Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part E of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : Control of Components , Drug Product Containers & Closures
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part C of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : Buildings & Facilities
:Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part F of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : Production & Process Controls
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part H of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : : Laboratory Ccntrols
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part D of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : Equipment
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part G of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : : Packaging & Labeling Control
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part A of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses Status , Scope & Definitions
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part C of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : Buildings & Facilities
:Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part F of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : Production & Process Controls
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part H of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : : Laboratory Ccntrols
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part D of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : Equipment
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part G of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses : : Packaging & Labeling Control
Drug Regulations is a Not for Profit Organizations which provides free online resources for the Pharmaceutical Professional. This presentation is part A of series of presentations which addresses the current Good Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA. This presentation addresses Status , Scope & Definitions
European Medicines Agency has issued a new guidelines describing stability testing requirements for variations to a marketing authorisation after approval, setting out the differing requirements for changes to active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and finished dosage form production.
Manufacturers in the EU making changes to their manufacturing processes will have to submit additional stability data, according to these new guidelines.
This presentation gives a overview of the new FDA draft guidance on Analytical Method Validation and compares it with the older version issued in the year 2000.
Provide recommendations and background information concerning computerised systems
Information will be of assistance to inspectors for training purposes and during the inspection
Where automated systems and electronic records are used in warehouses and similar establishments where GDP requirements are applicable, controls and disciplines outlined in this document, or a best practice alternatives are expected to be in place.
Vertically integrated companies (R&D, manufacturing and distribution) will already apply such controls and compliance measures.
International regulatory agencies have collaborated to produce this guidance.
Intended as a reference for regulated users, including their suppliers, in addition to regulatory inspectors and investigators.
Provides a logical explanation of the basic requirements for the implementation, validation and operation of computerised systems.
May be adapted to identify the criteria for a regulated user, or a regulatory agency, in an inspection of GxP computer systems.
National legislation should to be referred to when determining the extent to which the provisions laid down in this document may be applicable.
This presentation gives a summary of this guidance.
This presentation gives an overview of : Validation of microbiological methods , Considering some of the limitations and
Key criteria that may be applicable for assessment.
The European Commission has published the final EU Guidelines for Complaints, Quality Defects and Product Recalls.
Significant changes have been made to this Chapter which now reflect that Quality Risk Management principles should be applied when investigating quality defects or complaints and when making decisions in relation to product recalls or other risk-mitigating actions. This presentation captures the new requirements.
A primary mission of the Food and Drug Administration is to conduct comprehensive regulatory coverage of all aspects of production and distribution of drugs and drug products to assure that such products meet the 501(a)(2)(B) requirements of the Act. FDA has developed two basic strategies:
. 1) evaluating through factory inspections, including the collection and analysis of associated samples, the conditions and practices under which drugs and drug products are manufactured, packed, tested and held, and
. 2) monitoring the quality of drugs and drug products through surveillance activities such as sampling and analyzing products in distribution.
FDA compliance program “ Drug Manufacturing Inpsections” (7356.002) is designed to provide guidance for implementing the first strategy. Products from production and distribution facilities covered under this program are consistently of acceptable quality if the firm is operating in a state of control.
The inspectional guidance in this program is structured to provide for efficient use of resources devoted to routine surveillance coverage, recognizing that in-depth coverage of all systems and all processes is not feasible for all firms on a biennial basis. It also provides for follow-up compliance coverage as needed.
“Drug Regulations” has prepared a summary from the compliance programme and is given below in the presentation.
Data integrity is a Fundamental in a pharmaceutical quality system. It ensures that medicines are of required quality. This presentation is based on MHRA Guidance and provides MHRA expectations. Guidance complements existing EU GMP relating to active substances and dosage forms. This guidance should be d in conjunction with national medicines legislation and the GMP standards published in Eudralex volume 4.
This presentation will address Refuse to Receive standards when Submitting ANDAs and Prior approval supplements (PASs) to ANDAs. The presentation highlights deficiencies that may cause FDA to refuse-to-receive an ANDA.
Environmental Monitoring describes the microbiological testing under- taken in order to detect changing trends of microbial counts and micro- flora growth within cleanroom or controlled environments. The results obtained provide information about the physical construction of the room, the performance of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system, personnel cleanliness, gowning practices, the equipment, and cleaning operations.
Over the past decade, environmental monitoring has become more sophisticated in moving from random sampling, using an imaginary grid over the room and testing in each grid, to the current focus on risk assessment and the use of risk assessment tools to determine the most appropriate methods for environmental monitoring.
This presentation gives current trends in the application of risk assessment to the practice of environmental monitoring.
FDA Compliance Programme Manual : Program 7356.002A is a manual which FDA investigators follow while inspection Sterile drug manufacturing operations This guidance for FDA Investigators covers the manufacture and testing of all sterile drug products, including Drugs that are sterilized by filtration or other means, aseptically processed, and drug products that are terminally sterilized.
The type of products covered by this program include
Sterile bulk drugs
Ophthalmic drugs
Otic dosage forms
Small volume parenteral (SVS)
Products for small molecule and licensed biological therapeutic drug products,
Large volume parenteral (LVP) products, and
Any other drug products required to be sterile or labeled as sterile.
Excluded under this Programme
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulated products
Veterinary drug product
At the end of this compliance guide 7356.002A questions have been given to help FDA investigators understand the manufacturing operations better and help in conduct of Inspections. Subsequent slides gives summary of these questions, which we feel, will help us prepare for an Inspection.
This presentation correlates the requirements of Annex 11 guidelines to other official regulations and guidance documents.
The correlation is organized in a tabular format.
In the row lists the contents of Annex 11 together with the paragraph numbers.
Rest of the rows correlate the section numbers of
Annex 11 Versions 1993
US FDA 21 CFR Part 211
US FDA Part 820 and
US FDA 21 CFR Part 11
European Medicines Agency has issued a new guidelines describing stability testing requirements for variations to a marketing authorisation after approval, setting out the differing requirements for changes to active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and finished dosage form production.
Manufacturers in the EU making changes to their manufacturing processes will have to submit additional stability data, according to these new guidelines.
This presentation gives a overview of the new FDA draft guidance on Analytical Method Validation and compares it with the older version issued in the year 2000.
Provide recommendations and background information concerning computerised systems
Information will be of assistance to inspectors for training purposes and during the inspection
Where automated systems and electronic records are used in warehouses and similar establishments where GDP requirements are applicable, controls and disciplines outlined in this document, or a best practice alternatives are expected to be in place.
Vertically integrated companies (R&D, manufacturing and distribution) will already apply such controls and compliance measures.
International regulatory agencies have collaborated to produce this guidance.
Intended as a reference for regulated users, including their suppliers, in addition to regulatory inspectors and investigators.
Provides a logical explanation of the basic requirements for the implementation, validation and operation of computerised systems.
May be adapted to identify the criteria for a regulated user, or a regulatory agency, in an inspection of GxP computer systems.
National legislation should to be referred to when determining the extent to which the provisions laid down in this document may be applicable.
This presentation gives a summary of this guidance.
This presentation gives an overview of : Validation of microbiological methods , Considering some of the limitations and
Key criteria that may be applicable for assessment.
The European Commission has published the final EU Guidelines for Complaints, Quality Defects and Product Recalls.
Significant changes have been made to this Chapter which now reflect that Quality Risk Management principles should be applied when investigating quality defects or complaints and when making decisions in relation to product recalls or other risk-mitigating actions. This presentation captures the new requirements.
A primary mission of the Food and Drug Administration is to conduct comprehensive regulatory coverage of all aspects of production and distribution of drugs and drug products to assure that such products meet the 501(a)(2)(B) requirements of the Act. FDA has developed two basic strategies:
. 1) evaluating through factory inspections, including the collection and analysis of associated samples, the conditions and practices under which drugs and drug products are manufactured, packed, tested and held, and
. 2) monitoring the quality of drugs and drug products through surveillance activities such as sampling and analyzing products in distribution.
FDA compliance program “ Drug Manufacturing Inpsections” (7356.002) is designed to provide guidance for implementing the first strategy. Products from production and distribution facilities covered under this program are consistently of acceptable quality if the firm is operating in a state of control.
The inspectional guidance in this program is structured to provide for efficient use of resources devoted to routine surveillance coverage, recognizing that in-depth coverage of all systems and all processes is not feasible for all firms on a biennial basis. It also provides for follow-up compliance coverage as needed.
“Drug Regulations” has prepared a summary from the compliance programme and is given below in the presentation.
Data integrity is a Fundamental in a pharmaceutical quality system. It ensures that medicines are of required quality. This presentation is based on MHRA Guidance and provides MHRA expectations. Guidance complements existing EU GMP relating to active substances and dosage forms. This guidance should be d in conjunction with national medicines legislation and the GMP standards published in Eudralex volume 4.
This presentation will address Refuse to Receive standards when Submitting ANDAs and Prior approval supplements (PASs) to ANDAs. The presentation highlights deficiencies that may cause FDA to refuse-to-receive an ANDA.
Environmental Monitoring describes the microbiological testing under- taken in order to detect changing trends of microbial counts and micro- flora growth within cleanroom or controlled environments. The results obtained provide information about the physical construction of the room, the performance of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system, personnel cleanliness, gowning practices, the equipment, and cleaning operations.
Over the past decade, environmental monitoring has become more sophisticated in moving from random sampling, using an imaginary grid over the room and testing in each grid, to the current focus on risk assessment and the use of risk assessment tools to determine the most appropriate methods for environmental monitoring.
This presentation gives current trends in the application of risk assessment to the practice of environmental monitoring.
FDA Compliance Programme Manual : Program 7356.002A is a manual which FDA investigators follow while inspection Sterile drug manufacturing operations This guidance for FDA Investigators covers the manufacture and testing of all sterile drug products, including Drugs that are sterilized by filtration or other means, aseptically processed, and drug products that are terminally sterilized.
The type of products covered by this program include
Sterile bulk drugs
Ophthalmic drugs
Otic dosage forms
Small volume parenteral (SVS)
Products for small molecule and licensed biological therapeutic drug products,
Large volume parenteral (LVP) products, and
Any other drug products required to be sterile or labeled as sterile.
Excluded under this Programme
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulated products
Veterinary drug product
At the end of this compliance guide 7356.002A questions have been given to help FDA investigators understand the manufacturing operations better and help in conduct of Inspections. Subsequent slides gives summary of these questions, which we feel, will help us prepare for an Inspection.
This presentation correlates the requirements of Annex 11 guidelines to other official regulations and guidance documents.
The correlation is organized in a tabular format.
In the row lists the contents of Annex 11 together with the paragraph numbers.
Rest of the rows correlate the section numbers of
Annex 11 Versions 1993
US FDA 21 CFR Part 211
US FDA Part 820 and
US FDA 21 CFR Part 11
This presentation is compiled by “ Drug Regulations” from freely available resources like the FDA on the World wide web.
“Drug Regulations” is a non profit organization which provides free online resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for latest information from the world of Pharmaceuticals.
Digitarinat opetuksessa (katso kuvauksesta uuden version linkki)Matleena Laakso
OLEN JO JULKAISSUT UUDEN VERSION tästä osin vanhentuneesta diasarjasta. SlideShare ei enää mahdollista diasarjojen päivittämistä, joten uusimman version löydät kätevimmin blogini koulutusdiojen sivulta: http://www.matleenalaakso.fi/p/koulutusdiat.html
Koonti erilaisista kuva- ja videotarinoista sekä johdanto niiden opetuskäyttöön, avoimiin materiaaleihin ym.
Presentation on data integrity in Pharmaceutical IndustrySathish Vemula
Presentation on data integrity in Pharmaceutical Industry
Contents:
- Definition & Basics
- Criteria for integrity of laboratory data
- Regulatory Requirements
- Barriers to Complete Data
- Possible data integrity problems
- Previous observations
- FDA Warning Letters – 2013
- FDA Warning Letters – 2014
- FDA 483’s related to data integrity
- EU – Non compliance Reports
- WHO - Notice of Concern
- Summary of Data Integrity issues
- Consequences- Rebuilding Trust
- Conclusion
A structured approach to the investigation process should be used with the objective of determining the root cause.
The level of effort, formality, and documentation of the investigation should be commensurate with the level of risk, in line with ICH Q9.
What your organization should do and should not do during a FDA audit or inspection. For more information go go http://compliance-insight.com/fda-483-warning-letters/fda-483-inspection/
Työpaja, missä harjoiteltiin myös aamupäivän luennolla esillä olleita palveluita. Kaikki koulutuspäivän materiaalini: http://www.matleenalaakso.fi/2016/11/meri-lapin-opettajien-koulutuspaiva.html
GMP Sub Part - "E" gives valuable information regarding Control of components and Product containers and closures during pharmaceutical manufacturing while Sub Part - "F" gives ideas about pharmaceutical production and process control. Very helpful to pharma professionals.
In the month of February 2014 US Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Margaret Hamburg visited India to discuss issues of drug quality with her counterparts in the Indian Government. The FDA has imposed a rash of regulatory sanctions on Indian generic makers in the last year, triggering concerns about the quality of the medicines supplied by the $14 billion industry to countries including the United States, the biggest market. India is second only to Canada as a drug exporter to the United States, where it supplies about 40 percent of generic and over-the-counter drugs.There were comments made about the US and Indian GMP Standards. Drug Regulations has now compared the GMP standards of US and India. The comparison is given in the presentation here.
GMP helps in providing quality standard product. Subpart - E is related to Control of Components and Drug product containers and closures. Subpart - F is related to Production and Process control.
This presentation covers the manufacture and testing of all sterile drug products, including drugs that are sterilized by filtration or other means and aseptically processed, and drug products that are terminally sterilized. The type of products covered include sterile bulk drugs, ophthalmic drugs, otic dosage forms, small volume parenteral (SVS) products for small molecule and licensed biological
therapeutic drug products, large volume parenteral (LVP) products, and any other drug products required to be sterile or labeled as sterile. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulated products and veterinary drug products are excluded from coverage under this program.
The guidance information is tailored to sterile manufacturing operations and should be used in conjunction with the Compliance Program for Drug Manufacturing Inspections (CP 7356.002).
Overview of testing, certification, and record keeping requirements for consumer products, including children's products. Addresses initial certification testing, material change testing, and periodic testing if you have continued production. Presentation also addresses optional component part testing. A review of mandatory recordkeeping requirements and undue influence training is also discussed.
GMP Sub Part - "H" provide valuable information regarding holding and control of pharmaceutical goods, while Sub Part - "I" shows laboratory control and Sub Part - "J" give ideas about record and reports. Very helpful to pharma professionals.
A brief presentation on the current good manufacturing practices employed in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals in the US.
Comprises of all aspects of good manufacturing practices
Documentation with respect to release of finished pharmaceutical productMadhuraNewrekar
Documentation is a crucial part of the quality assurance system and is needed in every aspect of pharmaceutical manufacturing. Important documentation with respect to final product release in pharmaceutical industry is explained in brief.
Overview of third party testing children's products, including initial certification testing, material change testing, component part testing, and periodic testing. Discussion of recordkeeping requirements and undue influence training requirements.
The European Commission Health and Consumers Directorate – General has published a draft “GUIDELINES ON THE PRINCIPLES OF GOOD DISTRIBUTION PRACTICES FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE”.
The guideline addresses Quality systems, Personnel, Documentation, Order, Procedures, Records, Premises and Equipment, Receipts, Storage , Deliveries to Customers, Transfer of Information and Returns.
Following presentation is prepared by “ Drug Regulations” a non profit organization which provides free online resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
This presentation highlights the reasons which lead to the withdrawal of the 2002 Guidance of the FDA and the current issue with Blend Uniformity and Content Uniformity Determinations.
WHO has recently issued draft document titled "Guidelines on Validation". These guidelines (i.e., the main text included in this working document) cover the general principles of validation and qualification.
These guidelines focus mainly on the overall concept of validation and are not intended to be prescriptive in specific validation requirements. This document serves as general guidance only and the principles may be considered useful in its application in the manufacture and control of starting materials and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs), as well as other areas. Validation of specific processes and systems, for example, in sterile product manufacture, requires much more consideration and a detailed approach that is beyond the scope of this document. The general text in this document may be applicable to validation and qualification of premises, equipment, utilities, systems, processes, and procedures.
The draft on the specific topics, the appendices to this main text, will follow. The following is an overview on the appendices that are intended to complement the text of this working document:
Appendix 1: Validation of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems - will be replaced by cross reference to WHO Guidelines on GMP for HVAC systems for considerations in qualification of HVAC systems (update - working document QAS/15.639/Rev. 1)
Appendix 2: Validation of water systems for pharmaceutical use - will be replaced by cross-reference to WHO Guidelines on water for pharmaceutical use for consideration in qualification of water purification systems
Appendix 3: Cleaning validation - consensus to retain
Appendix 4: Analytical method validation - update in process
Appendix 5: Validation of computerized systems - update in process
Appendix 6: Qualification of systems and equipment - update in process
Appendix 7: Non-sterile process validation - update already published as Annex 3, WHO Technical Report Series, No. 992, 2015
Comments on this draft document are due by July 12, 2016.
A presentation on this guidance is given below:
Presentation on New WHO Guidance on Validations
This presentation is compiled from freely available resources like the websites of FDA, EMA ,WHO and research papers published by experts in this field like Sandle, T Reinmüller, B , Hyde, W,, Costello, E.K., Lauber, C. L., Hamady, M., Fierer, N., Gordon, J.I., Knight, R.
Paper published by T. Sandle on clean room contamination was referred extensively for this presentation. “Drug Regulations” is a non profit organization which provides free online resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for latest information from the world of Pharmaceuticals.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
1. This presentation is compiled by “ Drug Regulations”
a non profit organization which provides free online
resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for latest
information from the world of Pharmaceuticals.
11/17/2014 1
2. This presentation is compiled from freely
available resource like the website of FDA.
“Drug Regulations” is a non profit
organization which provides free online
resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for
latest information from the world of
Pharmaceuticals.
11/17/2014 2
Drug Regulations : Online
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3. ◦ This presentation is part E of series of presentations which addresses the current Good
Manufacturing Requirements as per the US FDA.
◦ Part A : Status , Scope & Definitions
◦ Part B : Organization & Personnel
◦ Part C: Buildings & Facilities
◦ Part D : Equipment
◦ Part E : Control of Components , Drug Product Containers & Closures
◦ Part F : Production & Process Controls
◦ Part G : Packaging & Labeling Control
◦ Part H : Holding & Distribution
◦ Part I : Laboratory Controls
◦ Part J : Records & Reports
◦ Part K : Returned & Salvaged Products
11/17/2014 3
Drug Regulations : Online
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4. 211.80 (a)
Written procedures∗ required for the
◦ Receipt
◦ Identification
◦ Storage
◦ Handling
◦ Sampling
◦ Testing
◦ Approval or rejection
Follow written procedures
∗ for components and drug product containers and closures;
11/17/2014 4
Drug Regulations : Online
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5. 211.80 (b)
Appropriately Handle & Store components
and drug product containers and closures to
prevent contamination.
11/17/2014 5
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6. 211.80 ( c )
Bagged or boxed components∗
Ensure storage off the floor
Store suitably spaced to permit cleaning and
inspection.
∗ of drug product containers, or closures
11/17/2014 6
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7. 211.82 ( a )
Container or grouping of containers of components, drug
product containers, and closures
◦ Examine each visually for appropriate labeling
Contents
Container damage
Broken seals
Contamination
Complete the above upon receipt and before acceptance
11/17/2014 7
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8. 211.82 ( b )
Components, drug product containers, and
closures
◦ Store under quarantine
◦ Test or examine
◦ Store as per requirements of §211.80.
11/17/2014 8
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9. 211.84 ( a )
Each lot of components, drug product containers, and
closures
Withhold each lot from use until the lot has been
◦ Sampled
◦ Tested or
◦ Examined
◦ Released for use
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10. 211.84 (c )
Collect samples as per following procedures:
◦ (1) Clean the containers to prevent contamination of
component.
◦ (2) Open, sample, and reseal containers to prevent
contamination of their contents
◦ (3) Use sterile equipment and aseptic sampling
techniques when necessary.
11/17/2014 10
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11. 211.84 (c )
Collect samples as per following procedures:
◦ (4) Do not composite a sample if it is necessary to
sample a component from the top, middle, and
bottom of its container
11/17/2014 11
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12. 211.84 (c )
Collect samples as per following procedures:
◦ (5) Identify sample containers to following information :
Name of the material sampled
The lot number
The container from which the sample was taken
The date on which the sample was taken
The name of the person who collected the sample
11/17/2014 12
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13. 211.84 (c )
Collect samples as per following procedures:
◦ (6) Mark containers from which samples have been
taken to show that samples have been removed
from them.
11/17/2014 13
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14. 211.84 (d ) ( 1)
Examine & Test Samples as follows:
◦ Conduct at least one test to verify the identity of
each component of a drug product.
◦ Use specific identity tests if they exist
11/17/2014 14
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15. 211.84 (d ) ( 2)
Test each component for conformity with all
written specifications for
◦ Purity
◦ Strength
◦ Quality
11/17/2014 15
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16. 211.84 (d ) ( 2)
Manufacturer can skip this testing if
◦ A report of analysis is provided by the supplier and
◦ At least one specific identity test is conducted by the
manufacturer and
◦ The manufacturer establishes the reliability of the
supplier's analyses through appropriate validation of the
supplier's test results at appropriate intervals.
11/17/2014 16
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17. 211.84 (d ) (3)
Test containers and closures for conformity with all written
specifications.
This testing can be skipped if
◦ The supplier provides a certificate of testing and
◦ At least a visual identification is conducted by the manufacturer and
◦ The manufacturer establishes the reliability of the supplier's test results
through appropriate validation of the supplier's test results at appropriate
intervals.
11/17/2014 17
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18. 211.84 (d ) ( 4)
Examine components microscopically when
appropriate
11/17/2014 18
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19. 211.84 (d ) (5)
Examine each lot∗ that is liable to contamination
against established specifications for
contamination such as
◦ Filth
◦ Insect infestation
◦ Other extraneous adulterant
∗ of a component, drug product container, or closure
11/17/2014 19
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20. 211.84 (d ) (6)
Subject each lot∗ with potential for
microbiological contamination that is
objectionable in view of its intended use to
microbiological tests before use.
∗of a component, drug product container, or closure
11/17/2014 20
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21. 211.84 (e )
Any lot∗ that meets the appropriate written specifications under
paragraph (d) of this section may be approved and released for use.
◦ Identity
◦ Strength
◦ Quality
◦ Purity
◦ Related tests
Any lot that does not meet such specifications shall be rejected.
∗of components, drug product containers, or closures
11/17/2014 21
Drug Regulations : Online
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22. 211.86
Rotate stock∗ so that the oldest approved stock
is used first
Deviation from this requirement is permitted if
such deviation is temporary and appropriate.
∗Components, drug product containers, and closures
approved
11/17/2014 22
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23. 211.87
Retesting or Reexamination
◦ Retest or re-examine lots∗ and approve or reject in
accordance with §211.84 as necessary
Identity
Strength
Quality
Purity
∗Components, drug product containers, and closures
11/17/2014 23
Drug Regulations : Online
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24. 211.87
Retesting or Reexamination
◦ After storage for long periods
◦ After exposure to air, heat or other conditions that
might adversely affect the lot∗
∗Components, drug product containers, and closures
11/17/2014 24
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25. 211.89
Rejected lot ∗
◦ Identify
◦ Control under a quarantine
◦ Prevent their use in manufacturing or processing
operations for which they are unsuitable
∗components, drug product containers, and closures
11/17/2014 25
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26. 211.94 (a)
Drug product containers and closures shall not be
◦ Reactive
◦ Additive
◦ Absorptive
so as to alter the safety, identity, strength, quality, or
purity of the drug beyond the official or established
requirements.
11/17/2014 26
Drug Regulations : Online
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27. 211.94 ( b)
Container closure systems
◦ Provide adequate protection against external
factors in storage and use that can cause
deterioration or contamination of the drug product.
11/17/2014 27
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28. 211.94 (c)
Drug product containers and closures
◦ Shall be clean
◦ Sterilized∗
◦ Processed to remove pyrogenic properties∗
To assure that they are suitable for their intended use.
Such depyrogenation processes shall be validated
∗ based on the intended use
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29. 211.94 (d)
Provide written procedures∗
◦ Standards or specifications
◦ Methods of testing
◦ Methods of cleaning
◦ Sterilizing
◦ Processing to remove pyrogenic properties
Follow written procedures
∗drug product containers and closures.
11/17/2014 29
Drug Regulations : Online
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30. This presentation is compiled from freely
available resource like the website of FDA.
“Drug Regulations” is a non profit
organization which provides free online
resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for
latest information from the world of
Pharmaceuticals.
11/17/2014 30
Drug Regulations : Online
Resource for Latest Information