This presentation provides information on computerized system validation from the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses the purpose and principles of validation to ensure performance of computer systems. Key points covered include validation protocols and reports, evaluating vendor systems, requirements specifications, functional specifications, and maintaining validated systems. The presentation is intended to provide pharmaceutical professionals with latest guidance on computerized system validation.
Overview on “Computer System Validation” CSVAnil Sharma
HI this is Anil Sharma, Executive Compliance in USV LTD. I want to share my brief knowledge on CSV with you. I hope my presentation will help you to understand basics of CSV.
Computer System Validation - The Validation Master PlanWolfgang Kuchinke
Computer System Validation (CSV) is the process used to ensure and document that a computerbased system is operating according to predefined requirements. CSV is necessary when replacing paper records, like
Case Report Forms for clinical trials, with an electronic system within the highly regulated data zone that impacts public health and safety. Necessary validation documents are for example the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which outline how the computer system should be used. Here, we describe in detail the System Validation Master Plan, the most important document in Computer System Validation. In contains topics, like: Validation Policy, Definition of Validation, Rules and Regulations in CSV, Legal basis, FDA 21 CFR Part 11, FDA Guidance for industry, ICH Guideline GCP, Annex 11 EU-GMP, Validation Philosophy, Organisation validation document, Audit Reports, Organisation guidelines, Organisation quality management handbook, etc.
The steps of the Validation Life Cycle are: 1. System Specification, 2. System Classification, 3. Validation Planning, 4. Establishing of the validated state, 5. Maintaining the validated state, 6. System Retirement.
This presentation describes approaches for software validation used to automate laboratory research procedures, consolidate data collection and analysis and/or run sophisticated QC or manufacturing operations.
Several approaches to software validation exist and may be appropriate for a specific project.
The scope of any validation effort depends upon a number of factors
Size and complexity of the software,
Origin of the software (custom vs. off-the-shelf) and
Whether the functions are critical or non-critical in nature.
By effectively planning the process, validation time and resources can be reduced while meeting regulatory requirements.
This presentation from the Institute of Validation Technology's 7th Annual Method Validation covers regulatory expectations for deviations and out-of-specification results and protocol exceptions, change control, handing investigations and CAPAs, and avoiding common pitfalls.
Overview on “Computer System Validation” CSVAnil Sharma
HI this is Anil Sharma, Executive Compliance in USV LTD. I want to share my brief knowledge on CSV with you. I hope my presentation will help you to understand basics of CSV.
Computer System Validation - The Validation Master PlanWolfgang Kuchinke
Computer System Validation (CSV) is the process used to ensure and document that a computerbased system is operating according to predefined requirements. CSV is necessary when replacing paper records, like
Case Report Forms for clinical trials, with an electronic system within the highly regulated data zone that impacts public health and safety. Necessary validation documents are for example the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which outline how the computer system should be used. Here, we describe in detail the System Validation Master Plan, the most important document in Computer System Validation. In contains topics, like: Validation Policy, Definition of Validation, Rules and Regulations in CSV, Legal basis, FDA 21 CFR Part 11, FDA Guidance for industry, ICH Guideline GCP, Annex 11 EU-GMP, Validation Philosophy, Organisation validation document, Audit Reports, Organisation guidelines, Organisation quality management handbook, etc.
The steps of the Validation Life Cycle are: 1. System Specification, 2. System Classification, 3. Validation Planning, 4. Establishing of the validated state, 5. Maintaining the validated state, 6. System Retirement.
This presentation describes approaches for software validation used to automate laboratory research procedures, consolidate data collection and analysis and/or run sophisticated QC or manufacturing operations.
Several approaches to software validation exist and may be appropriate for a specific project.
The scope of any validation effort depends upon a number of factors
Size and complexity of the software,
Origin of the software (custom vs. off-the-shelf) and
Whether the functions are critical or non-critical in nature.
By effectively planning the process, validation time and resources can be reduced while meeting regulatory requirements.
This presentation from the Institute of Validation Technology's 7th Annual Method Validation covers regulatory expectations for deviations and out-of-specification results and protocol exceptions, change control, handing investigations and CAPAs, and avoiding common pitfalls.
Computerized System Validation Business Intelligence SolutionsDigital-360
Executive Summary
Regulated pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies are challenged to develop manufacturing capabilities quickly and cost-effectively while at the same time safeguarding product quality and patient safety.
Validation has been an essential part of regulated industries for over 20 years, yet as the field has evolved, little has changed in the business, or manual, approach to validation.
This presentation covers the manufacture and testing of all sterile drug products, including drugs that are sterilized by filtration or other means and aseptically processed, and drug products that are terminally sterilized. The type of products covered include sterile bulk drugs, ophthalmic drugs, otic dosage forms, small volume parenteral (SVS) products for small molecule and licensed biological
therapeutic drug products, large volume parenteral (LVP) products, and any other drug products required to be sterile or labeled as sterile. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulated products and veterinary drug products are excluded from coverage under this program.
The guidance information is tailored to sterile manufacturing operations and should be used in conjunction with the Compliance Program for Drug Manufacturing Inspections (CP 7356.002).
WHO has recently issued draft document titled "Guidelines on Validation". These guidelines (i.e., the main text included in this working document) cover the general principles of validation and qualification.
These guidelines focus mainly on the overall concept of validation and are not intended to be prescriptive in specific validation requirements. This document serves as general guidance only and the principles may be considered useful in its application in the manufacture and control of starting materials and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs), as well as other areas. Validation of specific processes and systems, for example, in sterile product manufacture, requires much more consideration and a detailed approach that is beyond the scope of this document. The general text in this document may be applicable to validation and qualification of premises, equipment, utilities, systems, processes, and procedures.
The draft on the specific topics, the appendices to this main text, will follow. The following is an overview on the appendices that are intended to complement the text of this working document:
Appendix 1: Validation of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems - will be replaced by cross reference to WHO Guidelines on GMP for HVAC systems for considerations in qualification of HVAC systems (update - working document QAS/15.639/Rev. 1)
Appendix 2: Validation of water systems for pharmaceutical use - will be replaced by cross-reference to WHO Guidelines on water for pharmaceutical use for consideration in qualification of water purification systems
Appendix 3: Cleaning validation - consensus to retain
Appendix 4: Analytical method validation - update in process
Appendix 5: Validation of computerized systems - update in process
Appendix 6: Qualification of systems and equipment - update in process
Appendix 7: Non-sterile process validation - update already published as Annex 3, WHO Technical Report Series, No. 992, 2015
Comments on this draft document are due by July 12, 2016.
A presentation on this guidance is given below:
Presentation on New WHO Guidance on Validations
This presentation is about the validation of software. It focus on the validation of software used in pharmacy. It contains definition of validation, computer system and validation of computer system. It explains the models which are used for software validation and on example i.e. HPLC software validation.
This presentation correlates the requirements of Annex 11 guidelines to other official regulations and guidance documents.
The correlation is organized in a tabular format.
In the row lists the contents of Annex 11 together with the paragraph numbers.
Rest of the rows correlate the section numbers of
Annex 11 Versions 1993
US FDA 21 CFR Part 211
US FDA Part 820 and
US FDA 21 CFR Part 11
This Presentation gives an idea about validation and different type of validation and overview of computer system/software validation and basics steps for computer system validations as per the regulatory and user requirement specifications.
Risk assessment for computer system validationBangaluru
A risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazards and analyze what could happen if a hazard occurs.
Computer system validation (sometimes called computer validation or CSV) is the process of documenting that a computer system meets a set of defined system requirements.
An introduction to Life Sciences Computer System Validation, applicable regulation, SDLC phases, software categorisation, risk/ change/ deviation management, validation deliverable, risk based approach, regulatory inspection, audit findings, causes of compliance failure, key concepts in CSV etc.
Computer System Validation (CSV) is a core requirement for several industries. The aim of Computer System Validation is to ensure, through documentation, that the computer systems function the way they are intended to, consistently, repeatedly and reproducibly, somewhat in the manner expected of scientific experiments. So, the validation, meaning authentication or corroboration, is something that has to be done right from the start, that is, defining the computer system, to their use and going all the way right up to the time the computer system is retired.
Provide recommendations and background information concerning computerised systems
Information will be of assistance to inspectors for training purposes and during the inspection
Where automated systems and electronic records are used in warehouses and similar establishments where GDP requirements are applicable, controls and disciplines outlined in this document, or a best practice alternatives are expected to be in place.
Vertically integrated companies (R&D, manufacturing and distribution) will already apply such controls and compliance measures.
International regulatory agencies have collaborated to produce this guidance.
Intended as a reference for regulated users, including their suppliers, in addition to regulatory inspectors and investigators.
Provides a logical explanation of the basic requirements for the implementation, validation and operation of computerised systems.
May be adapted to identify the criteria for a regulated user, or a regulatory agency, in an inspection of GxP computer systems.
National legislation should to be referred to when determining the extent to which the provisions laid down in this document may be applicable.
This presentation gives a summary of this guidance.
Computerized System Validation Business Intelligence SolutionsDigital-360
Executive Summary
Regulated pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies are challenged to develop manufacturing capabilities quickly and cost-effectively while at the same time safeguarding product quality and patient safety.
Validation has been an essential part of regulated industries for over 20 years, yet as the field has evolved, little has changed in the business, or manual, approach to validation.
This presentation covers the manufacture and testing of all sterile drug products, including drugs that are sterilized by filtration or other means and aseptically processed, and drug products that are terminally sterilized. The type of products covered include sterile bulk drugs, ophthalmic drugs, otic dosage forms, small volume parenteral (SVS) products for small molecule and licensed biological
therapeutic drug products, large volume parenteral (LVP) products, and any other drug products required to be sterile or labeled as sterile. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) regulated products and veterinary drug products are excluded from coverage under this program.
The guidance information is tailored to sterile manufacturing operations and should be used in conjunction with the Compliance Program for Drug Manufacturing Inspections (CP 7356.002).
WHO has recently issued draft document titled "Guidelines on Validation". These guidelines (i.e., the main text included in this working document) cover the general principles of validation and qualification.
These guidelines focus mainly on the overall concept of validation and are not intended to be prescriptive in specific validation requirements. This document serves as general guidance only and the principles may be considered useful in its application in the manufacture and control of starting materials and finished pharmaceutical products (FPPs), as well as other areas. Validation of specific processes and systems, for example, in sterile product manufacture, requires much more consideration and a detailed approach that is beyond the scope of this document. The general text in this document may be applicable to validation and qualification of premises, equipment, utilities, systems, processes, and procedures.
The draft on the specific topics, the appendices to this main text, will follow. The following is an overview on the appendices that are intended to complement the text of this working document:
Appendix 1: Validation of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems - will be replaced by cross reference to WHO Guidelines on GMP for HVAC systems for considerations in qualification of HVAC systems (update - working document QAS/15.639/Rev. 1)
Appendix 2: Validation of water systems for pharmaceutical use - will be replaced by cross-reference to WHO Guidelines on water for pharmaceutical use for consideration in qualification of water purification systems
Appendix 3: Cleaning validation - consensus to retain
Appendix 4: Analytical method validation - update in process
Appendix 5: Validation of computerized systems - update in process
Appendix 6: Qualification of systems and equipment - update in process
Appendix 7: Non-sterile process validation - update already published as Annex 3, WHO Technical Report Series, No. 992, 2015
Comments on this draft document are due by July 12, 2016.
A presentation on this guidance is given below:
Presentation on New WHO Guidance on Validations
This presentation is about the validation of software. It focus on the validation of software used in pharmacy. It contains definition of validation, computer system and validation of computer system. It explains the models which are used for software validation and on example i.e. HPLC software validation.
This presentation correlates the requirements of Annex 11 guidelines to other official regulations and guidance documents.
The correlation is organized in a tabular format.
In the row lists the contents of Annex 11 together with the paragraph numbers.
Rest of the rows correlate the section numbers of
Annex 11 Versions 1993
US FDA 21 CFR Part 211
US FDA Part 820 and
US FDA 21 CFR Part 11
This Presentation gives an idea about validation and different type of validation and overview of computer system/software validation and basics steps for computer system validations as per the regulatory and user requirement specifications.
Risk assessment for computer system validationBangaluru
A risk assessment is a process to identify potential hazards and analyze what could happen if a hazard occurs.
Computer system validation (sometimes called computer validation or CSV) is the process of documenting that a computer system meets a set of defined system requirements.
An introduction to Life Sciences Computer System Validation, applicable regulation, SDLC phases, software categorisation, risk/ change/ deviation management, validation deliverable, risk based approach, regulatory inspection, audit findings, causes of compliance failure, key concepts in CSV etc.
Computer System Validation (CSV) is a core requirement for several industries. The aim of Computer System Validation is to ensure, through documentation, that the computer systems function the way they are intended to, consistently, repeatedly and reproducibly, somewhat in the manner expected of scientific experiments. So, the validation, meaning authentication or corroboration, is something that has to be done right from the start, that is, defining the computer system, to their use and going all the way right up to the time the computer system is retired.
Provide recommendations and background information concerning computerised systems
Information will be of assistance to inspectors for training purposes and during the inspection
Where automated systems and electronic records are used in warehouses and similar establishments where GDP requirements are applicable, controls and disciplines outlined in this document, or a best practice alternatives are expected to be in place.
Vertically integrated companies (R&D, manufacturing and distribution) will already apply such controls and compliance measures.
International regulatory agencies have collaborated to produce this guidance.
Intended as a reference for regulated users, including their suppliers, in addition to regulatory inspectors and investigators.
Provides a logical explanation of the basic requirements for the implementation, validation and operation of computerised systems.
May be adapted to identify the criteria for a regulated user, or a regulatory agency, in an inspection of GxP computer systems.
National legislation should to be referred to when determining the extent to which the provisions laid down in this document may be applicable.
This presentation gives a summary of this guidance.
Computerized system validation (CSV) as a requirement for good manufacturing ...Ahmed Hasham
The biopharmaceutical industries has more and more used computers to support and accelrate producing of their
products. Computer systems also are accustomed support routine offer of high quality products to boost production
process performance, scale back production prices, and improve product quality. it's vital that these systems square
measure suitable purpose from a business and restrictive perspective. Regulatory authorities treat a lack of regulatory
computer system compliance as a serious GxP deviation.
Global Regulatory Outlook: 2017 and Beyond - OMTEC 2017April Bright
Keeping a finger on the pulse of regulatory changes taking place worldwide is hard to do, but nonetheless imperative. This presentation will provide a high-level overview of the more significant global regulatory changes that will impact orthopaedic manufacturers in the next two years. These include European Medical Device Regulation, ISO 13485:2016, MDSAP and U.S. FDA changes, as well as other global topics of interest. Ms. Loh, who leads the regulatory team at EMERGO, returned to OMTEC to provide perspective on strategies and risks to consider with these wide-ranging and sometimes overlapping matters.
This presentation will highlight the actions you should take now in order to successfully transition to the updated standard.
A primary mission of the Food and Drug Administration is to conduct comprehensive regulatory coverage of all aspects of production and distribution of drugs and drug products to assure that such products meet the 501(a)(2)(B) requirements of the Act. FDA has developed two basic strategies:
. 1) evaluating through factory inspections, including the collection and analysis of associated samples, the conditions and practices under which drugs and drug products are manufactured, packed, tested and held, and
. 2) monitoring the quality of drugs and drug products through surveillance activities such as sampling and analyzing products in distribution.
FDA compliance program “ Drug Manufacturing Inpsections” (7356.002) is designed to provide guidance for implementing the first strategy. Products from production and distribution facilities covered under this program are consistently of acceptable quality if the firm is operating in a state of control.
The inspectional guidance in this program is structured to provide for efficient use of resources devoted to routine surveillance coverage, recognizing that in-depth coverage of all systems and all processes is not feasible for all firms on a biennial basis. It also provides for follow-up compliance coverage as needed.
“Drug Regulations” has prepared a summary from the compliance programme and is given below in the presentation.
This presentation describes the principles of qualification and validation which are applicable to the facilities, equipment, utilities and processes used for the manufacture of medicinal products. It is a GMP requirement that manufacturer’s control the critical aspects of their particular operations through qualification and validation over the life cycle of the product and process. Any planned changes to the facilities, equipment, utilities and processes, which may affect the quality of the product, should be formally documented and the impact on the validated status or control strategy assessed.
FDA Process Validation Guidance (Guidance for Industry: Process Validation- General Principles and Practices, Jan. 2011) outlines process validation activities in three stages - Stage 1: Process Design, Stage 2: Process Qualification and Stage 3: Continued Process Verification. Completion of Stage 2 subsequent to Stage 1 is a major milestone in the Process Validation Lifecycle as it confirms the process design and demonstrates the expected consistent performance of the manufacturing process. Knowledge and information gained from the design stage through the process qualification stage is used to complete this assessment. Stage 2 demonstrates suitability for successful commercial distribution where the data indicates that the process meets the conditions established in the protocol. Continued Process Verification is initiated for the subsequent commercial batches. Stage 3 assures that the process remains in a state of control during commercial manufacture.
This presentation gives a practical approach to implement the stage 3 of the FDA Process Validation Guide.
Data Integrity II - Chromatography data system (CDS) in PharmaSathish Vemula
- Introduction
- Functions of CDS
- Validation of CDS
- Regulatory requirements
- Procedures required
- Areas for ensuring CDS Data Integrity
- Previous observations
- FDA Warning Letters – 2013
- FDA Warning Letters – 2014
- FDA 483’s related to CDS
- EU – Non compliance Reports
- WHO - Notice of Concern
- How to avoid observations ?
- Conclusion
Waters: Reviewing Audit Trail Information in Empower Chromatography Data Soft...Waters Corporation
This presentation provides an overview of how to review audit trail information within Waters Empower Chromatography Data Software. (From Inform 2016, our annual software users meeting)
Presentation: Medical Devices Single Audit Program (MDSAP) Pilot ProgramTGA Australia
This presentation provides an update on the progress of the Pilot and explores how the results of audits will be used by the participating Regulatory Authorities in support of market authorisation within their jurisdictions.
Process and Regulated Processes Software Validation ElementsArta Doci
Medical device manufacturers operate in a competitive marketplace with increasing end-user demands for features and usability and in a highly regulated environment.
Regulatory bodies look for evidence that medical devices are developed under a structured, quality-oriented development process. By following software validation and verification best practices, one can not only increase the likelihood that they will meet their compliance goals, they can also enhance developer productivity.
This presentation highlights the reasons which lead to the withdrawal of the 2002 Guidance of the FDA and the current issue with Blend Uniformity and Content Uniformity Determinations.
Environmental Monitoring describes the microbiological testing under- taken in order to detect changing trends of microbial counts and micro- flora growth within cleanroom or controlled environments. The results obtained provide information about the physical construction of the room, the performance of the Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system, personnel cleanliness, gowning practices, the equipment, and cleaning operations.
Over the past decade, environmental monitoring has become more sophisticated in moving from random sampling, using an imaginary grid over the room and testing in each grid, to the current focus on risk assessment and the use of risk assessment tools to determine the most appropriate methods for environmental monitoring.
This presentation gives current trends in the application of risk assessment to the practice of environmental monitoring.
This presentation is compiled from freely available resources like the websites of FDA, EMA ,WHO and research papers published by experts in this field like Sandle, T Reinmüller, B , Hyde, W,, Costello, E.K., Lauber, C. L., Hamady, M., Fierer, N., Gordon, J.I., Knight, R.
Paper published by T. Sandle on clean room contamination was referred extensively for this presentation. “Drug Regulations” is a non profit organization which provides free online resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for latest information from the world of Pharmaceuticals.
This presentation gives an overview of : Validation of microbiological methods , Considering some of the limitations and
Key criteria that may be applicable for assessment.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
New WHO Guidance on CS Validation
1. This presentation is compiled by “ Drug Regulations”
a non profit organization which provides free online
resource to the Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for latest
information from the world of Pharmaceuticals.
7/17/2016 1
2. This presentation is compiled from freely available
resource like the website of WHO, specifically the
WHO Draft Guidance on Computer System
Validations.
“Drug Regulations” is a non profit organization
which provides free online resource to the
Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for latest
information from the world of Pharmaceuticals.
7/17/2016 2
Drug Regulations : Online
Resource for Latest Information
3. This presentation is based on
WHO Working document
Working document QAS/16.667 May 2016
This is a Draft document for comment
7/17/2016 3Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
4. Computerized systems should be validated
The validation level should be appropriate for their
intended use
It should be in accordance with quality risk
management principles.
This applies to systems used in all (GXP) activities e.g.
◦ Good clinical practice (GCP),
◦ Good laboratory practice (GLP) and
◦ Good manufacturing practices (GMP)
7/17/2016 4Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
5. Purpose
To ensure an acceptable degree of documented
evidence that establishes confidence in the
performance of the system in accordance with
predetermined specifications.
◦ Accurately
◦ Reliably and
◦ With consistency
7/17/2016 5Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
6. The validation data should meet the principles of being
◦ Attributable
◦ Legible
◦ Contemporaneous
◦ Original and
◦ Accurate
◦ ALCOA
This should throughout the data life cycle.
7/17/2016 6Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
7. Computerized system validation should
◦ Ensure that all necessary technical and procedural controls
are implemented
◦ Ensure compliance with good documentation practices for
electronic data generated by the system
(WHO guidance on good data and record management practices,
WHO Technical Report Series, No. 996, Annex 5, 2016)
7/17/2016 7Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
8. System elements that need to be considered in computerized system
validation include
◦ Computer hardware and software,
◦ Related equipment and network components and
◦ Operating system environment,
◦ Procedures and systems documentation including user manuals and people such as,
Users,
Data reviewers,
System application administrators,
Network engineers,
Database administrators and
People involved in archiving.
7/17/2016 8Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
9. Computerized system validation activities should
address both
◦ System configuration as well as
◦ Any custom-developed elements.
7/17/2016 9Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
10. Computerized systems should be maintained in the validated state
There should be risk-based controls appropriate to the different stages of the system life
cycle.
These stages include
◦ System planning,
◦ Specification,
◦ Programming and configuration,
◦ System testing,
◦ Preparation and verification of standard operating procedures (SOPs) and
◦ Training programmes,
◦ System operation and maintenance including handling of software and hardware updates, monitoring and
review, followed by
◦ System retirement.
7/17/2016 10Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
11. Different types of systems or typical applications
include
◦ Process control systems (distributed control system (DCS)
◦ Programmable logic controller (PLC)
◦ Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
◦ Laboratory information management systems (LIMS)
◦ Laboratory instrument control systems and business systems
(enterprise resource planning (ERP)
◦ Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)) used by the
manufacturer
7/17/2016 11Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
12. A document covering (but not limited to) the following information
should be available on-site:
◦ Purpose and scope;
◦ Roles and responsibilities;
◦ Validation approach
◦ Risk management principles;
◦ System acceptance criteria;
◦ Vendor selection and assessment;
◦ Computerized system validation steps;
◦ Configuration management and change control procedures;
◦ Back-up and recovery;
7/17/2016 12Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
13. A document covering (but not limited to) the following information
should be available on-site:
◦ Error handling and corrective action;
◦ Contingency planning and disaster recovery;
◦ Maintenance and support;
◦ System requirement;
◦ Validation deliverables and documentation;
◦ Template,
◦ Formats,
◦ Annex;
◦ Examples.
7/17/2016 13Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
14. A typical model for computerized systems
validation is the V-model.
The lifecycle development model (or V-model for
short), is a framework or structure for undertaking
the
◦ Design,
◦ Execution and
◦ Commissioning of a design project
7/17/2016 14Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
16. The left-hand edge of the V is where the project is defined
and specified in greater detail.
The bottom point of the V is the execution step of the project.
The right-hand edge of the V is where the commissioning and
qualification testing of the installed system is performed.
The V-model provides a logical sequence that helps to organize
the complex activities of defining a project scope, executing it
and qualifying it.
7/17/2016 16Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
17. There should be a computerized system validation master
plan
This should describe following:
◦ The policy approach,
◦ Organization and planning,
◦ Resources,
◦ Execution and management of computerized system validation for all of
the GXP systems in use on-site.
7/17/2016 17Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
18. The computerized system validation master plan (CSVMP) should contain,
◦ The scope,
◦ Risk management approach and
◦ A complete inventory list of all GXP systems.
◦ Outline of the controls including for
Backup and recovery of data,
Contingency planning,
Disaster recovery,
Change control management,
Configuration management,
Error handling, maintenance and support,
Corrective measures and
System access control policies, that will be in place to maintain the validated state of the systems.
7/17/2016 18Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
19. The computerized system validation master plan
(CSVMP) should contain,
◦ Reference to protocols and reports as appropriate, for the
conduct of validation.
◦ Classification of systems based on risk assessment relating
to their GXP impact.
7/17/2016 19Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
20. Validation protocol
◦ Validation should be executed in accordance with the validation protocol
and applicable SOPs.
◦ A validation protocol should define the validation strategy, including roles
and responsibilities and documentation and activities to be performed.
◦ The protocol should cover the specification, development, testing, review
and release of the computerized system for GXP use.
◦ The validation protocol should be tailored to the system type, impact,
risks and requirements applicable to the system in which it will be used.
7/17/2016 20Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
21. Validation protocol
◦ Validation should be executed in accordance with the validation
protocol and applicable SOPs.
◦ A validation protocol should
Define the validation strategy.
Include roles and responsibilities and documentation and activities to be
performed.
Cover the specification, development, testing, review and release of the
computerized system for GXP use.
Be tailored to the system type, impact, risks and requirements applicable to
the system in which it will be used.
7/17/2016 21Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
22. Validation report
◦ A validation summary report should be prepared, summarizing system
validation activities. It should
Outline the validation process and activities
Describe and justify any deviations from the process and activities specified in the
protocol.
Include all critical and major test discrepancies that occurred during the
verification/validation testing and describe how these were resolved.
Be approved after the resolution of any issue identified during validation and the
system should then be released and ready for GXP use.
7/17/2016 22Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
23. Conduct an evaluation of the vendor-supplied
system and the vendor’s quality systems and
record it. This may include
◦ Vendor-supplied and/or vendor-managed computerized
systems
◦ System components, including cloud-based systems,
◦ The scope and depth of this evaluation should be based upon
risk management principles.
7/17/2016 23Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
24. Vendor evaluation activities may include:
◦ Completion of an audit checklist by the vendor;
◦ Gathering of vendor documentation related to
System development,
Testing and maintenance including
Vendor procedures
Specifications
System architecture diagrams
Test evidence,
Release notes and
Other relevant vendor documentation;
7/17/2016 24Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
25. Vendor evaluation activities may include:
◦ On-site audit of the vendor facilities to evaluate
and continuously monitor as necessary the
vendor’s system life- cycle control procedures,
practices and documentation.
7/17/2016 25Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
26. Requirements specifications should be written to
◦ Document the minimum user requirements and
◦ Functional or operational requirements and performance
requirements.
Requirements may be documented in
◦ Separate URS and
◦ Functional requirements specifications (FRS) documents or
◦ In a combined document.
7/17/2016 26Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
27. The authorized URS document, or equivalent, should
◦ State the intended uses of the proposed computerized system and
◦ Define critical data and
◦ Define data life-cycle controls
◦ These should
Assure consistent and reliable data throughout the processes by which data is
Created
Processed
Transmitted
Reviewed
Reported
Retained and
Retrieved and eventually disposed.
7/17/2016 27Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
28. The URS should include requirements to
ensure that the data will meet regulatory
requirements such as
◦ ALCOA principles and
◦ WHO guidelines on good documentation
practices.
7/17/2016 28Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
29. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ The data to be entered, processed, reported, stored and
retrieved by the system,
◦ This may include any master data and other data considered to
be the most critical to system control and data output;
◦ The flow of data including that of the business process(es) in
which the system will be used
◦ The physical transfer of the data from the system to other
systems or network components.
7/17/2016 29Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
30. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ Documentation of data flows and data process maps
◦ These facilitate the assessment and mitigation and
control of data integrity risks across the actual,
intended data process(es);
◦ Networks and operating system environments that
support the data flows;
◦ How the system interfaces with other systems and
procedures;
7/17/2016 30Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
31. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ The limits of any variable and the operating programme and test
programme.
◦ Synchronization and security control of time/date stamps;
◦ Technical and procedural controls of both the application software as
well as operating systems to assure system access only to authorized
persons;
◦ Technical and procedural controls to ensure that data will be
attributable to unique individuals
(for example, to prohibit use of shared or generic login credentials);
7/17/2016 31Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
32. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ Technical and procedural controls to ensure that
Data is legibly and contemporaneously recorded to durable
(“permanent”) media at the time of each step and event and
Controls that enforce the sequencing of each step and event
(for example, controls that prevent alteration of data in
temporary memory in a manner that would not be documented);
7/17/2016 32Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
33. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ Technical and procedural controls that assure that
All steps that create, modify or delete electronic data will
be recorded in independent, computer-generated audit
trails or other metadata or alternate documents that
record the “what” (e.g. original entry), “who” (e.g. user
identification), “when” (e.g. time/date stamp) and “why”
(e.g. reason) of the action;
7/17/2016 33Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
34. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ Backups and the ability to restore the system and data from backups;
◦ The ability to archive and retrieve the electronic data in a manner that
assures that the archive copy preserves the full content of the original
electronic data set, including all metadata needed to fully reconstruct the
GXP activity.
◦ The archive copy should also preserve the meaning of the original
electronic data set
◦ This should include its dynamic format that would allow the data to be
reprocessed, queried and/or tracked and trended electronically as needed;
7/17/2016 34Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
35. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ Input/output checks, including implementation of
procedures for the review of original electronic data
and metadata, such as audit trails;
◦ Technical and procedural controls for electronic
signatures;
◦ Alarms and flags that indicate alarm conditions and
invalid and altered data in order to facilitate detection
and review of these events;
7/17/2016 35Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
36. Other aspects that should be specified include
◦ System documentation, including system specifications
documents, user manuals and procedures for system use,
data review and system administration;
◦ System capacity and volume requirements based upon the
predicted system usage and performance requirements;
Performance monitoring of the system;
Controls for orderly system shutdown and recovery;
Business continuity.
7/17/2016 36Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
37. In the case of, e.g. a chromatography data system (CDS), it is further
important to define the requirements for the basic functions of taking
into account following details:
◦ Requirements for hardware, workstations and operating systems;
◦ System requirements such as number of users, locations;
◦ Compliance requirements, i.e. open or closed system, security and access
configuration, data integrity, time and date stamp, electronic signature and data
migration;
◦ Workflow of CDS;
◦ Information technology (IT) support requirements;
◦ Interface requirements.
7/17/2016 37Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
38. The functional specifications should define specific
functions of the computerized system
This should be based upon technical requirements
needed to satisfy user requirements.
The functional specifications provide a basis for the
system design and configuration specifications.
7/17/2016 38Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
39. Functional specifications should consider
◦ Requirements for operation of the computerized system in the
intended computing environment
◦ Network infrastructure requirements
◦ Functions provided by vendor-supplied software
◦ Functions required for user business processes that are not
met by out-of-the-box software functionality
◦ Default configurations and that will require custom code
development.
7/17/2016 39Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
40. With regard to the proper functioning of computer software, the
following general aspects should be kept in mind when specifying
installation and user/functional requirements:
◦ Language, name, function (purpose of the programme);
◦ Inputs;
◦ Outputs, including electronic data and metadata that constitute the “original records”;
◦ Fixed set point (process variable that cannot be changed by the operator);
◦ Variable set point (entered by the operator);
◦ Edits (reject input/output that does not conform to limits and minimize errors);
◦ Input processing parameters (and equations);
◦ Programme overrides (e.g. to stop a mixer before time).
7/17/2016 40Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
41. The personnel access roles who have the ability and/or are
authorized to write, alter or have access to programmes
should be identified.
There should be appropriate segregation of roles between
◦ Personnel responsible for the business process and
◦ Personnel in system administration and maintenance roles who will have
the ability to alter critical master data, critical set points, and system
policies and configuration settings.
7/17/2016 41Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
42. With regard to the proper functioning of computer hardware and
to prevent damage, the following general aspects should be kept
in mind when specifying installation and functional
requirements:
◦ Location;
◦ Power supply;
◦ Environmental conditions;
◦ Magnetic disturbances;
◦ Mechanical disturbances;
◦ Physical security.
7/17/2016 42Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
43. Functional requirements.
◦ Specification of design parameters and configuration
settings (separate or combined) should ensure data
integrity and compliance with “good documentation
practices for electronic data”.
7/17/2016 43Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
44. System design and configuration specifications
should
◦ Provide a high-level system description
◦ An overview of the system physical and logical architecture
◦ Map out the automated system business process and
relevant work flows and data flows
if these have not already been documented in other
requirements specifications documents.
7/17/2016 44Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
45. The system design and configuration specifications
may include
◦ Specifications to define design of software code, for
software code that is developed in-house, if any, and
◦ Configuration specifications of configurable elements of the
software application
such as security profiles, audit trail configuration, data libraries
and other configurable elements.
7/17/2016 45Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
46. In addition, the system design and
configuration specifications may also
include, based upon risk,
◦ Hardware design and configuration specifications
◦ Hardware design and configuration of any
supporting network infrastructure.
7/17/2016 46Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
47. Configuration settings and design controls include:
◦ Restricting security configuration settings for system
administrators to independent persons, where technically feasible;
◦ Disabling configuration settings that allow overwriting and
reprocessing of data without traceability;
◦ Disabling use of “hidden fields” and the ability to delete data and
the ability to obscure data with data annotation tools;
◦ Restricting access to time/date stamps;
7/17/2016 47Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
48. For systems to be used in clinical trials,
configuration and design controls should
be implemented to protect the blinding of
the trial.
This can be done by restricting access to
who can view randomization data that may
be stored electronically.
7/17/2016 48Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
49. System design and configuration
specifications should include secure,
protected independent computer-generated
audit trails to track changes to these
settings in the system.
7/17/2016 49Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
50. A design review should be conducted to
verify that the proposed design and
configuration of the system
◦ Is suitable for its intended purpose and
◦ Will meet all applicable user and functional
requirements specifications.
7/17/2016 50Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
51. This process may be referred to as design
qualification, may include
◦ A review of vendor documentation, if applicable,
and
◦ Verification that requirements specifications are
traceable to proposed design and configuration
specifications.
7/17/2016 51Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
52. Once the system requirements and the system design and
configuration are specified and verified, system development
or “build and test” activities may begin.
◦ The development activities may occur as a dedicated phase following
completion of specification of system requirements and design and
configuration
(such as when adhering to a sequential or “waterfall” development model).
◦ Alternatively, development activities may occur iteratively as
requirements are specified and verified
(such as when prototyping or rapid-development methodologies are
employed).
7/17/2016 52Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
53. Vendor-supplied systems
◦ Development controls for the vendor-supplied portion of
the computerized system should be assessed during the
vendor evaluation or supplier qualification.
7/17/2016 53Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
54. For
Custom-built systems and configurable systems,
Vendor-supplied systems
◦ that include custom components (such as custom-coded interfaces or custom
report tools)
◦ and/or require configuration (such as configuration of security profiles in the
software or configuration of the hardware within the network infrastructure),
the system should be developed under an appropriate
documented quality management system.
7/17/2016 54Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
55. For custom-developed systems or modules, the
quality management system controls should
include
◦ Development of code in accordance with documented
programming standards,
◦ Review of code for adherence to programming standards and
design specifications, and
◦ Development testing that may include unit testing and
module/integration testing.
7/17/2016 55Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
56. System prototyping and rapid, agile development
methodologies may be employed during the
system build and development testing phase.
There should be an adequate level of
documentation of these activities.
7/17/2016 56Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
57. Preparation for the system qualification phases
◦ The system development and build phase should be followed
by the system qualification phase.
◦ This typically consists of installation, operational and
performance testing,
◦ Actual qualification required may vary depending on
The scope of the validation project as defined in the validation plan
and
based upon a documented and justified risk assessment.
7/17/2016 57Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
58. Finalize the software program and requirements
and specifications documents .
Manage this under formal change control before
commencement of this phase.
7/17/2016 58Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
59. Persons who will be conducting the system qualification
should be trained to adhere to the following
requirements for system qualification:
◦ Test documentation should be generated to provide evidence
of testing;
◦ Test documentation should comply with good documentation
practices;
◦ Any discrepancies between actual test results and expected
results should be documented and adequately resolved based
upon risk prior to proceeding to subsequent test phases.
7/17/2016 59Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
60. The first phase of system testing is installation
qualification (IQ), also referred to as installation
verification testing.
IQ should provide documented evidence that
◦ the computerized system,
◦ including software and associated hardware,
◦ is installed and configured in the intended system testing and
production environments according to written specifications.
7/17/2016 60Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
61. The IQ will verify, for example,
◦ That the computer hardware on which the software
application is installed has the proper firmware and
operating system;
◦ That all components are present and in the proper
condition; and that each component is installed per the
manufacturer or developer instructions.
7/17/2016 61Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
62. The IQ will verify, for example,
◦ That configurable elements of the system are
configured as specified.
Where appropriate, this could also be done during
OQ.
7/17/2016 62Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
63. The OQ, or operational/functional verification
testing, should provide documented evidence that
the software and hardware function as intended
throughout anticipated operating ranges.
7/17/2016 63Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
64. Functional testing should include, based upon risk:
◦ An appropriate degree of challenge testing (such as
boundary, range, limit, nonsense entry testing) to verify the
system appropriately handles erroneous entries or
erroneous use;
◦ Verification that alarms are raised based upon alarm
conditions;
7/17/2016 64Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
65. Hardware
◦ The extent of validation should depend on the complexity
of the system.
◦ Appropriate tests and challenges to the hardware should be
performed as part of validation.
Hardware is considered to be equipment
The focus should be on location, maintenance and
calibration of hardware, as well as on qualification.
7/17/2016 65Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
66. The qualification of the hardware should prove:
◦ That the capacity of the hardware matches its assigned
function (e.g. foreign language);
◦ That it operates within the operational limits (e.g. memory,
connector ports, input ports);
◦ That the hardware configuration settings are appropriate and
meet user and functional requirements;
◦ That it performs acceptably under challenging conditions (e.g.
long hours, temperature extremes);
◦ Reproducibility/consistency.
7/17/2016 66Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
67. However, the ultimate responsibility for the suitability of
equipment used remains with the company.
Qualification protocols, reports (including data) should be
kept by the company for the hardware in its configured state.
When qualification information is produced by an outside
firm, e.g. computer vendor,
◦ the records should be sufficiently complete (including general results
and protocols) to allow the company to assess the adequacy of the
qualification and verification activities.
A mere certification of suitability from the vendor, for
example, will be inadequate.
7/17/2016 67Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
68. Software
◦ Functional testing of software should provide assurance
that computer programs (especially those that control critical activities in
manufacturing and processing) will function consistently within pre-established
limits for both normal conditions as well as under worst-case
◦ Functional testing, is known as “black box” testing,
This involves inputting normal and abnormal test cases;
Then, evaluating outputs against those expected. It can apply to computer
software or to a total system (reference: CEFIC GMP).
7/17/2016 68Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
69. There should be adequate written procedures and documents
There should be training programmes created defining
system use and control.
This should be
◦ Prior to the conduct of the PQ and user acceptance testing (UAT), and
◦ Prior to the release of the computerized system for GXP use
These may include vendor-supplied user manuals as well as
SOPs and training programmes developed in- house.
7/17/2016 69Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
70. Example procedures and training programmes that
should be developed include:
◦ System use procedures that address:
◦ Routine operation and use of the system in the intended business
process(es),
◦ Review of the electronic data and associated metadata (such as
audit trails) and how the source electronic records will be
reconciled with printouts, if any,
7/17/2016 70Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
71. Example procedures and training programmes that
should be developed include:
◦ Mechanisms for signing electronic data,
◦ System training requirements prior to being granted system
access;
◦ System administration procedures that address:
◦ Granting and disabling user access and maintaining
security controls,
◦ Backup/restore,
7/17/2016 71Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
72. Example procedures and training programmes that
should be developed include:
◦ Archival/retrieval,
◦ Disaster recovery and
◦ Business continuity,
◦ Change management,
◦ Incident and problem management
◦ System Maintenance
7/17/2016 72Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
73. The user requirements specifications should
provide a basis for UAT that will be conducted by
the system users during the PQ of the system.
PQ, that includes UAT, should be conducted to
verify the intended system use and administration
outlined in the URS, or equivalent document.
7/17/2016 73Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
74. The PQ should be conducted in the production environment
or in a validation environment
This should be equivalent to the production environment in
terms of overall software and hardware configuration.
PQ testing should also include an appropriate degree of
stress/load/volume testing
This should be based upon the anticipated system use and
performance requirements in the production environment.
7/17/2016 74Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
75. In addition, an appropriate degree of end-to-end or
regression testing of the system should be conducted
This should verify the system performs reliably when system
components are integrated in the fully-configured system
deployed in the production environment.
UAT should be conducted by system users to verify the
adequacy of system use SOPs and data review SOP(s) and
training programmes.
7/17/2016 75Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
76. The UAT should include verification of the ability to readily
discern invalid and altered data,
It should also efficiently review electronic data and metadata,
such as audit trails.
IT system administrators should verify the adequacy of
system administration SOP(s) and controls that will be
routinely executed during normal operational use and
administration.
◦ This includes backup/restore and archival/retrieval processes.
7/17/2016 76Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
77. Manufacturers should have systems and procedures in place
◦ To ensure security of data and
◦ Control access to computerized systems.
Unauthorized entry or manipulation or deletion of data should be
prevented.
This should be applicable to both the application software as
well as in operating system environments in which data may be
stored or transmitted.
Data should be entered or amended only by persons authorized
to do so.
7/17/2016 77Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
78. The activity of entering data, changing or amending incorrect
entries and creating backups should be done in accordance
with SOPs.
Security should extend to devices used to store programs
◦ such as tapes, disks and magnetic strip cards or other means. Access to
these devices should be controlled.
Procedures for review of metadata, such as audit trails,
should define the frequency, roles and responsibilities, and
nature of these reviews.
7/17/2016 78Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
79. Details on user profiles, access rights to systems, networks,
servers, computer systems and software should be
documented
An up-to-date list on the individual user rights for
the software, individual computer systems and networks
should be maintained and subjected to change control.
The level of detail should be sufficient to enable to ascertain
that security features of the system and of software used to
obtain and process critical data cannot be circumvented.
7/17/2016 79Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
80. All GXP computerized systems in a company should be monitored using
an audit trail .
These events should include all elements that need to be monitored to
ensure that the integrity of the data could not have been compromised.
e.g
◦ Changes in data, deletion of data, dates, times, backups, archives, changes in user
access rights, addition/deletion of users and logins.
The configuration and archival of these audit trails should be
documented and also be subjected to change control.
These audit trails should be validated to show that these cannot be
modified in their archived form.
7/17/2016 80Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
81. Actions, performance of the system and acquisition of data should
be traceable and identify the persons who made entries and or
changes, approved decisions or performed other critical steps in
system use or control.
The entry of master data into a computerized system should be
verified by an independent authorized person and locked before
release for routine use.
Validated computerized systems should be maintained in the
validated state once released to the GXP production environment.
7/17/2016 81Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
82. There should be written procedures governing system operation and
maintenance, including for example:
◦ Performance monitoring;
◦ Change management and configuration management;
◦ Problem management;
◦ Programme and data security;
◦ Programme and data backup/restore and archival/retrieval
◦ System administration and maintenance;
◦ Data flow and data life cycle;
7/17/2016 82Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
83. Computerized systems should be reviewed
periodically
The review should determine whether the system
remains in a validated state or whether there is a
need for revalidation.
The scope and extent of the revalidation should be
determined using a risk-based approach.
7/17/2016 83Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
84. The review should at least cover:
◦ Review of changes;
◦ Review of deviations;
◦ Review of incidents;
◦ Systems documentation;
◦ Procedures;
◦ Training;
◦ Effectiveness of corrective and preventive action (CAPA)
7/17/2016 84Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
85. CAPA should be taken where indicated as a
result of periodic review.
Automatic updates should be reviewed prior
to becoming effective
7/17/2016 85Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
86. Once the computerized systems or components are no longer
needed the system or components should be retired
This should be in accordance with a change control procedure
and formal plan for retirement.
Retirement of the system should include decommissioning of
the software and hardware, retirement of applicable
procedures as necessary.
Measures should be in place to ensure the electronic records
are maintained and readily retrievable throughout the
required records retention period.
7/17/2016 86Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
87. Records should be in a readable form and in a manner that
preserves the content and meaning of the source electronic
records.
The outcome of the retirement activities, including
traceability of the data and computerized systems, should be
presented in a report.
7/17/2016 87Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
88. Archival.
Archiving is the process of
◦ Protecting records from the possibility of being further altered or deleted,
and
◦ Storing these records under the control of independent data management personnel
throughout the required retention period.
Archived records should include, for example, associated metadata
and electronic signatures.
7/17/2016 88Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
89. Audit trail.
The audit trail is a form of metadata that contains information
associated with actions that relate to the creation, modification or
deletion of GXP records.
An audit trail provides for secure recording of life-cycle details such as
creation, additions, deletions or alterations of information in a record,
either paper or electronic, without obscuring or overwriting the original
record.
An audit trail facilitates the reconstruction of the history of such events
relating to the record regardless of its medium, including the “who,
what, when and why” of the action.
7/17/2016 89Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
90. Audit trail. Paper Record
An audit trail of a change would be documented via
◦ A single-line cross-out that allows the original entry to remain
legible and
◦ Documents the initials of the person making the change, the date
of the change and the reason for the change,
◦ This can substantiate and justify the change.
7/17/2016 90Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
91. Audit trail. Electronic Records
Secure, computer-generated, time-stamped audit
trails should allow for reconstruction of the course
of events relating to the creation, modification and
deletion of electronic data.
7/17/2016 91Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
92. Audit trail. Electronic Records
Computer-generated audit trails should retain
◦ the original entry and document the user identification,
◦ the time/date stamp of the action, as well as
◦ the reason for the change,
This should substantiate and justify the action.
Computer- generated audit trails may include
◦ Discrete event logs,
◦ History files,
◦ Database queries or reports or
◦ Other mechanisms that display events related to the computerized system, specific electronic records or
specific data contained within the record.
7/17/2016 92Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
93. Backup.
A backup means a copy of one or more electronic files created as an
alternative in case the original data or system are lost or become
unusable
◦ (for example, in the event of a system crash or corruption of a disk).
It is important to note that backup differs from archival
Back-up copies of electronic records are typically only temporarily
stored for the purposes of disaster recovery
They may be periodically overwritten.
Such temporary back-up copies should not be relied upon as an archival
mechanism.
7/17/2016 93Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
94. Business continuity plan.
A written plan that is documented and maintained that defines the
ongoing process supported by management and funded to ensure
that the necessary steps are taken to
Identify the impact of potential losses
Maintain viable recovery strategies and
Recovery plans, and ensure the continuity of services through
personnel training, plan testing and maintenance.
7/17/2016 94Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
95. Change control.
The process of assuring that a computerized system
remains validated following a change.
It includes
◦ Assessing the impact of the change to determine when and if
repetition of a validation or verification process or specific portion of
it is necessary and
◦ Performing appropriate activities to ensure the system remains in a
validated state.
7/17/2016 95Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
96. Computerized system.
A computerized system collectively controls the performance of one
or more automated processes and/or functions. It includes
◦ Computer hardware
◦ Software
◦ Peripheral devices
◦ Networks and documentation
e.g. manuals and standard operating procedures, as well as the personnel
interfacing with the hardware and software, e.g. users and information
technology support personnel.
7/17/2016 96Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
97. Computerized systems validation means
◦ Confirmation by examination and provision of objective
evidence that
◦ Computer system specifications conform to user needs and
◦ Intended uses and that all requirements can be consistently
fulfilled.
7/17/2016 97Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
98. Configuration management.
A discipline applying technical and administrative direction
and surveillance to
◦ Identify and document the functional and physical characteristics of a
configuration item,
◦ Control changes to those characteristics,
◦ Record and report change processing and
◦ Implementation status and verifying compliance with specified
requirements.
7/17/2016 98Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
99. COTS.
Commercial off-the-shelf software;
A vendor-supplied software component of a
computerized system for which the user cannot
claim complete software life-cycle control.
7/17/2016 99Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
100. Data.
Data means all original records and true copies of original records, including
source data and metadata and all subsequent transformations and reports of
these data, which are generated or recorded at the time of the GXP activity and
allow full and complete reconstruction and evaluation of the GXP activity.
Data should be accurately recorded by permanent means at the time of the
activity.
Data may be contained in paper records (such as worksheets and logbooks),
electronic records and audit trails, photographs, microfilm or microfiche, audio-
or video-files or any other media whereby information related to GXP activities is
recorded.
7/17/2016
10
0Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
101. Data governance.
The totality of arrangements to ensure that data,
irrespective of the format in which they are
generated, are recorded, processed, retained and
used to ensure a complete, consistent and accurate
record throughout the data life cycle.
7/17/2016
10
1Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
102. Data integrity.
Data integrity is the degree to which data are complete, consistent, accurate,
trustworthy and reliable and that these characteristics of the data are
maintained throughout the data life cycle.
The data should be collected and maintained in a secure manner, such that
they are attributable, legible, contemporaneously recorded, original or a true
copy and accurate.
Assuring data integrity requires appropriate quality and risk management
systems, including adherence to sound scientific principles and good
documentation practices.
7/17/2016
10
2Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
103. Data life cycle.
All phases of the process by which data are created, recorded,
processed, reviewed, analysed and reported, transferred, stored and
retrieved and monitored until retirement and disposal.
There should be a planned approach to assessing, monitoring and managing
the data and the risks to those data in a manner commensurate with
potential impact on patient safety, product quality and/or the reliability of
the decisions made throughout all phases of the data life cycle.
7/17/2016
10
3Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
104. Disaster recovery.
Process for planning or engaging
appropriate resources to restore the normal
business function in the event of a disaster.
7/17/2016
10
4Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
105. Dynamic record format.
Records in dynamic format, such as
electronic records, that allow for an
interactive relationship between the user
and the record content.
7/17/2016
10
5Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
106. Dynamic record format.
Records in dynamic format, such as electronic records, that
allow for an interactive relationship between the user and the
record content.
For example,
◦ Electronic records in database formats allow the user to track,
trend and query data;
◦ Chromatography records maintained as electronic records allow
the user (with proper access permissions) to reprocess the data
and expand the baseline to view the integration more clearly.
7/17/2016
10
6Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
107. Functional specifications.
The functional specifications document, if created, defines
◦ functions and technological solutions that are specified for the
computerized system
This is based upon technical requirements needed to satisfy
user requirements
◦ (e.g. specified bandwidth required to meet the user requirement for
anticipated system usage).
7/17/2016
10
7Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
108. Good documentation practices.
In the context of these guidelines, good
documentation practices are those measures that
collectively and individually ensure documentation,
whether paper or electronic, is secure, attributable,
legible, traceable, permanent, contemporaneously
recorded, original and accurate.
7/17/2016
10
8Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
109. GXP.
Acronym for the group of good practice guides
governing the preclinical, clinical, manufacturing,
testing, storage, distribution and post-market activities
for regulated pharmaceuticals, biologicals and medical
devices, such as good laboratory practices, good clinical
practices, good manufacturing practices, good
pharmacovigilance practices and good distribution
practices.
7/17/2016
10
9Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
110. Metadata.
Metadata are data about data that provide the contextual
information required to understand those data.
These include structural and descriptive metadata.
Such data describe the structure, data elements,
interrelationships and other characteristics of data.
They also permit data to be attributable to an individual.
Metadata necessary to evaluate the meaning of data should
be securely linked to the data and subject to adequate review.
7/17/2016
11
0Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
111. For example,
In weighing, the number 8 is meaningless without metadata,
i.e. the unit, mg.
Other examples of metadata include the
◦ Time/date stamp of an activity,
◦ The operator identification (ID) of the person who performed an activity,
◦ The instrument ID used, processing parameters, sequence files, audit trails
and
◦ Other data required to understand data and reconstruct activities.
7/17/2016
11
1Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
112. Operational qualification or operational/functional verification
testing.
Documented verification that a system operates according to
written operational specifications throughout specified
operating ranges.
7/17/2016
11
2Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
113. Performance qualification or performance/requirements
verification testing. Documented verification that a system is
capable of performing or controlling the activities of the
processes it is required to perform, according to written user
requirements and specifications, in its intended business and
computing environment.
7/17/2016
11
3Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
114. Production environment.
The business and computing operating environment in which
a computerized system is used by end-users.
For regulated computerized systems, the production
environment is the business and computing operating
environment in which the computerized system is being used
for good laboratory practice-regulated purposes.
7/17/2016
11
4Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
115. Regression analysis and testing.
A software verification and validation task to determine the
extent of verification and validation analysis and testing that
must be repeated when changes are made to any previously
examined software component or system.
7/17/2016
11
5Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
116. Static record format.
A static record format, such as a paper or PDF record, is one
that is “fixed” and allows no or very limited interaction
between the user and the record content.
For example,
◦ Once printed or converted to static PDFs, chromatography records lose the
capability of being reprocessed or enabling more detailed viewing of
baselines or any hidden fields.
7/17/2016
11
6Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
117. System life cycle.
The period of time that starts when a computerized system is conceived
and ends when the product is no longer available for use by end-users.
The system life cycle typically includes
◦ A requirements and planning phase;
◦ A development phase that includes:
◦ A design phase and
◦ A programming and testing phase; and
◦ A system qualification and release phase that includes:
system integration and testing phase;
system validation phase;
system release phase; and
a system operation and maintenance phase; and a system retirement phase.
7/17/2016
11
7Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
118. User acceptance testing.
Verification of the fully-configured computerized system
installed in the production environment (or in a validation
environment equivalent to the production environment) to
perform as intended in the automated business process when
operated by end-users trained in end-user standard
operating procedures (SOPs) that define system use and
control.
7/17/2016
11
8Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
119. User-acceptance testing may be a
component of the performance qualification
(PQ) or a validation step separate from the
PQ.
7/17/2016
11
9Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
120. User requirements specification.
The user requirements specification (URS), if prepared as a
separate document, is a formal document that defines the
requirements for use of the software system in its intended
production environment.
7/17/2016
12
0Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
121. Verification.
The act of reviewing, inspecting, testing, checking,
auditing or otherwise establishing and
documenting whether or not items, processes,
services or documents conform to specified
requirements.
7/17/2016
12
1Drug Regulations : Online Resource for Latest Information
122. This presentation is compiled from freely available
resource like the website of WHO, specifically the
WHO Draft Guidance on Computer System
Validations.
“Drug Regulations” is a non profit organization
which provides free online resource to the
Pharmaceutical Professional.
Visit http://www.drugregulations.org for latest
information from the world of Pharmaceuticals.
7/17/2016
12
2
Drug Regulations : Online
Resource for Latest Information