The document discusses the concept of globalization and its impact on global politics. It argues that globalization is transforming the traditional Westphalian system of sovereign states and territorial boundaries into a new geocentric system of global politics characterized by interconnectedness and interdependence. However, this new global political system remains "distorted" due to significant power asymmetries. The document suggests that cosmopolitan thinking offers a framework for democratizing global politics and reducing these distortions.

2. Globalization & Global Politics

3. Globalization - Definitions
 Globalization: the Widening, Deepening &
speeding up of World Wide
interconnectedness
 Globalization is a Contentious issue in the
study of World Politics
 The intensification of worldwide social
relations which links distant localities in
such a way that local happening are shaped
by events occurring many miles away & vice

4.  ‘The integration of the World-economy’
(Glipin 2001: 364)
 ‘De-territorialization – or ….the growth of
supraterritorial relations between people’
(Scholte 200: 46)
 ‘Time- space compressions'
(Harvey 1989)

5.  Concept of Hyper globalists. Bringing about the
demise of sovereign ‘Nation States’ - as global
forces undermine the ability of govts to Control
their own economies & societies
 Sceptics View point. Rejects the idea of
globalization as so much ‘globaloney’ – argue
that state & Geo – Politics remain the Principle
forces shaping World Order
 Transformationalist Perspective. As per this
thought Hyper globalists & Sceptics alike
exaggerate their arguments & misconstrue the
Contemporary World Order

6.  While transformationalist takes
globalization seriously; they believe that, it
is leading not so much to demise of
sovereign state, but to a globalization of
Politics
 Itis emergence of conspicuously Global
politics in which the traditional distinction
between domestic & international affairs is
not terribly meaningful

7. Making Sense of Globalization

8. Over the last three decades:
 the sheer scale & scope of global
interconnectedness has become increasingly
evident in every sphere from the economy
to the cultural
 World economic integration has intensified
with the expansion of global commerce,
finance & productions
 Globalization links together the fate of
nations

9.  Crises in one region, are felt anywhere in the
world alike;
 the collapse of the Argentinean economy in
2002
 East Asian recession- 1997
 A slowdown in the US economy
 Global recession and food crises-2008
 Effects of all felt everywhere from Birmingham
to Bangkok
 All these acts take their toll on jobs,
production, savings, & investment many
thousands of miles away

10.  Transnational corporations accounts for 25 to
33% of world output, 70% world trade & 80% intl
investment
 Organization & mobilization of like minded
people across the globe through new modes &
infrastructure of global communication
 Transnational spread of ideas, cultures &
information
 As globalization has proceeded so has the
recognition of transnational problems requiring
global regulation, climate change to the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction

11.  Move of the people like migrants or
otherwise legal and illegal for the search of
better living brings along their culture, ideas
business etc.
 600 millions tourists move each year
 Movements from South to North and East
to West
 Growing awareness of the multiple ways in
which the Security & prosperity of
communities in different regions of the
World is bound together

12.  In conclusion the Globalization is variously
defined in the literature as: The
intensification of worldwide social
relations which links distant
localities in such a way that local
happening are shaped by events
occurring many miles away & vice
versa

13. Summary
 Over the last three decades the sheer scale,
scope of global interconnectedness has
become increasingly evident in every
sphere from economic to the cultural
 Skeptics do not regard this as evidence of
globalization if that term means something
more than simply international
interdependence, i.e. linkages between
countries

14. Conceptualizing Globalization

15. Taking globalization as the process
characterized by:
 1stly, A stretching of social, political & economic
activities across the political frontiers so that
events, decisions, & activities in one regions of
the World come to have significance for
individuals & communities in distant regions of
the globe-civil wars & conflicts in poor regions effects richer
areas
 2ndly, The intensification or the growing
magnitude of interconnectedness, in almost
every sphere of social existence – intensification of world
trade to spread of WMD- SARS virus

16.  3rdly, The accelerating pace of global interaction
& processes as the evaluations of worldwide
systems of transport & communications increases
the rapidity or velocity with ideas, news, goods,
information, capital & technology move around
the world
 4thly, The growing extensity, intensity, & velocity
of global interactions is associated with a
deepening enmeshment of the local & global in
so far as local events may come to have global
consequences & global events can have serious
local consequences of the world as a shared social
space, that is globality or globalism

17.  But, this not the end. Indeed, there is more to the
concept of globalization than simply
interconnectedness
 What is that?
 It is: dissolution of the significance of
borders & boundaries which separate
the world into 193 independent
constituent states or national economic
& political spaces
 Question: would states let that happen?
 Answer : No, but how?

18.  Contrary to sceptics view of interdependence &
internationalization, between discrete bounded
national states, globalization deals with the shift
in human affairs
 Globalization is the structural change in the scale
of human, social and political activities which
used to be organized at local or national scale are
now organized at transnational or global scale
 Central to this structural change are
contemporary informative technologies &
infrastructures of communication &
transportations

19.  Although geography & distance still matter,
it is nevertheless the case that globalization
is synonymous with a process of time –
space compressions –literally a shrinking
world – in which the source of even very
local developments, from unemployment to
ethnic conflict, may be traced to distant
conditions or decisions
 Globalization is a process of de-
territorialization of social, political &
economic activities no longer organized

20.  In summary : globalizations is a process
which involves much more than simply
growing connections or interdependence
between states
 It is rather a historical process involving a
fundamental shift or transformation in the
spatial scale of human social organizations
that links distant communities & expands
the reach of power relations across regions
& continents

21.  Globalizations is evident in the growing
extensity, intensity, velocity, & deepening
impact of worldwide interconnectedness
 Globalizations denotes a shift in a scale of
social organizations, the emergence of the
world as a shared social space, the relative
detteritorialization of social, economic &
political activity, & the relative
detteritorialization of power

22.  Globalizations can be conceptualized as
fundamental shift or transformation in the
spatial scale of human social organization
that links distant communities & expands
the reach of power relations across regions
& contents
 Globalizations is to be distinguished from
internationalization & regionalization

23. Contemporary Globalization

24.  ‘The era of globalizations is over’ (Naim 2002)
 States have reasserted their power & borders have
been sealed, however imperfectly, in response to the
perceived worldwide terrorist threat
 Skeptics conclude that not only has globalization been
highly exaggerated but it is a myth which has
concealed the reality of a world which is less
interdependent
 One of the problems of the sceptical arguments is
that it tends to conflate globalizations solely with
economic trends

25. The Skeptical View of Globalizations

26.  Skeptical accounts of globalizations tend to dismiss its
significance for the study of world politics on the
ground that:
 By comparison with the period 1870 to 1914, the world is
much less globalized economically, politically & culturally
 Rather than globalization, the contemporary world is
marked by intensifying geopolitics, the regionalization, &
internationalizations
 The vast bulk of international economic & political activity
is concentrated within the group of OECD states

27.  By comparisons with the heyday of European
global empires, the majority of the world’s
populations & countries in the south are now
much less integrated into the global system

28. Patterns of Contemporary
Globalization

29. Globalization, to varying degree, is evident in all the principal
sectors of social activity ;
 Economic: in the economic sphere, patters of worldwide
trade, finance, & productions are creating global markets &, in
the process, a single global capitalist economy- what Castells
(2000) calls ‘global informational capitalism; multinational
corporation organize productions & marketing on a global
basis while the operation of global financial markets
determines which countries get credit & upon what terms
 Military: in the military domain the global arms trade; the
proliferations of weapons of mass destructions, the growth of
transnational terrorism, the growing significances of
traditional military corporations & the discourse of global
insecurity point to the existence of a global military order

30.  Legal: The expansions of transnational &
international law from trade to human rights
alongside the creations of new world legal
institutions such as International Criminal
Courte is indicative of an emerging global legal
order
 Ecological: a shared ecology involves shared
environmental problems, from global warning
to species protections, alongside the creations of
multilateral responses & regimes of global
environmental governance

31.  Culture: involves a complex mix of homogenization &
increased heterogeneity given the global diffusions of
popular culture, global media corporations,
communications networks, etc., ethnicity & difference
 But few culture are heretically sealed off from cultural
interaction
 Social: shifting patterns of migrations from South to
North & East to West have turned migration into a
major global issue as movements come close to the
record levels of great nineteen- century movements of
people

32. The Engines of Globalization

33. Globalizations focus on three
interrelated factors
 Techniques: Central to any account of globalization
since it is a truism that without modern
communications infrastructure, in particular, a global
system or worldwide economy would not be possible
 Economics: Crucial specially Economic Logic
Capitalist's insatiable requirement for new markets &
profits lead inevitably to the globalization of economic
activity

34.  Politics: - Shorthand here for ideas,
interests, & power- constitutes the third
logic of globalizations
 If technology provides the physical
infrastructure of globalization, politics
provides its normative infrastructure
 Government, such as those of the USA &
the UK, have been critical actors in
nurturing the process of globalization

35. Three Waves of Globalization

36.  In the first wave, the age of discovery (1450- 1850),
globalization was decisively shaped by European
expansions & conquest
 The second wave (1850- 1945), evidenced a major
expansions in the spread & entrenchment of
European empire
 Third wave; by compressions, contemporary
globalizations (1960 on) marks a new epoch in human
affairs
 Just as the industrial revolutions & the expansion of
the West in nineteen century defined a new age in
world history -So today the microchip & the satellite
are icons of a globalize world order

37. Summary
 The contemporary phase of globalizations has
proved more robust in the aftermath of 9/11
than the skeptics recognize
 Contemporary globalization is a
multidimensional, uneven, & asymmetrical
 Contemporary globalization is best described as
a thick form of globalizations or globalism

38. A World Transformed: Globalization &
Distorted Global Politics

39. The Westphalian Constitution of
world politics

40.  Territoriality: humankind is organized principally
into exclusive territorial (political) communities with
fixed borders
 Sovereignty: within its borders the state or
government has an entitlement to supreme,
unqualified & exclusive political & legal authority
 Autonomy : the principle of self- determination or
self – governance constructs countries as autonomous
containers of political, social & economic activity in
that fixed borders separate the domestic sphere from
the world outside

41. From State Centric to Geocentric
(Geopolitics to Global politics)

42. The Post- Westphalian Order
 Territoriality: Borders & territory still remain
important, not least for administrative purposes
 Under conditions of globalizations, however, a new
geography of political organizations & political power
is emerging which transcends terrorists & borders
 State sovereignty: The sovereign power & authority
of national government – the entitlement of states to
rule within their own terrorist space- is being
transformed but not necessarily eroded
 Sovereignty today is increasingly understood as
the shared exercise of public power & authority
between national, & global authorities

43.  State autonomy: in more interdependent
world, simply to achieve domestic objectives
national governments are forced to engage in
extensive multilateral collaboration & co –
operation
 But in becoming more embedded in system of
global & regional governance states confront a
real dilemma: in return for more effective public
policy & meeting their citizens’ demands,
whither in relations to the drugs trade or
employment, their capacity for self –
governance – that is state autonomy –
comprised

44. Summary
 Globalizations is transforming but not burying the
Westphalian ideal of sovereign statehood. It is
producing the disaggregated state
 Globalization requires a conceptual shift in our
thinking about world politics from a primarily
geopolitical perspective to the perspective of
geocentric or global politics of worldwide social
relations
 Global politics is more accurately described as
distorted global politics, because it is afflicted by
significant power asymmetries

45. From Distorted Global Politics to
Cosmopolitan Global Politics

46.  Globalization creates a double
democratic deficit in that it places
limits on democracy within states &
new mechanisms of global governance
which lack democratic credentials
 Global politics has engendered its own
global political theory which draws
upon cosmopolitan thinking

47.  Cosmopolitanism offers as account of
desirability & feasibility of the
democratization of global politics
 Distorted global politics can be
interpreted as expressing a contest
between the forces of stateism &
cosmopolitanism in the conduct &
management of world affairs