The document discusses several key aspects of globalization, including: - Globalization encompasses the economy, political systems, and culture, and involves processes that shrink distances and bring things closer. - There are broad, inclusive definitions of globalization as well as narrow, exclusive definitions. Broad definitions are vague while narrow ones can be limiting. - Recent definitions describe globalization as transplanetary processes involving increasing liquidity and multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information. - Globalization is debated and the debate itself is part of globalization. Definitions depend on perspective. The document analyzes theories of globalization and whether it leads to increasing homogeneity or heterogeneity across cultures

1. CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
Chapter 1

2. GLOBALIZATION
• encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political systems, and culture
• “the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer…” (Thomas
Larsson, 2001)
• Martin Khor (mid 1990s) regarded it as colonization

3. Economic
Globalization
Political
Globalization
Cultural
Globalization
Refers to the expanding
interdependence of
world economics.
covers the national
policies that bring
countries together
politically, economically
and culturally.
focuses in large part on
the technological and
societal factors that are
causing cultures to
converge
- It is the growing scale of
cross-border trade
commodities and services,
flow of international capital,
and wide and rapid spread
of technology

4. Task of Defining
Globalization
Definitions are classified as:
(1) Broad and inclusive
– “…globalization means the onset of the borderless world…”
(Ohmae, 1992)
– vague
(2) Narrow and exclusive
– ”…the characteristics of the globalization trend include the
internationalizing of production, the new international
division of labor, new migratory movements from South to
North, the new competitive environment that accelerates
these processes, and the internationalizing of the state…
making states into agencies of the globalizing world” (Robert
Cox)
– can be limiting and applied to particular definitions only
RECENT DEFINITION: “globalization is a transplanetary
process or set of processes involving increasing liquidity
and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects,
places, and information as well as the structures they
encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite,
those flows…” (Ritzer, 2015)

5. APPRECIATING
THE VARIOUS
DEFINITIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
OVERALL, Globalization is a
concept that is not easy to define
because of its shifting nature
• The perspective of the person
who defines globalization
shapes its definition.
• Globalization is the debate,
and the debate is
globalization (Cesare Poppi)
• Globalization is a reality

6. Solid & Liquid
Solidity
- barriers that prevent or make difficult the
movement of things;
- can be natural (landforms/bodies of water)
OR manmade (nine-dash-line)
- have a tendency to melt
- people, things, information, & places harden
over time
Metaphors of Globalization
METAPHORS - make use of one term to better understand another term
Liquidity
- not fixed
- increasing ease of movement of people,
things, information, & places
- can change quickly and is constantly
fluctuating (ex. Stock market, viral tiktok videos)
- “tends to melt whatever stands in its path
(esp solids)” Ritzer, 2015
Flows
• Movement of people, things, information, &
places brought by the growing “porosity”
of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015)
• Ex. Food / cuisines
The two are constantly interacting,
but liquidity is the one increasing
and proliferating today; THUS,
globalization is best described by
liquidity

7. Globalization
theories
Homogeneity
• increasing sameness in the world as
cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies
expand to create common practices,
same economies, and similar forms of
government.
- Linked to cultural imperialism, w/c
means a culture influences other cultures.
• Political, Economical, and Cultural theories see globalization as a process that
increases either Homogeneity or Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity
• creation of various cultural practices,
new economies, and political groups
because of the interaction of elements
from different societies in the world.
- Linked to cultural hybridization,
“glocalization” (Robert Robertson, 1992)

9. The Globalization of Religion
• Globalization helped religions spread and thrive
• religions use information tech, transportation, and media (tv,
radio, print, social, etc.) platforms to disseminate their beliefs and
ideas
• forums and debates about religious beliefs are now more
accessible by people around the world
• modern transportation also helped (ex. Muslims visiting Mecca)
• easier to solidify the Ummah (for muslims)
• Global hybridization failed to mix religions due to their solid
identification
• Religion can’t fully cope to globalization (liberalism, rationalism,
scientism)

10. Globalization and Regionalization
• Globalization promotes the integration of economies worldwide, but
regionalization tends to oppose integration and bring smaller
divisions
• There is a free market and opportunity to trade internationally with
globalization, while regionalization promotes monopolization.
• Regionalism is a political ideology that prioritizes the home region,
often giving it more importance than the national whole.
• Regionalism creates and strengthens economic, political, and
cultural connections within a specific region
• Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence of countries around the world

11. ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF
GLOBALIZATION

12. ORIGIN PERSPECTIVES
• Hardwired
• Innate due to our “urges” for a better life
• connected to the 4 aspects of globalization: trade,
missionary work, adventures, conquests
• Cycles
• Globalization is a long-term cyclical process
• There have been other global ages prior to the present one
• Eventually, today's globalization will be replaced by a new
cycle
• Epoch / Phases
• Globalization is a series of historical phases or waves, each
with its own point of origin
• Globalization functions as growing connectivity
• Events
• There are multiple points of origin of globalization
• Origin is located in seminal historical events
• Broader, More Recent Changes
• Global Processes prior to WWII were limited in geographic
scope and intensity

13. GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY
• global demography is the study of
the worldwide population rather
than the population of a specific
country, region, or city.
• Global demography is useful
because it provides the "big picture"
of the entire human population
without influence from local
economic, cultural, or geographic
factors.
• It provides data about the past,
present, and future of human
society as a whole.
• Global demographic statistics can
also provide a base for comparison
against more specific statistics,
providing insight into how the
demographics of different places
compare not just to one another,
but to the global average.

14. • occurs when people cross state boundaries and stay in a host state for a certain
amount of time
• People migrate (move) across the globe, either voluntarily or involuntarily (forced)
• Migrant - moving from one place to another
⚬ Asylum seeker
⚬ Refugee
⚬ Economic Migrant
WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
• Push factors
⚬ Wars, conflict, political instability, and economic crisis
⚬ Ethnic and religious persecution
⚬ Natural and man-made disasters, such as earthquakes
⚬ Poverty
⚬ Unemployment, low wages and poor working conditions
⚬ Shortages of food, water, or healthcare
⚬ Limited opportunities
• Pull factors
⚬ Better quality of life and standard of living
⚬ Varied employment opportunities, higher wages
⚬ Better healthcare and access to education services
⚬ Political stability, more freedom
⚬ Better life prospects
⚬ For retirees; a range of services to cater to their needs, or environmental
characteristics, such as the coast.
GLOBAL MIGRATION

15. end.

16. Activity no.
3
• Read the article
• In your YELLOW PAD, answer these questions.
1. Three (3) things that I significantly learned from the readings.
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2. The three (3) things that are still unclear to me are:
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3. I used to think that…
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Reference link:
https://economictimes.indiatimes
.com/small-
biz/trade/exports/insights/capit
al-goods-fertilisers-most-
impacted-sectors-amid-red-sea-
trade-disruptions-crisil-
report/articleshow/107886414.cms

17. Page 1

18. Page 2

19. Page 3

20. Page 4

21. Quiz no. 1
1.He stated that globalization is ”the process of
world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter,
things moving closer…”.
a) Martin Khor
b) Thomas Larsson
c) Benjamin Franklin
d) Theodore Roosevelt
2.This type of globalization focuses on the
integration of international financial markets and
the coordination of financial exchange.
a) Culural
b) Political
c) Social
d) Economic
3.This classification of defining globalization can
be limiting and applied to certain definitions only.
a) Narrow and inclusive
b) Broad and exclusive
c) Narrow and exclusive
d) Broad and Inclusive

22. 4. This concept explains that people, things,
information, & places harden over time.
a) Solidity
b) Liquidity
c) Gaseity
d) Flows
5.It is the increasing ease of movement of people,
things, information, & places.
a) Solidity
b) Liquidity
c) Gaseity
d) Flows
6.This kind of globalization theory is the creation
of various cultural practices, new economies, and
political groups because of the interaction of
elements from different societies in the world.
a) Heterogeneity
b) Homogeneity
c) Homeostasis
d) Migration

23. 7. This kind of globalization theory is linked to
cultural imperialism, which supports a culture
influencing another culture.
a) Heterogeneity
b) Homogeneity
c) Homeostasis
d) Migration
8. It is a perspective that refers to the convergence
of different elements of various cultures.
a) Cultural Hybridization
b) Cultural Differentialism
c) Cultural Convergence
d) Cultural Connectivity
9.This perspective strongly believes that culture
tend to remain stubbornly different from one
another
a) Cultural Hybridization
b) Cultural Differentialism
c) Cultural Convergence
d) Cultural Connectivity

24. 10. It is the movement of people, things,
information, & places brought by the
growing “porosity” of global limitations.
a) Solidity
b) Liquidity
c) Gaseity
d) Flows
11-15. Do you think migration is a positive
effect of globalization? Why or why not?
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