This document provides an introduction to the study of globalization. It defines globalization as the increasing connectivity between people across large distances. The document outlines intended learning outcomes, competing conceptions of globalization, and perspectives from different disciplines. It also discusses theories of globalization, the emergence and expansion of global markets, arguments for and against homogenization, and potential harms of globalization.

1. Introduction to the Study of Globalization
Intended Learning Outcomes:
• Define what Globalization is and what it stands for in our Contemporary
World.
• Differentiates the competing conceptions of Globalization and
undermine the various schools of thought and paradigms on
Globalization.
• Understand the raison d’etre (reason/justification for existence) of
Globalization; its goals and aspirations.
• Equip students with 21st century learning and develop higher order
thinking skills that will lead towards a deeper understanding of
Globalization and its role in the world; in the Philippine society as well as
its role in the formation of students in relation to their future
professions.

2. What is Globalization?
• Refers to the processes by which more people
across large distance become connected in more
different ways.
• Deterritorialization is the process through which
the constraints of physical space lose their hold on
social relations.
• It is an interaction of people and primarily an
economic process of integration which has social
and cultural aspects as well.

3. What is Globalization?
• The process by which capitalism expands across the
globe as powerful economic actors seek profit in
global markets and impose their rules everywhere.
• Also known as Neoliberalism.
• Means different things to different people.
Korean Pentecostal missionary – new
opportunity to spread the faith and
convert lost souls abroad.
Dominican immigration in the U. S. – growing new
roots while staying deeply involved in the
home village.

4. What is Globalization?
Chinese apparel worker – chance to escape
rural poverty by cutting threads off
designer jeans.
American executive – managing a far-flung
supply chain to get products to
stores.
Filipino global justice advocate – rules of
global game that favor the rich North
over the South poor.

5. Theories of Globalization
• World-System Theory – a perspective that
globalization is essentially the expansion of the
capitalist system around the globe. Capitalist
world-system originated in the 16th century,
when Europeans traders established enduring
connections with Asia, Africa and the America.
The core of the system, the dominant classes
were supported by strong states as they
exploited labor, resources, and trade
opportunities, most notably in peripheral
areas. Central purpose is capital accumulation
by competing firms, which go through cycles of
growth and decline.

6. Theories of Globalization
• World Polity Theory – state remains an important
component of world society, but primarily
attention goes to the global cultural and
organization. All-encompassing world-polity
and its associated with world culture, which
supplies a set of cultural rules or scripts that
specify how institution around the world
should deal with common problem. Key
elements is a general, globally legitimated
model of how to form a state. Carriers of
global principles, these organizations then help
to build and elaborate world culture and world
society further.

7. Theories of Globalization
• World Culture Theory – the world culture is indeed
new and important, but less homogeneous
than world polity. Globalization is a process of
relativization. World society thus consists of a
complex set of relationships among multiple
units in the global field. Globalization
compresses the world into a single entity, and
people necessarily become more and more
aware of their relationship to this global
presence. Central importance to this process is
the problem of globality : how to make living
together in one global system meaningful or
even possible.

8. Emergence of Globalization
• Globalization has been happening for a long time. (16th century Europe as
the original source.)
• Europeans established worldwide trade connections on their own terms,
brought their culture to different regions by settling vast areas, and
defined the ways in ways the different people were to interact with each
other.
• Late 19th century the period of intense globalization, when million
migrated, trade generally expanded and new norms and organization came
to govern international conduct.
• In the 20th century, the movement of people, goods and finance across
national borders was at least as free and significant as it is today.In the 2nd
half of 20th century was significant period of globalization in its own right.
• World War II gave globalization a new impetus. Obscured by Cold War
divisions, the transformation of world society – in terms of linkages,
institutions and culture and consciousness was nevertheless profound.

9. GLOBALIZATION AND THE EXPANDING
MARKET
• Expanding Market - is the process of offering a
product or service to a wider section of an
existing market or into a new demographic,
psychographic or geographic market. An
economic system operating along capitalist
lines now encompasses most region of the
world, and economic motivates always have
been important in creating global linkages,
globalization takes place in many sphere for many
reasons. Economy may be a driving force in
creating global change in some periods, but it
effects depend on what happens outside of world
market.

10. HOMOGENEOUS WORLD
•Certain activities or institutions become
global, they must displace existing local
variable activities and institution. If
there are more linkages, global
institutions, and global values,
presumably this means that more
people will have more in common.

11. Reasons Why Globalization will not
make the World Homogeneous
• General rules and models are interpreted in light of
local circumstances. Regions respond to similar
economic constraints in different ways; countries
still have great leeway in structuring their own
policies; the same television program means
different things to audiences; such as McDonald's
adopts its menu and marketing to local tastes.
• Growing similarity provokes reactions. Advocates
for many cultures seek to protect their heritage or
assert their identity. (action of indigenous people to
claim their right to cultural survival.

12. Reasons Why Globalization will not
make the World Homogeneous
• Cultural and political differences have themselves
become globally valid. The notion that the people
and countries are entitled to their particularity of
distinctiveness is itself part to global culture. the
tension between homogeneity and heterogeneity is
integral of globalization.

13. Is Globalization Harmful?
• Globalization may be harmful to the well-being
(fears) of individuals, countries and cultures :If the
market is the driving force - it is bound to
exacerbate (worsen) inequality by creating winners
and losers. If makes world homogeneous - many
cultures are in troubles. Loss of local autonomy
may mean that the more people will be vulnerable
(defenseless) to economic swings, environmental
degradation, and epidemics.

14. Interdisciplinary Understanding of
Globalization
• Political Scientist
Political activity increasingly takes place at the
global level. Under globalization, politics can take
place above the state through political integration
schemes such as the European Union, the ASEAN
integration where Philippines is involved though
intergovernmental organizations such as the IMF, the
WB, and the WTO. Political activity can also transcend
national borders through global movements and Non-
Governmental Organization (NGO)Civil society
organizations act globally by forming alliances with
organizations in other countries, using global
communication system, and lobbying international
organizations and actors directly, instead of working
through their national governments.

15. Interdisciplinary Understanding of
Globalization
• Economist
Integration through international trade of markets in
goods and services as reflected in variety of possible
measures (direct measures of barriers such as tariffs and
transport costs, trade volumes and price related
measures).foreign direct investment, increased trade in
intermediate product, international outsourcing of
services like the call center industry, and international
movement of persons like our OFWs. Include the
international spread of ideas, from consumer tastes (like
Coke and Hershey's) to intellectual ideas like technology
patents and management principles and accounting
standards.

16. Interdisciplinary Understanding of
Globalization
• Sociologist
An on-going process that involves interconnected
changes in the cultural and social spheres.it
involves the spread and diffusion of ideologies-
values, ideas, norms, beliefs and expectations -
that foster, justify and provide legitimacy for
economic and political globalization fueled by
globally integrated communication systems like
social media, media coverage of the world's elite
and their lifestyles, the movements of people
around the world via business and leisure travel,
and the expectations of these travelers that the
host societies will provide amenities and
experiences that reflects their own cultural norms.

17. Interdisciplinary Understanding of
Globalization
• Historian
Historian follow rather than lead the way.
Globalization is not new as a phenomenon but
the word itself took hold only recently which
records shows first use in English in 1930 and
shows that usage soared suddenly in
1990's.Globalization defined most succinctly as
the interconnection of places far distant from
each other. Globalization is still too much
entangled with world history, global history
and transnational history.