Globalisation refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of world economies, cultures, and populations due to advances in transportation and communication. It involves the increased flow of trade, finance, culture, ideas, and people between countries. Key factors driving globalisation include reductions in transportation and communication costs, increased cross-border trade, and the growth of multinational corporations operating on an international scale. While globalisation has increased economic opportunities, it also poses challenges including job losses and threats to local cultures from the spread of popular global brands and media.

2. INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALISATION
Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the
interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
Put in simple terms, globalisation refers to processes that increase world-
wide exchanges of national and cultural resources. Advances in
transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of
the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in
globalisation, generating further interdependence of economic and
cultural activities.
Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the
interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.
Put in simple terms, globalisation refers to processes that increase world-
wide exchanges of national and cultural resources. Advances in
transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of
the telegraph and its posterity the Internet, are major factors in
globalisation, generating further interdependence of economic and
cultural activities.

3. MEANING
• The term globalisation is derived from the word globalise, which refers
to the emergence of an international network of social and economic
systems. One of the earliest known usages of the term as a noun was in
a 1930 publication entitled, Towards New Education, where it denoted a
holistic view of human experience in education. A related term,
corporate giants, was coined by Charles Taze Russell in 1897 to refer to
the largely national trusts and other large enterprises of the time. By the
1960s, both terms began to be used as synonyms by economists and
other social scientists. It then reached the mainstream press in the later
half of the 1980s.

4. DEFINITIONS
Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top: The
Real Story of Globalisation, states that globalisation: is the process of
world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It
pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the
world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side
of the world.
Sociologists Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King define globalisation as:
...all those processes by which the peoples of the world are
incorporated into a single world society.

5. Obsidian Trade in
the Neolithic
(6000-3000 BC)
When did GlobaliSation begin?
 Economic globalisation is as old as history, a reflection of the
human drive to seek new horizons.

6. The Silk Road: a series of trade
routes 8,000 km long connecting
China, Asia Minor and The
Mediterranean. Parts were opened
up about 5000 BC. Connections
between China and Europe
established with Alexander the
Great c. 330 BC
Marco Polo 1271-1295
 The first era of globalization (in the
sense that it encompassed the globe)
began during the 19th century with
the rapid growth of international
trade between the European imperial
powers
 It was Marco Polo and Christopher
Columbus’s occupation

7. This process was severely interrupted
from World War I through the depression
of the 1930s and World War II until it
restarted again, but slowly, in the 1950s.
The pace has picked up in recent
decades.
Several driving forces:
1. Improvements in information
technology
2. Trade liberalization
3. Capital flows
4. Cheap travel
5. Less rigorous immigration policies
6. Marketing

8. Proto-globalisation or 'early modern globalisation' is a period of the
history of globalisation roughly spanning the years between 1600 and
1800. First introduced by historians A. G. Hopkins and Christopher Bayly,
the term describes the phase of increasing trade links and cultural
exchange that characterized the period immediately preceding the advent
of so-called 'modern globalisation' in the 19th
century.
Proto-globalisation was characterized by the rise of maritime European
empires, in the 16th and 17th centuries, first the Portuguese and Spanish
Empires, and later the Dutch and British Empires.
Proto-globalisation

9. Modern
During the 19th century, globalisation approached its modern form as a
result of the industrial revolution. Industrialization allowed standardized
production of household items using economies of scale while rapid
population growth created sustained demand for commodities.
Globalisation in this period was decisively shaped by nineteenth-century
imperialism. In the 19th century, steamships reduced the cost of
international transport significantly and railroads made inland transport
cheaper. The transport revolution occurred some time between 1820
and 1850.

10. After the Second World War, work by politicians led to the Bretton Woods
conference, an agreement by major governments to lay down the
framework for international monetary policy, commerce and finance, and
the founding of several international institutions intended to facilitate
economic growth multiple rounds of trade opening simplified and lowered
trade barriers. Initially, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT), led to a series of agreements to remove trade restrictions. GATT's
successor was the World Trade Organization (WTO), which created an
institution to manage the trading system.

11. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF
GLOBALISATION
Global business organization
International trade
International tourism
International sports
Sociocultural globalisation
Internet
Population growth
Global health
Global natural environment
Global workforce
International migration

12. Global Business Organisation
With improvements in transportation and communication,
international business grew rapidly after the beginning of the 20th
century. International business includes all commercial transactions
(private sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take
place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond
their political boundaries. This lead to the formation of MNC’s.
Well known MNCs include fast food companies such as McDonald's
and Yum Brands, vehicle manufacturers such as General Motors, Ford
Motor Company and Toyota, consumer electronics companies like
Samsung, LG and Sony.

13. International trade
International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across
international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade
represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
Industrialization, advanced transportation, multinational corporations, and
outsourcing all have a major impact on world trade. The growth of
international trade is a fundamental component of globalisation.

14. International tourism
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World
Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "travelling to and staying in
places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive
year for leisure, business and other purposes".
There are many forms of tourism such as agro tourism, birth tourism,
culinary tourism, cultural tourism, eco- tourism, extreme tourism, geo
tourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, nautical tourism, pop-culture
tourism, religious tourism, slum tourism, war tourism, and wildlife tourism.

15. International sports
Modern international sports events can be big business for as well as
influencing the political, economical, and other cultural aspects of countries
around the world. Especially with politics and sports, sports can affect
countries, their identities, and in consequence, the world.
The ancient Olympic Games were a series of competitions held between
representatives of several city-states and kingdoms from Ancient Greece,
which featured mainly athletic but also combat and chariot racing events.

16. Sociocultural Globalisation
Cultural globalisation has increased cross-cultural contacts but may be
accompanied by a decrease in the uniqueness of once-isolated communities.
For example, sushi is available in Germany as well as Japan but Euro-Disney
outdraws the city of Paris, potentially reducing demand for "authentic"
French pastry.

17. Internet
Both a product of globalisation as well as a catalyst, the Internet connects
computer users around the world.
According to research firm IDC, the size of total worldwide e-commerce,
when global business-to-business and -consumer transactions are added
together, will equate to US$16 trillion in 2013.

18. Global Workforce
Global workforce refers to the international labour pool of workers,
including those employed by multinational companies and connected
through a global system of networking and production, immigrant
workers, transient migrant workers, telecommuting workers, and those in
contingent work and other precarious employment. As of 2012, the global
labour pool consisted of approximately 3 billion workers, around 200
million unemployed.

19. Dimensions of Globalisation
Theodore Levitt (1983) was one of the first academics to write about globalisation.

20. Economic Globalisation
The economic dimension of globalisation is the one most often mentioned in the media.
It is associated with massive amounts of financial capital traded daily on the different
stock markets around the globe as well as with global trade, developments often
captured under the label “New Economy.”
In order to monitor the world economy, three economic institutions were created:
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) would oversee the international monetary
system;
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD later renamed the
World Bank would provide loans for European reconstruction but later expanded its
activities to the developing world;
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, renamed the World Trade
Organization in 1992) would oversee multilateral trade agreements. For about thirty
years, this system remained in place and provided economic stability and prosperity to
Western nations.

21. Political Globalisation
Over the years, the power of the state has expanded in many different
domains of life. Globalisation signals the end of sovereignty because a
state can only be sovereign if it can exercise authority over a given
territory. For several reasons, such an exercise of power is no longer
possible. Post industrial economies rely on data and communication
technologies that make borders irrelevant.
Simply put, there was a clear distinction between the domestic domain,
where the authority of the state was absolute, and the international
domain where states were expected to follow minimal rules.

22. Technological Globalisation
New technologies have always played a crucial role in the processes of
economic and social globalisation. Aeroplanes, computers and satellite-
based communications make possible an ever-expanding degree of
information exchange, commodity trade and individual contact across the
globe.
The concept of the globalisation of technology is rather difficult in that it
seeks to describe and explain how the process of economic and social
globalisation is not only affected by, but is also itself affecting, the
production, distribution and transfer of technology.
• “World Wide Web” has exploded in last 10 years
• Computers can move money around world “finance capital”
• Silicon Valley is 9th largest economy in world.

23. Cultural Globalisation
Cultural globalisation simply means the extensiveness, intensiveness,
velocity and impact of cultural flows – transmission of symbols, ideas,
artistic and consumption products – on a global scale. Technologies of
transportation and communication facilitate cultural diffusion and an
emerging global consciousness. And as our globalisation theorem shows,
symbolic exchanges are the ones most easily globalised. Culture is
therefore essential to the understanding of globalisation.
Cultural Imperialism = Dominance of one culture over others
Hollywood movies, McDonald’s, Disneyland, Starbucks
Dominance of the English language and invasion of other languages.

24. Ideological Globalisation
In addition to being an objective transformation of human relations,
globalisation also produces a way of looking at the world in specific terms,
that is, an ideology. According to Steger (2003: 93), an ideology is “a
system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and
values, and ideals accepted as truth by a particular group of people.”

25. What kinds of things cross international
borders?
• Trade – goods and services.
– You can buy a TV from China, car from Japan, clothes from Indonesia
or Italy.
– You can hire someone from India to write software or answer your
telephone
• Capital – money, investment
– You can put your savings into a bank in Zurich.
– You can buy stock in SONY, a Japanese company
• People – immigrants, refugees, tourists
– Immigrants come to Calgary from Asia, Africa, S. America, Europe
– You can easily travel to Europe, Asia, S. America
• Communication
– You can easily call or email people around the world
• Culture (art, music, cuisine)
– You can hear music from Brazil, South Africa, India
– Nearby restaurants: Chinese, Thai, Ethiopian, Indian
• Ideas

27. Is Globalisation a Good/Bad Thing?
Positive Aspects
• Increase in standard of living.
• Global competition encourages
creativity and innovation.
• Governments are able to better
work together towards common
goals.
• Greater access to foreign culture
in the form of movies, music,
food, clothing, and more.
• Increases economic prosperity
and opportunity.
Negative Aspects
• Outsourcing, while it provides
jobs to a population in one
country, takes away those jobs
from another country, leaving
many without opportunities.
• Increased environmental damage.
• Erosion of traditional culture.
• Terrorists now globally
interconnected and empowered
with knowledge.
• Direct consequences for the safety
of people and the environment.

28. STEPS TOWARDS GLOBALISATION
(Reforms)
Major measures initiated as a part of the liberalisation and globalisation
strategy in the early nineties included the following:
• Devaluation: The first step towards globalisation was taken with the
announcement of the devaluation of Indian currency by 18-19 per cent
against major currencies in the international foreign exchange market.
In fact, this measure was taken in order to resolve the BOP crisis.
• Disinvestment: In order to make the process of globalisation smooth,
privatisation and liberalisation policies are moving along as well. Under
the privatisation scheme, most of the public sector undertakings have
been/ are being sold to private sector.

29. • Dismantling of The Industrial Licensing Regime: At present, only six
industries are under compulsory licensing mainly on accounting of
environmental safety and strategic considerations. A significantly
amended locational policy in tune with the liberalized licensing policy is
in place. No industrial approval is required from the government for
locations not falling within 25 kms of the periphery of cities having a
population of more than one million.
• Allowing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) across a wide spectrum of
industries and encouraging non-debt flows. The Department has put in
place a liberal and transparent foreign investment regime where most
activities are opened to foreign investment on automatic route without
any limit on the extent of foreign ownership.

30. Society
• A society, or a human society, is a group of people involved with each
other through persistent relations, or a large social grouping sharing the
same geographical or social territory, subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations. Human societies are
characterized by patterns of relationships (social relations) between
individuals who share a distinctive culture and institutions; a given
society may be described as the sum total of such relationships among
its constituent members.

31. Meaning
The term "society" came from the Latin word societas, which in turn was
derived from the noun socius ("comrade, friend, ally"; adjectival form
socialis) used to describe a bond or interaction among parties that are
friendly, or at least civil. Without an article, the term can refer to the
entirety of humanity (also: "society in general", "society at large", etc.),
although those who are unfriendly or uncivil to the remainder of society
in this sense may be deemed to be "antisocial".
Adam Smith wrote that a society "may subsist among different men, as
among different merchants, from a sense of its utility without any
mutual love or affection, only they refrain from doing injury to each
other."

32. Conceptions of society
• In anthropology
Human societies are most often organized according to their primary
means of subsistence. Social scientists have identified hunter-gatherer
societies, nomadic pastoral societies, horticulturalist or simple farming
societies, and intensive agricultural societies, also called civilizations.

33. • In political science
Societies may also be organized according to their political structure. In
order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands, tribes,
chiefdoms, and state societies. These structures may have varying
degrees of political power, depending on the cultural, geographical, and
historical environments that these societies must contend with.
• In sociology
Sociologist Gerhard Lenski differentiates societies based on their level of
technology, communication, and economy:
• hunters and gatherers,
• simple agricultural,
• advanced agricultural,
• industrial, and
• special (e.g. fishing societies or maritime societies).

34. TYPES OF SOCIETIES
• Pre-industrial societies
• Industrial societies
• Post-industrial societies
• Western society
• Information society
• Knowledge society

35. CONCLUSION
• Globalisation as we know that it refers to the interconnection of the
various economies of the world. The globalisation is similar to the other
trends of the international business i.e., it is having positive and
negative impacts on its constituents.
• In the present era the globalisation is affecting international business
trends such as through culture, education, lifestyle, media & film
industry etc. All the dimensions of the globalisation whether political,
social, cultural, economical or technological are having variety of affects
on business, individuals, economies etc.
• In the sector of FDI- Foreign Direct Investment it created a lot of
highlights for the approval of FDI in Retail. Nowadays, due to the
adverse affects of the globalisation the value of Rupee is becoming
weaker than that of the value of Dollar.