Globalization can be defined in various ways, as discussed in the document. It summarizes several key concepts and theories of globalization. Globalization refers to the increasing integration and interdependence of economies, technologies, and cultures across the world. The document discusses globalization as a process, condition, and ideology. It also outlines different forms of globalization, like economic, political, and cultural globalization. Theories around cultural homogeneity and heterogeneity in a globalized world are presented. The relationship between globalization and localization or regionalization is also examined.

1. Concepts of
Globalization

2. Objectives
 Discuss the various concepts of Globalization.
 Distinguish different meanings of Globalization.
 Adopt and agree to working definition of Globalization
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3. Introduction to
Globalization
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4. Engage
╸ Freedom Board:
╶ On the board, write a few words or
draw a picture of what you think
the word globalization means?

5. ╸ Synthesize the list of the concepts on
the board and write your own personal
definition of the word “globalization”
on the first page of your notebook.
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6. “Based from the activity,
How will you define
Globalization?
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7. Have you ever used
this products?
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8. Phones and Brands
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9. Internet
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10. Etymology of
Globalization
╸ The term globalization originated from the Latin
term “globus” or globe in English.
╸ In addition to this, the adjective “global” began to be
used in the late 17th and came to mean “world
scale” in the late 19th century.
╸ The term “globalization” was first used in the English
language in 1959.
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11. Globalization
 An existence of free exchange of goods, services, culture, and people
between and among countries
 A social process that creates, multiplies, and intensifies worldwide
interdependence (Waters, 2001)
 A social condition characterized by thick economic, political, and
cultural interconnections and global flows that make existing political
borders and economic barriers irrelevant. Nurturing in people the
consciousness of deepening linkages (Steger, 2005)
 Transfer of information, people, places, culture, and ideas from one
place to different parts of the globe.
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12. Globalization
 Opening of doors to highly skilled works and professionals
(interest)
 A process of world shrinkage – interactions are easy (Thomas Larsson, 2001)
 Colonization, regression, and destabilization (Martin Khor, Third World
Network in Malaysia)
 Includes internationalizing of production, new migratory
movement from south to north, and internationalizing of state.
(Robert Cox)
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13. Globalization
 Includes expanded international trade, monetary coordination,
multinational corporations, telecommunications, technical and
specific cooperation, cultural exchanges of new types and
scales, migration and refugee flows, relations between the
world’s rich and poor countries, and between human beings
and the natural environment (Goldstein)
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14. Globalization
 Values are shared by or pertinent to all the world, people’s role
as citizens, consumers, and producers with an interest in
collective action to solve common problems (Rosenau, 1996)
 Comprised of multiple sameness and interconnectedness that
go beyond the nation-states. It is a process in which individuals
and organizations in one part of the world are affected by the
activities, affairs, and convictions on another part of the globe.
(McGrew, 1990)
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15. Globalization
 Variety accelerating economic, political, cultural,
and ideological processes that alter the
experience of the world. A process of expansion
and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across the world (Manfred Steger,
2005)
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16. ACTIVITY
╸ Create a concept map of Globalization
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17. Working definition of
Globalization
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18. Definition of
Globalization
 Interdependence or connection of different parts of the world
resulting in the expansion of international cultural, economic,
social, and political activities.
 Integration of national markets to a wider global market
signified by an increased free trade
 Creates a greater impact on the economy and production
 A process of expansion and intensification of social relations
and consciousness across world-time and world-space.
(Steger, 2005)
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19. Global economic
imperialism
 One nation assumes economic power or influence
over the others
 An age of “Westernization or Americanization.”
 The consumption of western ideas and adoption of
behavior have become rapid and widespread.
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20. Political
Globalization
 Related to political structures, governance, state, and
governance policies
 Strengthening of regional blocks (emergence of
global corporations)
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21. Economic
Globalization
 Increase of free trade, speed of trade, global
economic organization, and regional trade blocks
e.g. IMF, WTO, WB, ILO, European Free Trade Area,
ASEAN Free Trade Area, Trans-Pacific Partnership
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22. Cultural
Globalization
 Global village
 Communication technology has become a world-
shrink and borderless world.
 Relates to social norms, customs, races, values, and
beliefs
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23. Cultural
imperialism
 There is a conviction that there is a “better culture”
 The Spread of popular culture flows from dominant
to non-dominant cultures
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24. Attributes of
Globalization
 Globalization has various forms of connectivity in
terms of cultural, political, and economic
e.g. price hike of basic commodities
 Globalization allows for the expansion and stretching
of social relations
e.g. existence of NGOs – an affiliation of Phil National
Red Cross to the International Committee of the Red
Cross
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25. Attributes of
Globalization
 Globalization intensifies and accelerates social
exchanges and activities
e.g. shift of telegram to email
 Globalization occurs worldwide
e.g. #prayformarawi, global trends-KPOP, earth hour
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26. Globalization as a
process, condition,
or ideology
 Globalization as a process – relates to changes in
technology as well as in many aspects of human
existence ranging from cultural, economic, and
political systems that have brought a multi-
dimensional set of social processes that escalate
deepening connections worldwide
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27. Globalization as a
process, condition,
or ideology
 Globalization as a condition – creation of linkages
between people located at the different corners of the
planet characterized by economic, political, and
cultural interconnections and global flows which make
any barrier insignificant
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28. Globalization as a
process, condition,
or ideology
 Globalization as an ideology – exists in people’s
minds because of a set of coherent and
complementary ideas and beliefs about the global
order.
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29. Metaphors of
Globalization (
structures and
flows)
 Solidity – refers to barriers that prevent or make
the movement of things difficult. It can be either
natural or man-made.
e.g. landforms or bodies of water, great wall of
china, berlin wall, nine-dash line of china in south
china sea
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30. Metaphors of
Globalization
(structures or
flows)
 Liquidity – increasing ease of movement of
people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world. Liquid phenomena change
quickly and in continuous fluctuations. It is
difficult to stop
e.g. global finance, videos on
youtube/facebook, internet sensations,
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31. Flows
 Are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by the growing porosity of
global limitations.
e.g. food, global financial crisis, poor illegal
migrants, the flow of illegal information, recreating
ethnic enclaves
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32. Globalization
Theories
 Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in
the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to create
common practices, same economies, and similar forms
of government. Culture is linked to cultural imperialism
e.g. Christianity, Americanization, widespread of
consumption of American fast food, neoliberalism,
capitalism, market economy in the world
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33. Globalization
Theories
 IMF treats all countries the same – advantageous for rich
countries that brought inequality among nations (Stiglitz, 2002)
 Homogenization of the political realm ( similar models)
 The flow of media is characterized as media imperialism
e.g. TV, music, books, movies
 Mcdonalization – a process by which Western societies are
dominated by the principles of fast food restaurants. It is
extended to other businesses and sectors
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34. Globalization
Theories
 Heterogeneity – the creation of various cultural
practices, new economies, and political groups
because of the interaction of elements from different
societies in the world.
 It refers to the differences because of either lasting
differences or of the hybrid or combination of cultures
that can be produced through different transplanetary
processes
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35. Globalization
Theories
 Glocalization (Roland Robertson, 1992) – globalization and
localization are used to describe a product or
service that is developed and distributed globally
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36. Dynamics of Local
and Global Culture
Three perspectives of global cultural flows:
 Cultural differentialism – cultures are different and
only affected by global flows. Interaction of cultures
could cause “Catastrophic Collision”.
Samuel Hungtington’s Theory - Clash of
Civilizations – will lead to intense clashes and
conflict
e.g Christian and Muslims
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37. Dynamics of Local
and Global Culture
 Cultural hybridization –cultures are modified to
adhere to the cultural norms of others. It is the
integration of local and global cultures.
Appadurai (1996) proposed different global
cultural flow: ethnoscapes, technoscapes,
mediascapes, financescapes, and ideoscapes
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38. Dynamics of Local
and Global Culture
 Cultural convergence – emphasizes homogeneity
introduced by globalization.
 Deterritorialization – cultural imperialism happened. It
tends to destroy other parts of culture of another
culture. It is more difficult to tie another culture to a
specific geographic point of origin.
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39. The Globalization
of Religion
 Globalization has a role in the resurgence of religion.
 Religion is scattered on a global scale.
 The acceleration of globalization enables co-
religionists to have contact with one another. (Scholte,
2005)
 ideas of Christians and Muslims were given a
concrete shape because of Global communication,
global organization, and global finance
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40. The Globalization
of Religion
 The dissemination of religious ideas was made easier through
information technologies, transportation, and the media.
e.g. Websites, internet – debates and arguments
about religion
media – radio stations, television channels,
print media
transportations – revivalism and emergence of
religion
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41. The Globalization
of Religion
 Religion signifies a non-territorial touchstone of
identity and pride allowed by Globalization.
 Religionists have promoted Religion to reach the
realm of globality
e.g. Aspiring to establish an Islamic community
 Competition and conflicts brought by globalization
make religion more self-conscious as “world religions”
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42. The Globalization
of Religion
 The conflict of religions confirmed the failure of
hybridization by reinforcing respective identities.
 Religions have distinct internal structures, beliefs,
cultures, doctrines, and rituals
 Religion is anti-globalization (Sholte, 2005) globalization
accompanies liberalism, rationalism, and consumerism
e.g. Islam and Christianity
 Religion is a pre-emptive measure to protect a country
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43. Globalization and
Regionalization
 In 1980s, globalization and regionalization remerged
and heightened at the end of the cold war in the 1990s.
 Regionalization undermines the benefit of the global
economy because regional organizations reduce the
negative impacts of globalization
 The threats of “ungoverned globalization” should be
regulated through “managed globalization” because of
the negative impact of globalization. (Jacoby and Meunier,
2010)
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44. Globalization and
Regionalization
 regionalization is a societal integration and undirected
process of social and economic interaction (Hurrel, 2007)
 Gradual development of interregional relations
e.g. ASEAN, EU, NAFTA
 Ensure peace and stability, enhances economic
cooperation within the region, and seek strong security
– ASEAN and Shanghai Cooperation Organization
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45. Globalization and
Regionalization
 In entering regional organizations, states may regain
control over flows of capital and enhance their
bargaining power against transnational economic
actors.
 Domestic companies belonging to regional markets
prohibit from global competition.
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46. Global
Demography
 Global population
 In the 1990, India and Philippines had a
higher dependency ratio
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47. Global Migration
 Migrants, Vagabonds, and tourists are categorized as
the movement of people around the world. (Bauman, 1998)
 Labor migration involves migrants working abroad
because of a lack of job opportunities. It involves less-
skilled and unskilled workers
 Labor migration faced limitations and barrier
 Diaspora – migrant communities
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