.
The document describes the Karnaugh map method for minimizing Boolean functions with various numbers of variables. It includes:
- Introduction to K-maps and their use for simplifying logic functions
- Construction of 2, 3, and 4 variable K-maps and the relationship between variable assignments and map cells
- Examples of simplifying 2-variable and 3-variable logic functions using K-maps
- Rules for grouping cells in K-maps to minimize logic functions
This document describes an ECG monitoring system that uses a wireless sensor to monitor a patient's heartbeat and transmit the data via Wi-Fi. The system consists of a heartbeat sensor, transmitter, and receiver. The sensor measures the heartbeat which is transmitted wirelessly by the transmitter. The data can be received on an Android device and stored as a history. The system is intended to allow remote patient monitoring at an affordable price.
Microcontrollers are single integrated circuits that contain a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. They are designed to control systems automatically based on programmed applications. The first microcontroller was the TMS 1000 in 1974. Microcontrollers contain basic hardware components like buses to transfer data, volatile and non-volatile memory, input/output ports, an oscillator for timing signals, and timers/counters. They work by executing programmed instructions in sequence from memory at a rapid pace controlled by the oscillator. Microcontrollers are widely used to control devices in applications like mobile phones, automobiles, appliances, security systems, and more.
Design of Microwave oven using 8051 micro controllerGautham Reddy
This document describes a student project to design a microwave oven system with the following key capabilities:
1. It has 5 power levels and allows the user to set the cooking time in increments of 10 seconds, minutes or 10 minutes.
2. The timer counts down and displays the remaining time. The door locks when cooking starts and opens when cooking is aborted.
3. Pressing stop once aborts cooking but does not clear the timer. A second press clears the timer. A buzzer sounds when time reaches zero and stops when stop is pressed.
4. A quick start option sets power to 100% and time to 30 seconds, incrementing by 30 seconds with additional start presses.
RTD or Thermocouple; What's the Right Choice?Chuck Bragg
How do you choose when to use an RTD or a Thermocouple to achieve the best temperature measurement? This slide set and the associated notes (RTDology.com) provide guidance and insight.
This document provides an overview of analog and digital electronics. It discusses key topics such as what electronics is, analog electronics, analog electronic components like diodes and their characteristics, applications of diodes in rectifiers and other circuits. It also discusses bipolar junction transistors, their structure, modes of operation and applications. Finally, it covers digital electronics topics such as logic operators, logic gates, types of logic gates and combinational logic circuits.
The document provides an introduction to PIC microcontrollers. It discusses that PIC stands for Programmable Intelligent Computer and is a microcontroller with built-in memory, RAM, and modules like EEPROM and timers. PICs are popular due to their low cost, availability of development tools, small instruction set, and small size. The document outlines the different PIC architectures, families, speeds, and memory sizes. It provides details on the registers, peripherals like flash memory, RAM, EEPROM, I/O ports, and USART serial communication.
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) were introduced in the late 1960s/early 1970s to replace large expensive panels of relays and counters. PLCs have since become highly sophisticated and versatile control systems capable of complex math functions and high-speed operation. A PLC is a specialized digital computer used for automating electromechanical processes. It consists of a central processing unit, memory, input and output modules, a programmer, and racks/chassis. PLCs are programmed using ladder logic or other languages to control processes based on input and output status. Ladder logic uses contacts, coils, and rungs to represent relay-based logic diagrams graphically.
Here are the steps to interface external RAM to 8051 microcontroller:
1. Connect the RD pin of 8051 to the OE (Output Enable) pin of the external RAM. This will enable the RAM during read operations.
2. Connect the WR pin of 8051 to the WE (Write Enable) pin of the external RAM. This will enable writing into the RAM during write operations.
3. Connect the active low input of a NAND gate to the CE (Chip Enable) pin of the external RAM.
4. Connect the other input of the NAND gate to EA pin of 8051.
5. Connect the output of the NAND gate to the PSEN (Program Store Enable
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT EMBEDDED SYSTEM.pptxMeghdeepSingh
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing memory, input/output circuitry, and other components to function without additional support. The document describes the features and components of a typical microcontroller, including registers, instruction sets, addressing modes, and peripherals. It compares microcontrollers to microprocessors and provides examples of using LEDs and 7-segment displays with microcontrollers.
This document describes a robot project that uses a VU meter to track sound intensity levels in real-time. The robot uses a microcontroller, electret microphone, amplifier circuit, and LCD display to traverse an area on a virtual grid and find the highest sound intensity. It measures sound values at grid points and stores them in an array. The robot follows algorithms to navigate the grid, return to origin, and navigate to points of highest/lowest sound. Potential extensions using MATLAB graphical interface and other sensors are proposed.
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots. A robot is usually an electro-mechanical machine that can be programmed and guided by a computer to perform tasks automatically. Isaac Asimov popularized the three laws of robotics: 1) a robot cannot harm a human, 2) a robot must obey human orders unless they conflict with the first law, and 3) a robot must protect its own existence as long as it does not conflict with the first two laws. Common robot projects include line-following robots, wall-following robots, and robots that use sensors like IR sensors, temperature sensors, and timers.
This document provides an overview of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and their use in manufacturing control systems. It discusses the history and purpose of PLCs, the components that PLCs interact with including input/output devices, switches, relays, timers, and counters. The document also covers PLC architecture, components, ladder logic programming, and provides an example of a ladder logic program for controlling the filling of a tank.
This is a classroom presentation for the basic concepts of HDL, using Verilog as the programming language. Module 3 deals with programmable logic devices.
8051 microcontroller and embedded training (sahil gupta 9068557926)Sahil Gupta
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides introductions to embedded systems, their applications, and microcontrollers. Specifically, it describes the 8051 microcontroller, its architecture including RAM, ROM, timers, ports, and registers. It also discusses interfacing the 8051 with common devices like LEDs, LCDs, motors, and 7-segment displays. Finally, it proposes a metro train prototype project using an 8051 to control stepper motors for train movement and door opening/closing, with an LCD for passenger information.
An industrial robot arm consists of several main parts including a manipulator, controller, drive, teach pendant, inputs/outputs, end effector, and sensors. The controller acts as the robot's brain and allows the parts to operate together. It can be programmed using code to perform tasks. Drives powered by hydraulics, electricity, or pneumatics move the manipulator's links. The end effector interacts directly with materials and can be changed. Sensors provide feedback to the controller about the robot's environment.
The document discusses different types of machine instructions including data transfer, data manipulation, and program control instructions. It also covers instruction encoding, where the operation code and operands are encoded into a binary pattern to specify the instruction. Instructions can be encoded into a single word or multiple words depending on the operands and addressing modes used. Encoding instructions into a fixed number of words results in a RISC architecture, while allowing variable length instructions creates a CISC architecture.
This document describes a project to control the speed of a robot using pulse width modulation (PWM). Rushil Goyal and Siddharth Agarwal developed a robot that can be controlled wirelessly to move forward, backward, left, and right at different speeds set by transmitting a PWM signal over UART. They used an Atmega16 microcontroller, L293D motor drivers, switches, LEDs, and a LCD display. The program code for controlling the robot with PWM is included. The document also provides background information on robots, including classifications, components like manipulators and control systems, and applications of sensors, actuators, and artificial intelligence in robotics.
embedded systems and robotics on avr platformNeha Sharma
This document discusses embedded systems and robotics using an AVR microcontroller platform. It begins with an overview of embedded systems and types. Real-time and non-real-time embedded systems are described. Examples of embedded system applications include cell phones, printers, and environmental monitoring. The ATmega16 microcontroller is then explained, including its pin diagram and features. Programming the microcontroller using Code Vision AVR is covered as well as I/O functions. The document concludes with sections on robotics laws, how an autonomous robot moves using motors and sensors, and a conclusion that electronics, mechanics, and software combine to create a robot.
This is the basic tutorial for understanding robotic arm with open source project JavaRobot controlling robotic arm. JavaRobot is an open source Matlab API for controlling YASKAWA MH12.
The document describes an interactive vending machine project presented by 4 students. It includes an introduction to the concept, working principle, list of components, and detailed descriptions of each component including the PIC microcontroller, stepper motor, LEDs, microphone, and load cell. It also includes sections on hardware programming code, an overview, and conclusions. The goal is to create a vending machine that allows two-way communication and is accessible for visually impaired and disabled users.
The document provides information about the 8085 microprocessor. It begins with definitions of key terms like microprocessor, CPU, ALU, and bus. It then discusses the evolution of microprocessors from early 4-bit models to later 8-bit, 12-bit, and 16-bit models like the Intel 8085. The document details the architecture of the 8085, including its pin descriptions and addressing modes. It categorizes the instruction set into groups for data transfer, arithmetic, logical, branch, and machine control operations. Memory-mapped I/O is also introduced.
This document describes an automated car washing system that uses a programmable logic controller (PLC). It consists of multiple stations for cleaning, rinsing with water, applying soap, rinsing again, and drying. Sensors detect when a car reaches each station and the PLC controls motors and pumps to move the car between stations and operate the cleaning processes. The PLC allows the system to run automatically without human operators, saving time and labor costs compared to manual car washing. PLCs provide benefits like flexible input/output, small size, modularity, and ability to program automated sequences of operations for systems like this car wash.
PLC stands for programmable logic controller, which is an electronic device used to automate industrial processes. It uses a programming memory to store instructions to control machines and processes. PLCs are commonly used in manufacturing, food processing, metals, power, mining, and petrochemical industries. A PLC has a processor, power supply, input and output modules, and a programming device. PLCs were developed in the 1960s to replace relay-based control systems and became popular in the 1980s due to lower costs. PLCs use ladder logic programming to control inputs like sensors and outputs like motors.
This document provides a summary of a practical training seminar report on embedded systems conducted at CMC Academy in Jaipur. It discusses the company profile of CMC Academy, provides definitions and comparisons of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It also describes some common electronic components used in embedded systems like resistors, LEDs, transistors, integrated circuits. Programming concepts for 8051 microcontrollers like I/O ports, timers and interrupts are explained. The document concludes by noting the widespread use of embedded systems in appliances, vehicles, medical devices and more.
PREFAC
The main aim of the Project was to make a Robot which is controlled by any mobile phone. The Detection of the Signal is done in Several Steps. Firstly, the Input Signal is sent to DTMF, which processes the signal and sends the 4 bit output to ROM which gives output to the Motor Driver IC on specific 4 bit inputs and the Motor Driver IC powers the motors of the car accordingly.
The Surveillance System is one which is used for the purpose of security system in intrude areas. This system is designed to develop a video monitoring, capturing the image and to store video frames in SD (Secure Digital) memory mounted on the ROBOT for further verification.
A Silicon valley startup is building a surveillance robot that it hope will help security and law enforcement personnel detect trouble while remaining out of harm’s way.
Robot are essentially a self-contained tribute to the wonders of technology. The most advance models use fast computer processing, high- definition cameras, artificial intelligence.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
3. MICRO CONTROLLER ??
•
Microcontroller is a small (micro) single-chip
computer designed to perform a specific function,
and the specific function is to control (controller)
objects, processes or events.
•
It is dedicated to one task, or a set of closely
related task. It is similar to a personal computer, it
has similar components built on to a single chip:
CPU, Memory (ROM and RAM), I/O ports, Serial
ports, Timer, ADC.
4. BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF MCU
• CPU: Processing Module.
RAM: for storing DATA.
ROM: for storing the app. program.
Ports: For interfacing with the
outside world.
Timer: Allows the MCU to perform
tasks for certain time periods.
ADC: Allows the MCU to accept
analogue input data for
processing.
5. BASIC DIFFERNCE BETWEEN
MP & MC
•
Clock rate of MPs are of the order of GHz.
Where as ........
MCU is a more self-contained (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports,
and timers) and independent and functions as a tiny computer
dedicated to a specific task to control a single system...
• Clock rate of MCs are of the order of MHz
6. WHY PIC HAS BEEN PICKED ?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wide range: More than 200 MCUs in the product portfolio.
Available in 8 ,16 and 32 bit in analogue as well as Digital Signal
Controller family.
RISC based architecture
Pin out compatibility
Software compatibility, Simple Instruction Set
Peripheral compatibility
Easy migration across product families.
Common and easy to use development tools.
Extensive support - Information is available in wide range and depth.
Available in all package types
10. VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
•
•
•
Single memory for storing both
program and data.
It has single bus which is multiplexed
to be used as both address bus and
data bus.
The content of RAM can be used for
both program storage as well as
variable storage.
Single bus
11. HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
•
•
•
Separate memory banks for
program and data storage.
It has a RAM for data storage
and separate ROM for program
storage.
Has two sets of buses.
One can simultaneously
access these buses.
Program
address bus
Data address
bus
16. PORT PINS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Port A is a 8 pin bi directional port
5 analog / 6 digital pins
Port B is a 8 pin bi directional port
8 digital pins/5 analog pins
Port C is a 8 pin bi directional port
8 digital pins
Port D is a 8 pin bi directional port
8 digital pins
Port E is a 4 pin port
3 pin bi directional
3 analog / digital pins
Pin 1 Digital input pin
Pin 13 & 14 are digital I/O digital pins if not used for XT Osc
Total availability
13 analog pins
35digital pins
1 digital input pin
Pin 39 & 40 (PORTB) are used for programming/debugging.
24. Program of PWM
List p=18F4431, f =inhx32
#include <p18F4431.inc>
;This is a header file for PIC18F452
org
00000h
goto
START
START
CLRF PORTC
MOVLW 0X63
MOVWF OSCCON
CLRF TRISC
; PORTC AS OUTPUT
MOVLW .25
;FREQUENCY IS 38 KHZ
MOVWF PR2
;TIME PEROID OF 26 US
MOVLW .13
; FOR DUTY CYCLE OF 50%
MOVWF CCPR1L
; SET THE CCP FOR PWM
MOVLW 0X0C
MOVWF CCP1CON
;SETTING FOR THE PRESCALER OF TIMER 2
MOVLW 0X00
MOVWF T2CON
;THE TIMER IS ON
BSF T2CON,2
GOTO $
;KEEP THE controller BUSY
END
25. PROGRAM OF TIMER 0
5 SECOND DELAY ,TIMER0,16BIT
LIST P=18F4520 , f = inhx32
#include <p18F4520.inc>
ORG 0X00
GOTO MAIN
MAIN
CLRFINTCON
;PRIORITY overflow ,int flag
MOVLW
B'00000110'
;Disable Timer0:16 bit,int clock.
MOVWF
T0CON
;Prescaler 1:128
CLRFTRISB
LOOP
BSF
PORTB,0
;LED ON
CALLDELAY
BCF
PORTB,0
;LED OFF
CALL DELAY
GOTO
LOOP
DELAY
MOVLW
0X67
MOVWF
TMR0H
MOVLW
0X69
MOVWF
TMR0L
BSF
T0CON,7
BTFSS
INTCON , TMR0IF
GOTO
$-1
BCF
INTCON , TMR0IF
BCF
T0CON,7
RETURN
END
27. Other programs done are
•
•
•
•
LCD
Stepper motor
Washing machine for fixed number of time
Washing machine for fixed number of
rotations
• Traffic lights
29. EVOLUTION OF ROBOT
•
Robotics brings together several very different engineering areas and
skills.
•
The word robot comes from the Czech word "robota", meaning
"forced labor.“
•
A robot is an electro-mechanical device that can perform
autonomous or preprogrammed tasks.
Modern defination of Robot is
A robot is a machine designed to execute one or more task
repeatedly, with speed and precision.
31. Locomotion system
• Locomotion is nothing but the movement or the ability to
move from one place to another. So,
• Robot locomotion is the collective name for the various
methods that robots use to transport themselves from
place to place.
32. Mechanism to achieve Locomotion
• Wheeled robots – These robots are quite energy
efficient and simple to control.
• other forms of locomotion (legged locomotion) may be
more appropriate for a number of reasons e.g. traversing
rough terrain, moving and interacting in human
environments.
• A major goal in this field is in developing capabilities for
robots to autonomously decide how, when, and where to
move.
34. Main issue in legged locomotion
Stability is the main issue in legged locomotion.
Stability can be divided into the
1) Static stability criterion
2) Dynamic stability criterion.
35. Static stability criterion
•
Static stability means that the robot is stable, with no need of motion
at every moment of time.
•
Static stability is given, when the centre
of mass is completely within the support
polygon and the polygon’s area is greater
than zero.
•
To achieve statically stable walking a robot
must have a minimum number of four legs, because during walking
at least one leg is in the air.
•
Statically stable walking means that all robots’ motion can be
stopped at every moment in the gait cycle without overturning.
36. Dynamic stability criterion
•
Most two legged walking machines are dynamically stable for
several reasons Human like robots have relatively small footprints, because of this
the support polygon is almost a line which is even reduced to a
single point during walking. Therefore the robot must actively
balance itself to prevent overturning
In face of that the robots’ centre of mass has to be shifted actively
between the footprints. But the robots exact centre of mass is hard
to predict due to the high dynamic of walking (for example because
of the force which is imparted to whole robot when one leg swings
forward) .
37. Legged configuration
•
If a robot has k legs the number of possible events N is, accordant to [1],
N=(2k-1)!
In case of a bipedal walking machine (k=2) the number of possible events is
N=(2k-1)! = (2*2-1)! = 3! = 6
So there are six possible different events, these are
1. Lift left leg
2. Release left leg
3. Lift right leg
4. Release right leg
5. Lift both legs together
6. Release both legs together
•
In case of k=6 legs there are already 39916800 possible events
38. Power supply system
• Suitable power source is needed to run the robots.
• Mobile robots are most suitably powered by batteries.
• The weight and energy capacity of the batteries may
become the determinative factor of its performance.
39. Actuator
• An actuator is a type of motor for moving or controlling a
mechanism or system. It is operated by a source of
energy, typically electric current, hydraulic fluid pressure,
or pneumatic pressure, and converts that energy into
motion.
• An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system
acts upon an environment.
43. INTERFACE WITH OTHERS
•
Robotics is a versatile,
multi-disciplinary field,
spanning a number of
scientific and engineering
areas where the latest
knowledge and techno-logical advances
contribute to the
growth of Robotics.
44. APPS. OF ROBOTICS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Edutainment
Educational Robots, Robot Toys, Entertainment, Robotic Art
Outdoor Robotics
Land, Sea, Air, Space Wheeled Mobile Robot
Advanced production systems
Industrial robotics
Adaptive robot servants and intelligent homes
Indoor Service Robots, Ubiquitous Robotics
Network Robotics
Internet Robotics, Robot ecology
Health Care and Life Quality
Surgical Robotics, Bio-Robotics, Assistive Technology
Military Robotics
Transportation
Intelligent Weapons, Robot Soldiers, Super-humans
robots in a hospital
45. Guide robot
in a hosp.
Machine-gun equipped
robot developed by
Samsung
Robot waiter
in Hong-Kong
restaurant
Pipeline
Inspection robot
Painting
Robots
49. Robocar using Arduino Board
•
It is a robot that can be
steered in any direction just like you
drive your car. Wireless steering
senses the motion and
transmits corresponding
instruction to control the robot
through RF communication.
51. Program of sensing directions from
accelerometer
const int groundpin = 18;
const int powerpin = 19;
const int xpin = A3;
const int ypin = A2;
const int zpin = A1;
// analog input pin 4 -- ground
// analog input pin 5 -- voltage
// x-axis of the accelerometer
// y-axis
// z-axis (only on 3-axis models)
void setup()
{
// initialize the serial communications:
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(groundpin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(powerpin, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(groundpin, LOW);
digitalWrite(powerpin, HIGH);
}
void loop()
{
// print the sensor values:
Serial.print(analogRead(xpin));
// print a tab between values:
Serial.print("t");
Serial.print(analogRead(ypin));
// print a tab between values:
Serial.print("t");
Serial.print(analogRead(zpin));
Serial.println();
// delay before next reading:
delay(100);
}