This document discusses gingival recession, including its definitions, classifications, etiology, factors affecting treatment outcomes, and treatments. It provides an overview of several classification systems for gingival recession, including those proposed by Sullivan and Atkins, Miller, Mahajan, Cairo, and Ashish Kumar. Miller's classification is the most widely used but has limitations, so modifications have been suggested. The document also proposes a new comprehensive classification system that aims to address the limitations of previous systems.
Bone loss and patterns of bone destructionvidushiKhanna1
- introduction
- bone resorption
- factors causing bone destruction in periodontal disease
-- destruction by extension of gingival inflammation
--- histopathology
--- pathways of spread of inflammation
--- radius of action
--- periods of destruction
---- mechanism of destruction
-- bone destruction caused by TFO
-- bone destruction caused by systemic disorders
- factors determining bone morphology in periodontal disease
-- normal variation of alveolar bone
-- exostosis
-- butressing bone formation
-- food impaction
-- agressive periodontitis
- patterns of bone destruction
-- horizontal bone loss
-- vertical or angular defects
-- osseous craters
-- bulbous bone contours
-- reversed architecture
-- ledges
- furcation involvement
-- classification
-conclusion
This document discusses the process and techniques for coronoplasty, which is a selective reduction of occlusal areas to influence mechanical contact situations and neural sensory input patterns. It describes the 10 basic steps for performing coronoplasty, which include adjusting the intercuspal position and retruded contact position, removing prematurities, establishing stable simultaneous contacts, testing and adjusting incisal contacts and excursions, and finishing with polishing rough surfaces. The goal is to establish an optimal occlusion with stable contacts, smooth excursions, and decreased tooth mobility and stress on the teeth and temporomandibular joints.
Certains medications have been associated with gingival enlargement.
the seminar gives a complete analysis of etilogy and pathogenesis involved in digo as well as sequlae of it
This document discusses furcation involvement and its treatment. It defines furcation as the area of division between roots in multi-rooted teeth. Furcation involvement occurs when periodontal disease invades this area. Factors that can lead to furcation involvement include long-term plaque, local anatomy like root length and shape, and trauma. Furcation involvement is classified using systems like Glickman or Tarnow & Fletcher based on severity and depth of invasion. Treatment depends on the grade of involvement and may include non-surgical approaches like scaling and root planing or surgical options like root resection, hemisection, or bicuspidization to eliminate furcation involvement.
This presentation describes the gingival recession, its classifications and theories of pathogenesis and different etiological factors in its progression.
This document discusses various surgical techniques for preserving the interdental papilla during periodontal regeneration procedures. It describes the conventional papilla preservation flap technique introduced by Takei in 1985, as well as several modifications including the modified papilla preservation flap, simplified papilla preservation flap, interproximal tissue maintenance technique, and whale's tail technique. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are summarized. A novel entire papilla preservation technique introduced in 2015 is also outlined, which aims to completely preserve the interdental papilla.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
This document discusses gingival recession, including its definitions, classifications, etiology, factors affecting treatment outcomes, and treatments. It provides an overview of several classification systems for gingival recession, including those proposed by Sullivan and Atkins, Miller, Mahajan, Cairo, and Ashish Kumar. Miller's classification is the most widely used but has limitations, so modifications have been suggested. The document also proposes a new comprehensive classification system that aims to address the limitations of previous systems.
Bone loss and patterns of bone destructionvidushiKhanna1
- introduction
- bone resorption
- factors causing bone destruction in periodontal disease
-- destruction by extension of gingival inflammation
--- histopathology
--- pathways of spread of inflammation
--- radius of action
--- periods of destruction
---- mechanism of destruction
-- bone destruction caused by TFO
-- bone destruction caused by systemic disorders
- factors determining bone morphology in periodontal disease
-- normal variation of alveolar bone
-- exostosis
-- butressing bone formation
-- food impaction
-- agressive periodontitis
- patterns of bone destruction
-- horizontal bone loss
-- vertical or angular defects
-- osseous craters
-- bulbous bone contours
-- reversed architecture
-- ledges
- furcation involvement
-- classification
-conclusion
This document discusses the process and techniques for coronoplasty, which is a selective reduction of occlusal areas to influence mechanical contact situations and neural sensory input patterns. It describes the 10 basic steps for performing coronoplasty, which include adjusting the intercuspal position and retruded contact position, removing prematurities, establishing stable simultaneous contacts, testing and adjusting incisal contacts and excursions, and finishing with polishing rough surfaces. The goal is to establish an optimal occlusion with stable contacts, smooth excursions, and decreased tooth mobility and stress on the teeth and temporomandibular joints.
Certains medications have been associated with gingival enlargement.
the seminar gives a complete analysis of etilogy and pathogenesis involved in digo as well as sequlae of it
This document discusses furcation involvement and its treatment. It defines furcation as the area of division between roots in multi-rooted teeth. Furcation involvement occurs when periodontal disease invades this area. Factors that can lead to furcation involvement include long-term plaque, local anatomy like root length and shape, and trauma. Furcation involvement is classified using systems like Glickman or Tarnow & Fletcher based on severity and depth of invasion. Treatment depends on the grade of involvement and may include non-surgical approaches like scaling and root planing or surgical options like root resection, hemisection, or bicuspidization to eliminate furcation involvement.
This presentation describes the gingival recession, its classifications and theories of pathogenesis and different etiological factors in its progression.
This document discusses various surgical techniques for preserving the interdental papilla during periodontal regeneration procedures. It describes the conventional papilla preservation flap technique introduced by Takei in 1985, as well as several modifications including the modified papilla preservation flap, simplified papilla preservation flap, interproximal tissue maintenance technique, and whale's tail technique. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are summarized. A novel entire papilla preservation technique introduced in 2015 is also outlined, which aims to completely preserve the interdental papilla.
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
TYPES OF TRAUMA FROM OCCLUSION
GLICKMAN CONCEPT
WAERHAUG CONCEPT
STAGES OF TISSUE RESPONSE TO INJURY
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF TFO
CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF TFO
TFO AND IMPLANTS
TREATMENT OF TFO
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
This document discusses periodontal response to external forces on teeth. It defines trauma from occlusion as injury to tissues from forces exceeding their adaptive capacity. Trauma can be acute or chronic, and primary (normal support) or secondary (reduced support). It discusses classifications and concepts around how gingival inflammation spreads to bone. Glickman's concept describes zones of irritation and co-destruction that are differentially affected. Waerhaug's concept is that bone loss is due exclusively to plaque inflammation. The stages of tissue response to increased forces are injury, repair, and adaptive remodeling.
Furcation involvement is a common sequela of severe chronic periodontal disease. Its effective management has a profound influence on the outcome of periodontal therapy.
Phase I periodontal therapy is the first in the chronologic sequence of procedures that constitute periodontal treatment. It is also referred to as cause related therapy or non-surgical periodontal therapy.
This document discusses bone destruction patterns caused by periodontal disease. It identifies the main causes of bone destruction as the extension of gingival inflammation, trauma from occlusion, and systemic disorders. It describes several patterns of bone loss seen in periodontal disease, including horizontal, vertical, osseous craters, bulbous contours, reversed architecture, ledges, and furcation involvement. The rate and episodic nature of bone destruction in periodontal disease is also covered.
In periodontology, classifications are widely used to categorize defects due to periodontitis according to their etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
Several classifications have been proposed in the literature in order to facilitate the diagnosis of gingival recessions.
4.furcation involvement and its treatmentpunitnaidu07
This document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth. It begins with introductions and definitions, then describes the anatomy of furcated teeth. Several classifications of furcation involvement are presented based on horizontal and vertical bone loss. Potential etiologies include dental plaque, local anatomic factors like furcation dimensions and root concavities, developmental anomalies, trauma, caries, and pulpal pathology. Diagnosis and various treatment options are also covered, along with prognostic factors and conclusions.
Non bone graft associated new attachment proceduresSupriyoGhosh15
This document provides an overview of periodontal regeneration and reconstructive periodontal surgery. It discusses the goals of periodontal therapy and definitions of regeneration, repair, and new attachment. Techniques for reconstructive osseous surgery and root biomodification are described. Guided tissue regeneration principles and various membrane types are explained. New approaches utilizing growth factors like PDGF, IGF, FGF, TGF-β, and BMPs to stimulate periodontal regeneration are introduced. Complications and clinical applicability of regenerative techniques are also summarized.
1. Osseous surgery involves modifying the alveolar bone support of teeth and includes techniques like osteoplasty and ostectomy. It aims to eliminate pockets and correct unphysiological bone architecture.
2. Factors in selecting a technique include the amount and location of bone loss, root trunk length, and anatomical limitations. Techniques range from non-resective procedures like osteoplasty to resective procedures like ostectomy.
3. Outcomes of osseous surgery generally include pocket elimination and establishment of physiological bone contours and architecture, though some bone loss from remodeling is expected in the range of 0.06mm to 1.2mm.
Periodontitis is a complex infection initiated by bacteria –tissue destruction.
Host: the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment/ an individual who receives a graft
Modulation: the alteration of function or status of something in response to a stimulus or an altered physical or chemical environment
This document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth. It begins with definitions of anatomical terms related to furcations. It then discusses various classifications of furcation involvement, ranging from initial/incipient involvement to more advanced through-and-through defects. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and factors affecting treatment outcomes are also covered. The document concludes with an overview of management approaches, which include maintaining the furcation, increasing access, removing the furcation, or closing it with new attachment.
RADIOGRAPHIC AIDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASERupal Patle
The document discusses the radiographic evaluation of periodontal disease. It begins by stating that radiographs are useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation but are an adjunct to clinical examination. Radiographs reveal changes to calcified tissues from past cellular activity but not current activity. Interdental septa and the lamina dura normally appear as thin radiopaque borders and variations in technique can distort radiographic findings. Early signs of periodontal disease on radiographs include fuzziness or breaks in the lamina dura continuity. Progressive bone destruction appears as wedge-shaped radiolucencies and reduced crest height. Furcation involvement and abscesses may also be visualized but radiographs have limitations. Clinical probing with radiopa
This document summarizes the classification of osseous defects caused by periodontal disease. It describes different types of horizontal bone loss including osseous craters and bulbous bony contours. It also discusses vertical/angular bone loss and classifications proposed by Glickman and Goldman/Cohen. Furcation involvement is classified using scales proposed by Glickman and Tarnow/Fletcher. Understanding the nature of these bone alterations is important for effective diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document discusses periodontal regeneration and the various factors involved. It begins by defining key terminology related to grafting and regeneration. It then discusses the biology and objectives of periodontal regeneration, including the ideal outcome of new attachment formation and factors that can influence outcomes. The document outlines various techniques for periodontal regeneration including non-graft associated approaches involving removal of epithelium and surgical techniques, as well as graft-associated approaches using various graft materials. Requirements for predictable regeneration and assessment methods are also summarized.
Definition of periodontal pocket, classification, Histopathology of periodontal pocket, microflora involved, pathogenesis, periodontal pocket as a healing lesion, microtopography of root surface, treatment of periodontal pocket
2017 classification of periodontal and periimplant diseasesDr. Bibina George
The document summarizes the key changes in the 2017 classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases compared to the 1999 classification. The 2017 classification introduces staging and grading systems for periodontitis to indicate disease severity and risk of progression. It also includes classifications for peri-implant health, mucositis, and implantitis, as well as mucogingival deformities. The document reviews these changes and provides references for the revised classification system.
This document provides an overview of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It begins with definitions of periodontal regeneration and GTR. It then discusses the history and development of GTR from the 1970s onwards. The core concept of GTR is explained, which is based on Melcher's hypothesis that only periodontal ligament cells can regenerate the periodontal attachment apparatus. Indications, contraindications, design criteria and objectives of GTR barriers are covered. The document classifies and compares advantages and disadvantages of absorbable versus non-absorbable membranes. Key factors affecting GTR outcomes are discussed. Surgical techniques and the healing of GTR-treated defects are described. The document concludes with additional considerations like complications and the
explained here is bone loos and patterns of bone loos in alveolar bone to various insults . Dr Harshavardhan pawal also gives emphasis on rate on bone loss and radius of action .
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves using instruments to remove diseased soft tissue from periodontal pockets. It defines curettage and provides the history of the procedure. The basic technique is described as using curettes to scrape the inner lining of the pocket to remove ulcerated epithelium and damaged connective tissue. Indications include edematous pockets aiming to reduce inflammation and shrink tissue. Healing after curettage is examined through a study showing revascularization of the wound site over time.
This document provides an overview of furcation involvement and its management. It begins with definitions of terminology related to furcation anatomy. It then discusses classifications of furcation involvement, including Glickman's classification. Etiology is outlined, including factors like dental plaque, cervical enamel projections, root trunk length, and trauma from occlusion. Diagnosis involves probing, bone sounding, and radiographs. Treatment and prognosis are also mentioned. In summary, the document defines furcation involvement, classifies its severity, and discusses its causes, diagnosis, and management.
This document discusses periodontal response to external forces on teeth. It defines trauma from occlusion as injury to tissues from forces exceeding their adaptive capacity. Trauma can be acute or chronic, and primary (normal support) or secondary (reduced support). It discusses classifications and concepts around how gingival inflammation spreads to bone. Glickman's concept describes zones of irritation and co-destruction that are differentially affected. Waerhaug's concept is that bone loss is due exclusively to plaque inflammation. The stages of tissue response to increased forces are injury, repair, and adaptive remodeling.
Furcation involvement is a common sequela of severe chronic periodontal disease. Its effective management has a profound influence on the outcome of periodontal therapy.
Phase I periodontal therapy is the first in the chronologic sequence of procedures that constitute periodontal treatment. It is also referred to as cause related therapy or non-surgical periodontal therapy.
This document discusses bone destruction patterns caused by periodontal disease. It identifies the main causes of bone destruction as the extension of gingival inflammation, trauma from occlusion, and systemic disorders. It describes several patterns of bone loss seen in periodontal disease, including horizontal, vertical, osseous craters, bulbous contours, reversed architecture, ledges, and furcation involvement. The rate and episodic nature of bone destruction in periodontal disease is also covered.
In periodontology, classifications are widely used to categorize defects due to periodontitis according to their etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
Several classifications have been proposed in the literature in order to facilitate the diagnosis of gingival recessions.
4.furcation involvement and its treatmentpunitnaidu07
This document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth. It begins with introductions and definitions, then describes the anatomy of furcated teeth. Several classifications of furcation involvement are presented based on horizontal and vertical bone loss. Potential etiologies include dental plaque, local anatomic factors like furcation dimensions and root concavities, developmental anomalies, trauma, caries, and pulpal pathology. Diagnosis and various treatment options are also covered, along with prognostic factors and conclusions.
Non bone graft associated new attachment proceduresSupriyoGhosh15
This document provides an overview of periodontal regeneration and reconstructive periodontal surgery. It discusses the goals of periodontal therapy and definitions of regeneration, repair, and new attachment. Techniques for reconstructive osseous surgery and root biomodification are described. Guided tissue regeneration principles and various membrane types are explained. New approaches utilizing growth factors like PDGF, IGF, FGF, TGF-β, and BMPs to stimulate periodontal regeneration are introduced. Complications and clinical applicability of regenerative techniques are also summarized.
1. Osseous surgery involves modifying the alveolar bone support of teeth and includes techniques like osteoplasty and ostectomy. It aims to eliminate pockets and correct unphysiological bone architecture.
2. Factors in selecting a technique include the amount and location of bone loss, root trunk length, and anatomical limitations. Techniques range from non-resective procedures like osteoplasty to resective procedures like ostectomy.
3. Outcomes of osseous surgery generally include pocket elimination and establishment of physiological bone contours and architecture, though some bone loss from remodeling is expected in the range of 0.06mm to 1.2mm.
Periodontitis is a complex infection initiated by bacteria –tissue destruction.
Host: the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment/ an individual who receives a graft
Modulation: the alteration of function or status of something in response to a stimulus or an altered physical or chemical environment
This document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth. It begins with definitions of anatomical terms related to furcations. It then discusses various classifications of furcation involvement, ranging from initial/incipient involvement to more advanced through-and-through defects. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis and factors affecting treatment outcomes are also covered. The document concludes with an overview of management approaches, which include maintaining the furcation, increasing access, removing the furcation, or closing it with new attachment.
RADIOGRAPHIC AIDS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASERupal Patle
The document discusses the radiographic evaluation of periodontal disease. It begins by stating that radiographs are useful for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation but are an adjunct to clinical examination. Radiographs reveal changes to calcified tissues from past cellular activity but not current activity. Interdental septa and the lamina dura normally appear as thin radiopaque borders and variations in technique can distort radiographic findings. Early signs of periodontal disease on radiographs include fuzziness or breaks in the lamina dura continuity. Progressive bone destruction appears as wedge-shaped radiolucencies and reduced crest height. Furcation involvement and abscesses may also be visualized but radiographs have limitations. Clinical probing with radiopa
This document summarizes the classification of osseous defects caused by periodontal disease. It describes different types of horizontal bone loss including osseous craters and bulbous bony contours. It also discusses vertical/angular bone loss and classifications proposed by Glickman and Goldman/Cohen. Furcation involvement is classified using scales proposed by Glickman and Tarnow/Fletcher. Understanding the nature of these bone alterations is important for effective diagnosis and treatment planning.
This document discusses periodontal regeneration and the various factors involved. It begins by defining key terminology related to grafting and regeneration. It then discusses the biology and objectives of periodontal regeneration, including the ideal outcome of new attachment formation and factors that can influence outcomes. The document outlines various techniques for periodontal regeneration including non-graft associated approaches involving removal of epithelium and surgical techniques, as well as graft-associated approaches using various graft materials. Requirements for predictable regeneration and assessment methods are also summarized.
Definition of periodontal pocket, classification, Histopathology of periodontal pocket, microflora involved, pathogenesis, periodontal pocket as a healing lesion, microtopography of root surface, treatment of periodontal pocket
2017 classification of periodontal and periimplant diseasesDr. Bibina George
The document summarizes the key changes in the 2017 classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases compared to the 1999 classification. The 2017 classification introduces staging and grading systems for periodontitis to indicate disease severity and risk of progression. It also includes classifications for peri-implant health, mucositis, and implantitis, as well as mucogingival deformities. The document reviews these changes and provides references for the revised classification system.
This document provides an overview of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It begins with definitions of periodontal regeneration and GTR. It then discusses the history and development of GTR from the 1970s onwards. The core concept of GTR is explained, which is based on Melcher's hypothesis that only periodontal ligament cells can regenerate the periodontal attachment apparatus. Indications, contraindications, design criteria and objectives of GTR barriers are covered. The document classifies and compares advantages and disadvantages of absorbable versus non-absorbable membranes. Key factors affecting GTR outcomes are discussed. Surgical techniques and the healing of GTR-treated defects are described. The document concludes with additional considerations like complications and the
explained here is bone loos and patterns of bone loos in alveolar bone to various insults . Dr Harshavardhan pawal also gives emphasis on rate on bone loss and radius of action .
The document discusses gingival curettage, which involves using instruments to remove diseased soft tissue from periodontal pockets. It defines curettage and provides the history of the procedure. The basic technique is described as using curettes to scrape the inner lining of the pocket to remove ulcerated epithelium and damaged connective tissue. Indications include edematous pockets aiming to reduce inflammation and shrink tissue. Healing after curettage is examined through a study showing revascularization of the wound site over time.
This document provides an overview of furcation involvement and its management. It begins with definitions of terminology related to furcation anatomy. It then discusses classifications of furcation involvement, including Glickman's classification. Etiology is outlined, including factors like dental plaque, cervical enamel projections, root trunk length, and trauma from occlusion. Diagnosis involves probing, bone sounding, and radiographs. Treatment and prognosis are also mentioned. In summary, the document defines furcation involvement, classifies its severity, and discusses its causes, diagnosis, and management.
Furcation involvement refers to bone loss affecting the base of the root trunk where two or more roots meet. It is diagnosed using probes and x-rays and classified based on the degree of horizontal and vertical bone loss. Factors like short root trunk length, root morphology, and cervical enamel projections increase furcation risk. Treatment depends on the classification and involves non-surgical methods for mild cases and surgical techniques like osseous resection, regeneration, root amputation, or extraction for more advanced cases. The goal is to facilitate plaque removal and prevent further attachment and bone loss.
furcation involvement seminar for dental studentsSupriyoGhosh15
This document provides information about furcation involvement, which refers to the invasion of the bifurcation or trifurcation areas of multi-rooted teeth by periodontal disease. It discusses the anatomy and morphology of root complexes, classifications of furcation involvement, and methods for diagnosis, including clinical examination, radiographic examination, and intraoperative measurements. The document also covers etiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, treatment modalities, and prognosis.
Class III malocclusion occurred when the lower teeth occluded mesial to their normal relationship by the width of one premolar or even more in extreme cases. (mesio-occlusion)
This document discusses bone destruction patterns seen in periodontal disease. It summarizes the different types of bone defects that can occur, including intrabony defects (1, 2, or 3 wall), angular defects, craters, dehiscences, and furcation involvement. Factors that can influence bone loss are also reviewed, such as the radius of effectiveness of bacterial plaque, rates of bone loss with/without treatment, trauma from occlusion, food impaction, and medical conditions. A variety of classification systems for bone defects are presented. Both clinical examinations and radiographs are important for diagnosis, though radiographs have limitations in depicting bone topography fully. Early diagnosis of risk factors can help prevent progression of periodontal disease and bone
This document discusses Class II Division 2 malocclusion. It begins by introducing Edward Hartley Angle, the father of modern orthodontics. It then defines Class II Division 2 malocclusion as a type of Class II malocclusion where the maxillary molars are mesially positioned relative to the mandibular molars. The document covers the etiology, features, diagnosis and treatment of Class II Division 2 malocclusion, noting that it can be caused by dental factors like tooth size discrepancies or skeletal factors like mandibular deficiency or maxillary excess. Muscular patterns are also discussed, noting that strong muscles may not allow proper bite opening in adult patients with this malocclusion.
This document provides an overview of different systems for classifying malocclusion. It describes Angle's classification system, which is based on the relationship between the maxillary first molar and mandibular first molar. It also discusses modifications to Angle's system by Dewey, Lischer, Bennet, Simon, and Ackermann-Profitt. The classifications help with diagnosis, treatment planning, communication, and comparisons by describing deviations from normal occlusion.
Fundamentals of Soft Tissue Grafting Principles for Dental Clinicians
by Dr. Jin Y. Kim
Board-Certified Periodontist
Lecturer, UCLA School of Dentistry
This document discusses furcation involvement, which refers to periodontal disease affecting the connection between roots in multi-rooted teeth. It defines furcation involvement and classifications, and describes the anatomical considerations for furcations. Treatment options are outlined, including non-surgical therapies like scaling and root planing, surgical options like osseous surgery or root resection, and regenerative approaches. Factors influencing treatment planning and prognosis are also summarized. Overall, the document provides an overview of furcation involvement, its assessment, and management strategies.
Detailed description on management of impacted maxillary and mandibular third molars. Surgical approaches and complications are also discussed in details.
This document discusses various methods for classifying malocclusion, including Angle's classification system. Angle's system categorizes malocclusions based on the relationship of the maxillary first molars, dividing them into Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. It also discusses modifications to Angle's system by Lischer and Dewey. The document outlines Simon's classification system which relates the dental arches to three anatomical planes. Finally, it discusses the British Standard classification system for incisor relationships and Ackerman and Proffit's classification system.
Class iii malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
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Furcation involvement refers to bone loss and attachment loss in the interradicular space of multi-rooted teeth, increasing the risk of tooth loss. It is prevalent in 5-20% of populations and more common in older individuals, maxillary molars, smokers, and those with severe periodontal disease. Etiology includes anatomic factors, enamel projections, and subgingival plaque. Treatment modalities include non-surgical procedures like scaling and root planing for mild cases, and surgical options like tunneling, root resection, and regeneration procedures for more advanced cases. Regeneration aims to recreate lost attachment but success depends on the initial furcation severity and type of regenerative therapy used.
1) The document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth due to periodontal disease. It defines furcation defects and provides terminology to describe root anatomy involved in furcation defects.
2) Classification systems for furcation defects from Hamp and Glickman are presented, ranging from initial horizontal bone loss to complete bone loss exposing the furcation.
3) Diagnosis and treatment options for different degrees of furcation involvement are outlined, including furcation plasty, tunnel preparation, root separation/resection, guided tissue regeneration, and extraction.
This document provides an overview of Class 3 malocclusion, including its typical dental, skeletal, and soft tissue presentations. It discusses the classification of Class 3 as mild, moderate, or severe based on the degree of skeletal vs. dental discrepancy. Treatment options include growth modification with devices like facemasks, dental camouflage techniques like extractions, and orthognathic surgery to correct severe skeletal discrepancies.
1. Gingival recession is the exposure of root surface caused by an apical shift in gingival position. It can be classified as visible, hidden, localized, or generalized.
2. Miller and Atkin & Sullivan classified gingival recession defects based on their location and amount of bone loss. Common causes of recession include age, faulty brushing technique, tooth malposition, gingival inflammation, abnormal frenal attachment, and masochistic habits.
3. Recession can be treated non-surgically through modifying risks or surgically through pedicle or free soft tissue grafts to cover exposed root surfaces and reduce sensitivity.
This study evaluated buccal soft tissue augmentation after periodontal plastic surgery using the modified coronally advanced tunnel technique and de-epithelialized gingival graft over a 1-year period via 3D quantitative analysis using intraoral scans. Patients received the procedure for Miller Class I or II gingival recessions and digital models were obtained at baseline and 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 1 year post-op. Parameters measured digitally in the region of interest included gingival recession height/width, root exposure area, and gains in gingival height and area. The study aims to provide a precise quantitative evaluation method for assessing minor soft tissue changes following periodontal plastic surgery.
This document provides an overview of class III malocclusion, including its definition, classification, prevalence, etiology, growth patterns, components, diagnosis, and treatment planning. Some key points:
- Class III malocclusion is defined as the maxillary first molar occluding in the mandibular first or second molar space.
- It can be classified as pseudo or skeletal and has a multifactorial etiology involving genetics, environment, and their interaction.
- Treatment options include growth modification, orthodontic camouflage, and orthognathic surgery, with the choice depending on the patient's age and type of malocclusion.
- Early treatment may be considered for
The document describes a case of a 28-year old male patient who presented with pain in his lower right back teeth. Clinical examination revealed grade II furcation involvement of tooth #46, along with radiographic evidence of bone loss. The proposed treatment plan was non-surgical therapy including scaling and root planing for tooth #46, followed by treatment of the furcation involvement using bone grafting and PRF placement.
CONTENETS
INTRODUCTION.
DEFINITION
TYPES OF WOUND.
PROCESS OF WOUND HEALING.
TYPES OF HEALING WOUNDS
PHASES OF WOUND HEALING
COMPLICATIONS OF WOUND HEALINGS.
FACTORS EFFECTING WOUND HEALING.
ROLE OF SALIVA AND GCF IN ORAL WOUND HEALING
CLINICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE HEALING AFTER PERIODONTAL SURGERY
HISTOLOGIC PATTERNS OF WOUND HEALING
HEALING FOLLOWING SCALING & ROOT PLANING
HEALING FOLLOWING CURETTAGE.
HEALING FOLLOWING GINGIVIECTOMY,FRENECTOMY,DEPIGMENTATION.
HEALING FOLLOWING FLAP SURGERY (FULL & PARTIAL THICKNESS).
HEALING FOLLOWING APICALLY REPOSTIONED FLAP.
HEALING FOLLOWING MODIFIED WIDMAN FLAP.
HEALING FOLLOWING FREE GINGIVAL GRAFT.
HEALING FOLLOWING PEDICLE SOFT TISSUE GRAFT.
HEALING FOLLOWING GTR PROCEDURES.
HEALING FOLLOWING REGENERATIVE AND RESECTIVE OSSEOUS SURGERY.
HEALING FOLLOWING SOCKET PRESERVATION.
HEALING FOLLOWING WILCKODONTICS.
HEALING FOLLOWING IMPLANT PLACEMENT.
HEALING FOLLOWING IMMEDIATE IMPLANT PLACEMENT.
HEALING AFTER ELECTRO CAUTERY.
HEALING AFTER LASER.
HEALING AFTER PIEZO SURGERY.
POTENTIAL ROLE OF FACTORS IN PERIODONTAL WOUND HEALING
INVITRO MODELS FOR EVALUATION OF PERIODONTAL WOUND HEALING
EVALUATION OF HEALING
HEALING INDEX.
APPLIED CLINICAL ASPECTS AND RECENT ADVANCES TO ENHANCE WOUND HEALING
CONCLUSION.
REFERNCES.
Periodontal Treatment of Medically Compromised Patients [Autosaved].pptxANIL KUMAR
The world's population is estimated to be over 7.7 billion. [1] Within this mass of humanity is a
substantial number of people who are elderly; the graying of the world's population is predicted to
produce millions of individuals with systemic medical conditions that can affect oral health and
dental treatment. The dental management of these medically compromised patients can be
problematic in terms of oral complications, dental therapy, and emergency care
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Macroscopic Features
• Microscopic Features
• Blood supply
• Nerve supply
• Lymphatic drainage
• Role of epithelium in defence mechanism
• Oxygen consumption of gingiva
• Correlation of Macroscopic with microscopic features
• Conclusion
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Some basic terminologies
Definition
Rational for use in dentistry
Effects of growth factors at various levels
Mode of action of growth factors
Receptors for growth factors
Common features of growth factors
Classification of growth factors
Type of growth factors and actions
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION:
Periodontal diseases result in destruction of periodontal tissues, including cementum, bone, and periodontal ligament (PDL), with eventual tooth loss if left untreated.
Traditional Method……Elimination of bacterial pathogens + Modulation of host response leads to Arrest / Slow disease progression.
Better understanding of the disease at the cellular and molecular level as well as events involved in tissue development, healing and regeneration has Improved therapies with Arrest Of Disease Progression & Ultimate goal is to regenerate the periodontal tissues.
SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGIES :
Repair:
Healing of a wound by tissue that does not fully restore the architecture or function of the part. (AAP, Glossary of periodontal terms, PAL). Repair simply restores the continuity of the diseased marginal gingiva and reestablishes a normal gingival sulcus at the same level on the root as the base of the preexistent periodontal pocket. This process called healing by scar, arrests bone destruction without necessarily increasing bone height (caranza).
Regeneration:
Is the growth and differentiation of new cells and intercellular substances to form new tissues or parts. Regeneration takes place by growth from the same type of tissue that has been destroyed or from it’s precursor. This is termed as wear and tear repair.
Reattachment:
The term has been used in past to refer to the restoration of the marginal periodontium.
As per (AAP-92) it is defined as the reunion of epithelial and connective tissues with root surfaces and bone such as occur after an incision or injury. It should not be confused with new attachment.
New attachment: is the embedding of new periodontal ligament fibers into new cementum and the attachment of the gingival epithelium to a tooth surface previously denuded by disease.
Epithelial adaptation:
Differs from new attachment in that it is the close apposition of the gingival epithelium to the tooth surface without complete obliteration of the pocket.
PERIODONTAL REGENERATION is defined as the restoration of lost periodontium or supporting tissues and includes formation of new alveolar bone, new cementum and new periodontal ligament.
There is a need, however, to improve the predictability of regenerative therapies.
This need has led to increased efforts, to establish the specific cells, factors, delivery systems, flap design, and host responses required for enhancing outcome of regenerative therapies.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
EMBRYOLOGY/DEVEOLPMENT
HISTOLOGY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GALNDS
ANATOMY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
AGE CHANGES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Introduction
History
Epidemiology AIDS
CDC definition and classification of AIDS
Virus structure
Mode of transmission
Life cycle of HIV
Clinical features-WHO classification
Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV
Periodontal manifestations of HIV
Periodontal management of HIV infected patients
Diagnostic tests
Sterilization and precautions to be taken
Conclusion
Introduction
Definition
Methods to control plaque
History
Mechanical plaque control
Chemical plaque control
Biological method of plaque control
Conclusion
References
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) connects the jaw bone to the skull. It is a complex synovial joint that allows for movement of the mandible during chewing and talking. The TMJ has both bony and soft tissue components including the condyle, glenoid fossa, articular disc, joint capsule, ligaments and muscles. The TMJ develops late in utero and has a complex anatomy that facilitates its range of motion. Disorders can affect the TMJ resulting in problems like pain, limited movement or locking of the jaw.
This document discusses the relationship between nutrition and periodontal health. It begins with definitions of key terms like diet, nutrition, and malnutrition. It then covers the major classes of nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It discusses how deficiencies in specific nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, and calcium can impact periodontal health. It also addresses how nutrition interacts with immunity and oral microorganisms, and can affect the epithelial barrier, wound healing, and periodontal repair processes. In summary, the document outlines the various ways in which nutrition plays a role in both supporting periodontal health and influencing the progression of periodontal disease.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
3. INTRODUCTION
Gingival recession is characterized by the displacement of the gingival
margin apically from the cemento-enamel junction, or CEJ, or from the
former location of the CEJ in which restorations have distorted the location
or appearance of the CEJ.
Gingival recession can be localized or generalized and be associated with
one or more surfaces. The resulting root exposure is not esthetically pleasing
and may lead to sensitivity and root caries. (Smith RG-1976).
Recession is not simply a loss of gingival tissue, it is a loss of clinical
attachment and the supporting bone of the tooth that was underneath the
gingiva.
4. DEFINITIONS
Gingival recession is the apical shift of the marginal gingiva from its normal
position on the crown of the tooth to levels on the root surface beyond the
cemento enamel junction
[Loe H-1992].
• Gingival recession is defined as “the displacement of marginal gingiva
apical to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ).” (American Academy of
Periodontology 1992)
5. • The term “marginal tissue recession” is considered to be more accurate than
“gingival recession,” since the marginal tissue may have been alveolar
mucosa.
• Marginal tissue recession is defined as the displacement of the soft tissue
margin apical to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ)
(American Academy of Periodontology 1996)
• Gingival recession is defined as the apical migration of the junctional
epithelium with exposure of root surfaces.
[Kassab MM, Cohen RE-2003].
6. CLASSIFICATION
Several classifications have been proposed in literature to facilitate the
diagnosis of gingival recessions.
Sullivan and Atkins (1968)
Mlinek (1973)
Liu and Solt (1980)
Bengue (1983)
Miller (1985)
Smith (1990)
Nordland and Tarnow (1998)
Mahajan (2010)
Cairo et al. (2011)
Rotundo et al. (2011)
Ashish Kumar and Masamatti (2013)
Prashant et al. (2014)
7. Sullivan and Atkins (1968)
It was 1st classifications proposed for gingival recession.Based on depth &
width of the defect,They 4 categories were.
Deep wide
Shallow wide
Deep narrow
Shallow narrow.
8. MILLER (1985)
Class I: Marginal tissue recession not extending to the mucogingival
junction (MGJ). No loss of interdental bone or soft-tissue. 100% root
coverage .
Class II: Marginal recession extending to or beyond the MGJ. No loss of
interdental bone or soft-tissue. 100% root coverage.
9. Class III: Marginal tissue recession extends to or beyond the MGJ. Loss of
interdental bone or soft-tissue is apical to the CEJ, but coronal to the apical
extent of the marginal tissue recession. Partial root coverage
10. Class IV: Marginal tissue recession extends to or beyond the MGJ. Loss of
interdental bone extends to a level apical to the extent of the marginal tissue
recession. No root coverage .
11. LIMITATIONS
1. The reference point for classification is MGJ.
The difficulty in identifying the MGJ creates difficulties in the classification
between Class I and II.
There is no mention of presence of keratinized tissue. A certain amount of
keratinized gingiva (in the form of free gingiva) will be evident in any tooth
with the gingival recession; the marginal tissue recession cannot extend to or
beyond the MGJ.
In such a case, Class II cannot be a distinct class and Classes I and II would
represent a single group.
12. 2.In Miller’s Class III and IV recession, the interdental bone or softtissue
loss is an important criterion to categorize the recessions.
The amount and type of bone loss has not been specified.
Mentioning Miller’s Class III and IV doesn’t exactly specify the level of
interdental papilla and amount of loss.
A clear picture of severity of recession is hard to project.
3. Class III and IV categories of Miller’s classification stated that marginal tissue
recession extends to or beyond the MGJ with the loss of interdental bone or soft-
tissue is apical to the CEJ.
The cases, which have inter-proximal bone loss and the marginal recession that
does not extend to MGJ cannot be classified either in Class I because of inter-
proximal bone or in Class III because the gingival margin does not extend to MGJ
13. 4. Miller’s classification doesn’t specify facial (F) or lingual (L)
involvement of the marginal tissue.
5. Recession of interdental papilla alone cannot be classified according to
the Miller’s classification. It requires the use of an additional classification
system.
6. Classification of recession on palatal aspect , the difficulty of the
applicability of Miller’s criteria on the palatal aspect of the maxillary arch can
be reasoned out to the fact that there is no MGJ on palatal aspect.
Therefore, a classification is required, which specifies the type of recession
and can also quantify the amount of loss. The classification should be able
to convey the status of the gingival recession and the severity of the
condition on palatal aspect.
14. 7. Miller’s classification, estimates the prognosis of root coverage following
grafting procedure. Miller stated that 100% coverage can be anticipated in
Class I and II recessions, partial root coverage in Class III and no root
coverage in Class IV.
This theoretical affirmation is not demonstrated by studies.
Miller also published a case report of an attempt to obtain 100% root
coverage in a class IV recession by coronally positioning a previously free
gingival graft (Miller & Binkley 1986), 1- year postoperative root coverage
was slightly
15. MAHAJAN’S MODIFICATION OF
MILLER’S CLASSIFICATION (2010)
Modifications suggested:
The extent of gingival recession defect in relation to MGJ should be
separated from the criteria of bone/soft tissue loss in interdental areas.
Objective criteria should be included to differentiate between the severity of
bone /soft tissue loss in class III and class IV.
Prognosis assessment must include the profile of the gingiva as thick
gingival profile favors treatment outcome and vice versa.
16. An outline of classification system including the above mentioned changes is
presented:
Class I GRD not extending to the MGJ.
Class II GRD extending to the MGJ/beyond it.
Class IIIGRD with bone or soft-tissue loss in the interdental area up to
cervical 1/3 of the root surface and/or mal-positioning of the teeth.
Class IV GRD with severe bone or soft- tissue loss in the interdental area
greater than cervical 1/3rd of the root surface and/or severe mal-
positioning of the teeth.
17. Prognosis :
• BEST Class I and Class II with thick gingival profile.
• GOOD Class I and Class II with thin gingival profile.
• FAIR Class III with thick gingival profile.
• POOR Class III and Class IV with thin gingival profile.
18. Classification based on the assessment of clinical attachment level at both
buccal and interproximal sites.
Recession Type 1 (RT1): Gingival recession with no loss of interproximal
attachment. Interproximal CEJ was clinically not detectable at both mesial and
distal aspects of the tooth
Francesco Cairo et al (2011)
19. Recession Type 2 (RT2):Gingival recession associated with loss of
interproximal attachment.
The amount of interproximal attachment loss (measured from the
interproximal CEJ to the depth of the pocket) was less than the buccal
attachment loss (measured from the buccal CEJ to the depth of the buccal
pocket).
20. Recession Type 3 (RT3): Gingival recession associated with loss of
interproximal attachment.
The amount of interproximal attachment loss (measured from the
interproximal CEJ to the depth of the pocket) was higher than the buccal
attachment loss (measured from the buccal CEJ to the depth of the buccal
pocket).
21. Proposed classification of
gingival recession (ASHISH
KUMAR AND SUJATHA
MARIAMSETTI 2013)
This classification can be applied for facial surfaces of maxillary teeth and
facial and lingual surfaces of mandibular teeth.
Interdental papilla recession can also be classified according to this new
classification.
A distinct classification for gingival recession on palatal aspect is also being
proposed
22. Class I: There is no loss of interdental bone or soft-tissue. This is sub-classified
into two categories:
Class I-A: Gingival margin on F/L aspect lies apical to CEJ, but coronal to
MGJ with attached gingiva present between marginal gingiva and MGJ.
Class I-B: Gingival margin on F/L aspect lies at or apical to MGJ with an
absence of attached gingiva between marginal gingiva and MGJ.
23. Class II: The tip of the interdental papilla is located between the interdental
contact point and the level of the CEJ mid-buccally/mid-lingually.
Interproximal bone loss is visible on the radiograph. This is subclassified into
three categories:
Class II-A: There is no marginal tissue recession on F/L aspect
24. Class II-B: Gingival margin on F/L
aspect lies apical to CEJ but coronal to
MGJ with attached gingiva present
between marginal gingiva and MGJ.
Class II-C: Gingival margin on F/L
aspect lies at or apical to MGJ with an
absence of attached gingiva between
marginal gingiva and MGJ.
25. Class III: The tip of the interdental papilla is located at or apical to the level of
the CEJ mid-buccally/mid-lingually. Interproximal bone loss is visible on the
radiograph. This is sub-classified into two categories:
Class III-A: Gingival margin on F/L
aspect lies apical to CEJ, but coronal to
MGJ with attached gingiva present
between marginal gingiva and MGJ.
Class III-B: Gingival margin on F/L
aspect lies at or apical to MGJ with
an absence of attached gingiva
between marginal gingiva and MGJ.
Either of the subdivisions can be on
F or L aspect or both (F and L).
26. Facial and lingual sites of root exposure on the same tooth are assessed
separately.
The IR being proposed consists of two digits separated by a dash (e.g F2- 4*).
The first digit denotes the horizontal and the second the vertical component
of a site of recession, with the pre- fixed letter (F or L) denoting whether the
recession is on the facial or lingual aspects of the tooth, and an asterisk (*)
denoting involvement of the MGJ.
INDEX OF RECESSION BY SMITH(1997)
28. The position of interdental papilla remains the basis of classifying gingival
recession on palatal aspect.
The criteria of sub-classifications have been modified to compensate for the
absence of MGJ.
PR-I deals with marginal tissue recession on palatal aspect with no loss of
interdental bone or soft-tissue.
PR-II and PR-III deal with the loss of interdental bone/soft tissue with
marginal tissue recession on palatal aspect
CLASSIFICATION OF PALATAL
GINGIVAL RECESSION
29. Palatal recession-I
There is no loss of interdental bone or softtissue. This is sub-classified into two
categories:
PR-I-A: Marginal tissue recession ≤3 mm from CEJ.
PR-I-B: Marginal tissue recession of >3 mm from CEJ
30. Palatal recession-II
The tip of the interdental papilla is located between the interdental contact
point and the level of the CEJ midpalatally. Interproximal bone loss is visible
on the radiograph. This is sub-classified into two categories:
PR-II-A: Marginal tissue recession ≤3 mm from CEJ.
PR-II-B: Marginal tissue recession of >3 mm from CEJ
31. Palatal recession-III
The tip of the interdental papilla is located at or apical to the level of the CEJ
midpalatally. Interproximal bone loss is visible on the radiograph. This is sub-
classified into two categories:
PR-III-A: Marginal tissue recession ≤3 mm from CEJ.
PR-III-B: Marginal tissue recession of >3 mm from CEJ.
32. According to ALBANDEN & KINGMEN(1988-1994)
youngest age (30 to 39 years), the prevalence was 37.8%.
In oldest , aged 80 to 90 years, had a prevalence of 90.4%.
extent of recession were significantly higher in males than females
gingival recession was most prevalent for the maxillary first molars and the
mandibular central incisors.
buccal sites exhibited much higher prevalence and more severe recession
than mesial sites within each age, gender, and race/ethnic group.
PREVELANCE
33. DEVELOPMENT OF RECESSION
(GOLDMAN, 1973, BAKER, 1976)
A. subclinical inflammation B. Clinical inflammation & proliferation of rete pegs.
C.Increased epithelial proliferation resulting in loss of connective
tissue core.
D. Merging of epithelium and resulting in separation and recession of
gingival tissues.
34. ETIOLOGY OF GINGIVAL RECESSION
Moscow and Bressman (1966)
Faulty tooth brushing;
Tooth malpositioning;
Friction from soft tissue;
Periodontal inflammation;
Abnormal frenal attachment;
Oral habits;
Iatrogenic factors.
Aldritt (1968)
Alveolar bone dehiscence.
35. Inadequate attached gingiva
Malpositioning of teeth
Osseous dehiscence (or) thin facial plate
Predisposing
factors
Vigorous brushing
Lacerations
Recurrent inflammation
Iatrogenic factors
(1)Precipitating
factors
HALL(1977)
WOOFER (1969)
Increases with the age , 8% in children to 100% in adult over 50 yrs.
Tooth malpositiong and traumatic bleeding.
STONER (1980)
Prominent on mandibular 1st premolars and canines.
As width of keratinized gingiva decreases gingival recession increases.
SERINO (1994)
predominantly found on buccal surface.
36. McCall Festoons & Stillman’s clefts
Mc Call Festoons:
Rolled, thickened band of gingiva usually seen adjacent to the cuspids when
recession approaches MGJ.
Stillman’s clefts
A narrow triangular shaped recession.
As the recession progress apically, the cleft becomes broader exposing
the cementum of the root surface When the lesion reaches mucogingival
junction the boarder of the oral mucosa is usually inflamed because of the
difficulty in maintaining adequate plaque control at this site.
39. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
1. Exposed root surfaces are susceptible to caries.
2. Abrasion or erosion of the cementum
Underlying dentinal suface
Sensitivity
3. Hyperemia of pulp may also result from excessive exposure of root surfaces.
4.Interproximal recession creates oral hygiene problems & resulting plaque
accumulation
44. Key factors in the selection of
surgical procedures
Recipient Site Donor Site
1. Gingival recession is limited to one
tooth or extends to multiple teeth
1. Whether area adjacent to gingival
recession can be used as a donor site
2. Degree of gingival recession Amount of Keratinized gingiva
3. Amount and thickness of existing
keratinized gingiva in the area of
recession
Thickness of keratinized gingiva
4. Whether the area of recession protrudes
labially from the dental arch
Size of adjacent interdental papilla
5. The relation between the gingival
recession area and smile line
Thickness of the alveolar bone
covering the donor tissue
6. Restorative/Prosthodontic treatment
after root coverage is necessary
2. Thickness of palatal soft tissue used as
donor tissue
47. PEDICLE GINGIVAL GRAFT
Advantages
One surgical area
Blood supply of flap preserved
Post op color match is in harmony with surrounding tissues
Disadvantages
Applicable for single tooth
Minor and shallow recession
Pedicle gingival grafts are classified according to the direction of' flap migration.
1. Rotational flap- flap rotated or displaced laterally
• Laterally positioned flap
• Transpositional flap
• Double papilla flap
2. Advanced flap-flap placed without rotation or lateral migration
• Coronally positioned flap
48. Introduced by Grupe and warren 1956.
Advantages:
• Good vascularity
• Ability to cover denuded root surface
• One surgical site
Disadvantages:
• Recession at donor site,Guinard,1978
• Dehiscence or fenestration at donor site
• Limited to 1 or 2 teeth
LATERALLY POSITIONED FLAP
49. Indications:
a. For covering the isolated denuded root.
b. When there is sufficient width of interdental papilla in the adjacent
teeth, and Sufficient vestibular depth.
Contraindications:
a. Presence of deep interproximal pockets.
b. Excessive root prominence.
c. Deep or extensive root abrasion or erosion
50. Procedure for laterally positioned flap
• Step I : Preparation of the recipient site:
Epithelium is removed around the denuded root surface.
Exposed connective tissue will be the recipient site for
laterally displaced flap. The root surface will be thoroughly scaled and
root planed.
51. Step II: Prepare the flap of the donor site:
The periodontium of the donor site should have satisfactory
width of the attached gingiva and minimal bone loss without
fenestration or dehiscence.
A full thickness or partial thickness flap may be used.
With a # 15 blade , a vertical incision is made extending from marginal
gingiva in to the mucogingival junction.
A crevicular incision is then made from the vertical incision to the
defect.
A flap is then raised utilizing either partial thickness or full thickness
reflection.
52. • Step III: Transfer the flap: Slide the flap laterally on to the adjacent
root, making sure it lies flat, firm with out excess tension on the base.
• Fix the flap with adjacent gingiva with interrupted sutures.
• Step IV: Protect the flap and donor site.:
• cover the area with aluminum foil and periodontal dressing
53. COMPLICATIONS
• Slight recession at the donor site – Most common;
• Necrosis or loosening of the flap;
• The flap will loosen if the dissection was insufficient, and the flap was
sutured with tension.
VARIANTS
• Staffileno,1964 Partial thickness flap to avoid recession at donor site.
• Pfeifer and Heller,1971 Reattachment more likely with full thickness
flap.
• Ruben et al demonstrated partial and full thickness pedicle flap
54. Transpositional Flaps
• Bahat et al" modified the oblique rotated flap introduced by Pennel et.
al., This is called the transpositional flap
Advantages:
1. Predictability in areas of narrow root exposure;
2. Possible to avoid gingival recession at the donor site.
Disadvantages:
1. Sufficient length and width of the interdental papilla adjacent to the
gingival recession area necessary;
2. Not suitable for multiple tooth root coverage.
55.
56. Double papillae Laterally positioned flap
• Introduced by Waienberg in 1964 ,Modified by Cohen and Ross,1968.
Indications
• When interdental papilla adjacent to receded area is sufficient wide
AG on approximating teeth is insufficient to cause lateral
displacement
Advantages
• Risk of loss of bone is less as interdental bone is more resistant
• Papilla usually supply greater width of AG
Reasons for failure
• Inadequate suturing
57.
58. CORONALLY ADVANCED FLAP
In these procedure , a partial thickness flap is created apical to the
area of recession and is then repositioned coronally to cover the root.
Introduced by Norberg in 1956
Harvey in 1965 used it with FGG
Bernomoulin in 1975 first reported the coronally positioned graft
succeeding grafting with a free gingival autograft.
Coined by Pini and Prato in 1999
Two-stage procedure:
In the first stage, a free gingival graft placed apical to the margins of
the recession to be treated.
The second stage occurred a few months later, when the graft was
coronally positioned over the denuded root surfaces.
59. Maynard (1977) outlined the following requirements as criteria for
success when using coronally positioned flaps:
Shallow crevicular depths on proximal surfaces
Normal interproximal bone heights
Tissue height within 1 mm of the cemento-enamel junction of
adjacent teeth
Six-week healing of the free gingival graft prior to coronal
positioning
Reduction in root prominence
Adequate release of the flap during the second-stage surgery to
prevent retraction during healing
60. TECHNIQUE
STEP I:
With two vertical incisions, delineate the flap. These incisions
should go beyond the mucogingival junction.
Make an internal bevel incision from the gingival margin to the
bottom of the pocket to eliminate the diseased pocket wall.
Elevate a mucoperiosteal flap using careful sharp dissection.
Step II:
Scale and plane the root surface, and the root is treated with citric
acid.
The papillae are de-epithelialized
61. Step III:
Return the flap and suture it at a level coronal to the pretreatment
position.
Cover the area with a periodontal pack, which is removed along
with the sutures after 1 week.
The pack is replaced for an additional week if necessary.
Complications
Results with the coronally displaced flap technique are not often favorable
owing to the presence of insufficient keratinized gingiva.
To solve this and increase the chance of success, a gingival extension
operation with a free autogenous graft can be performed.
This creates several millimeters of attached keratinized gingiva apical to the
denuded root .
62. Semilunar coronally positioned flap
(Tarnow -1986)
INDICATIONS
It is designed primarily for attaining esthetic root covrage wher only 2-3
mm of root coverage is required.
Advantages
• No vestibular shortening
• No need for sutures.
Disadvantages
• Inability to treat large area of recession
• Requires FGG if underlying Dehiscence or fenestration is resent
63. This is a one-stage, no-suture, coronally repositioned flap aimed at
correcting mild gingival recessions.
A semilunar incision is made following the curvature of the free
gingival margin that extends into the papillae.
A split-thickness dissection coronally from the incision to connect it to
an intra sulcular incision
The loosened flap, is connected at the papillae, is coronally
repositioned to cover the recession.
No sutures are placed.
The healing is uneventful.
64.
65. Coronally advanced flap for multiple recession
• Zucchelli & de Sanctis (2000) have recently introduced a
modification of this procedure to treat multiple recession defects.
• A split–full–split approach was used to elevate the flap; this
permitted to maintain the maximum soft tissue thickness above the root
exposure.
66. Sneha W et al. Zucchelli’s Modified Coronally Advanced Flap Technique for the Treatment of Multiple Recession Defects.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2017:16; 4; 57-61.
67. STUDIES REGARDIND COMPARISON OF CAF AND OTHER TECHNIQUES AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAFTS
& MEMBRANE USED FOR ROOT COVERAGE CAF TECHNIQUE
Cairo F, Pagliaro U, Nieri M. Treatment of gingival recession with coronally advanced flap procedures: a systematic review. J
Clin Periodontol 2008; 35 (Suppl. 8): 136–162.
68. Cairo F, Pagliaro U, Nieri M. Treatment of gingival recession with coronally advanced flap procedures: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35
(Suppl. 8): 136–162.
69. Free gingival Autografts
Most common techniques used for gingival augmentation apical to the area
of recession.
Bjorn in 1963, and Sullivan & Atkins in 1968, were the first to describe the
free gingival autograft.
Later it was used to attempt coverage of exposed root surfaces (Sullivan &
Atkins 1968; Holbrook & Ochsenbein 1983; Miller 1985).
Indications
Covering roots in areas of gingival recession.
For covering non pathologic dehiscence and fenestration
Increasing the amount of keratinized tissue
Increasing the vestibular depth
70. CONTRAINDICATIONS.
• Lack of donar tissue thickness.
• Medically compromised patients( uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension,bleeding
disorders, anticoagulant therapy).
• When the mesiodistal width of denuded roor is significantly larger than the
interproximal periosteal bloodsupply, so that the graft would not rceive an adequate
blood supply.
• An unaccepetable color mismatch between the grafted site and adjacent gingiva.
ADVANTAGES
• High degree of predictability .
• Simplicity
• Ability to treat multiple teeth
• Used in cases of reduced KG
• Can be used as one site or 2site procedure
DISADVANTAGES
• 2 operative sites
• Compromised blood supply
• Greater discomfort
• Retention of graft
71. Preparation of recipient site
The purpose of this step is to prepare a firm connective tissue bed to receive
the graft.
Submarginal incision, either a single horizontal incision at MGJ or 2 vertical
incisions joined at MGJ
Extend the incisions to approximately twice the desired width of the
attached gingiva, allowing for 50% contraction of the graft when healing is
complete.
Insert a #15 blade along the cut gingival margin and separate a flap
consisting of epithelium and underlying connective tissue without
disturbing the periosteum.
Procedure
72. Extend the flap to the depth of the vertical incisions. If a narrow band of
attached gingiva remains after the pockets are eliminated, it should be left
intact.
Make an aluminum foil template of the recipient site to be used as a pattern
for the graft.
Suture the flap where the apical portion of the free graft will be located.
73. Preparation of donor site
Reiser et al. in 1996 reported that the neurovascular bundle could be located
7–17 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of the maxillary premolars
and molars.
According to these authors, in an average palatal vault the distance from the
CEJ to the neurovascular bundle is 12 mm. That distance is shortened to 7
mm in case of a shallow palatal vault and lengthened to 17 mm
Other research has shown genderrelated variations. The mean height of the
palatal vault, as measured from the midline of the palate to the CEJ of the
first molars, is 14.90± 2.93 mm in men and 12.70 ± 2.45 mm in women
(Redman et al 1965
74. Anatomy of a donor region.
• Palatal vessels and nerve running from the
greater and lesser palatine foramina to the
interincisive foramen.
• The anterior palatal submucosa is mainly
fatty, whereas the posterior palatal
submucosa is mainly glandular
After measuring the denuded area with a periodontal probe at the recipient
site, the measurements of the palate should be recorded and the graft outline
traced with the scalpel .
The graft thickness should be close to 1.5 mm, which approximately
corresponds to the length of the bevel on a no. 15 blade, and should not be
too thick or too thin. The dissection is done with a no. 15 blade kept parallel
to the epithelial outer side of the graft, not the long axis of the tooth
75. Orban 1966 Raterschak,1979 minimal primary contraction due to the
presence of less elastic fibres and 25 to 45% secondary contraction in
thin to intermediate.
Davis,1966 greater primary contraction in thick to full thickness but
minimal secondary contraction due to the presence of thicker lamina
76. Subepithelial connective tissue grafts
First described in the literature in 1985 (Langer & Langer1985; Raetzke
1985).
Later on the technique was modified by NELSON(1967).
INDICATIONS
Root coverage in areas of gingival recession (mild, moderate, or severe)
Gingival coverage of exposed implant abutment or metal collar.
Increase in the width of attached gingiva
Ridge augmentation (edentulous area)
77. CONTRAINDICATION
Broad shallow palate
Excessive glandular or fatty palatal mucosa
ADVANTAGES
High predictability
Dual blood supply
Less discomfort at donor site
Esthetic harmony
For multiple sites
DISADVANTAGES
Technique sensitive
Complicate suturing
78. Edel (1974) Trapdoor technique. The palatal portion opposite to the molars
is selected for harvesting the graft. A primary incision is made along the
long axis of the teeth, near the gingival margin. A total of 1 horizontal and 2
vertical incisions are made, the flap is raised, and the graft is harvested. The
undersurface of an edentulous region can also be used for harvesting the
graft. Complete wound closure is achieved
Techniques for harvesting a subepithelial connective tissue
graft (SCTG) from the palate.
79. Langer & Calagna (1980) If the periodontium is normal, a horizontal bevel
incision is made on the palate 1 mm apical to the free gingival margin of the
posterior teeth. This is followed by vertical incisions at either end, and the
graft is harvested from the palatal side
80. Langer & Langer (1985) A rectangular design, with 2 horizontal and 2
vertical incisions, results in an SCTG with an epithelial collar of 1.5-2.0 mm
in width
Raetzke (1985) this technique employs no vertical incisions but 2 converging
horizontal, crescent-shaped incisions that intersect deep within the palate,
just shy of bone, producing a wedge of SCTG with an epithelial collar.
a,b: Two incisions 1-2mm apart carried to depth of palatal mucosa, where they converge just short
of bone; c: A wedge of tissue with epithelium at its edge is dissected
81. Hürzeler & Weng (1999) Single-incision technique. A single horizontal
incision is made on the palate, 2 mm from marginal gingiva. Initially the blade
is angled to 90 degrees, and then it is angled to 135 degrees to undermine the
flap. The SCTG is removed by making the incision to the bone on all sides of
the uncovered SCTG. This approach has several advantages: Sloughing of
epithelium due to an unfavorable relationship between the flap base and
pedicle length will be avoided, postoperative healing is better, and patient
morbidity is decreased
82. Bruno (1994)Double-incision technique. The first incision is made
perpendicular to the long axis of the teeth about 2-3 mm apical to the gingival
margin of the maxillary teeth, falling just short of the bone. The second incision
is made parallel to the long axis of the teeth but 1-2 mm apical to the first
incision. A small periosteal elevator is used to raise a full-thickness periosteal
SCTG
84. Puri K, Kumar A, Khatri M, Bansal M, Rehan M, Siddeshappa ST. 44-year journey of palatal connective tissue graft harvest: A
narrative review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019;23:395-408.
85. Puri K, Kumar A, Khatri M, Bansal M, Rehan M, Siddeshappa ST. 44-year journey of palatal connective tissue graft harvest: A
narrative review. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2019;23:395-408.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90. 1. Insufficient height of interdental bone and soft tissue.
2. Horizontal incision placed apical to the CEJ.
3. Reflection of all interdental papilla.
4. Flap penetration.
5. Inadequate root planing.
6. insufficient blood supply from surrounding tissue due to inadequate
recipient site preparation.
7. Connective tissue graft too small. Connective tissue graft too thick.
8. Connective tissue graft inadequate for root coverage and coronal
placement.
9. Insufficient coronal migration of flap covering the graft.
Causes of Failure of Connective Tissue Grafts
91.
92. Pouch and Tunnel Technique
Introduced by Zabalegui, 1999.
The pouch and tunnel technique is also referred to as the coronally
advanced tunnel technique.
To minimize incisions and the reflection of flaps and to provide
abundant blood supply to the donor tissue, placement of the
subepithelial donor connective tissue into pouches beneath papillary
tunnels allows intimate contact of donor tissue with the recipient site.
93. Positioning of the graft in the pouch and through the tunnel and
coronal placement of the recessed gingival margins completely
covers the donor tissue.
The technique is especially effective for the anterior maxillary area in
which vestibular depth is adequate and there is good gingival
thickness.
Advantages
For multiple adjacent teeth
Minimize incisions and reflection of flap
Abundant blood supply
94.
95.
96. HEALING FOLLOWING FREE SOFT TISSUE
GRAFTS
Healing of free soft tissue grafts placed entirely on a connective
Tissue recipient bed has been studied in monkeys and can be
Divided into the following three phases. (Oliver et al.1988)
0 – 3 day (initial phase):
Plasmatic circulation
The epithelium of the free graft degenerates early in the initial
healing phase, and subsequently it becomes desquamated.
97. 2-11 day (revascularization phase):
After 4-5 days of healing, anastomoses are established between the
blood vessels of the recipient bed and those in the grafted tissue.
At the same time, a fibrous union is established between the graft and
the underlying connective tissue bed .
If a free graft is placed over the denuded root surface, apical
migration of epithelium along the tooth-facing surface of the graft
may take place at this stage of healing.
98. 11-42 days (tissue maturation phase):
• After approximately 14 days the vascular system of the graft appears
normal. Also the epithelium gradually matures with the formation of
a keratin layer during this stage of healing.
• Another healing phenomenon frequently observed following the free
graft procedures is “Creeping Attachment” i.e. coronal migration of
the soft tissue margin.
• This occurs as a consequence of tissue maturation during a period of
about 1 year post treatment.
99. Guided Tissue Regeneration
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is defined by the American Academy of
Periodontology as a procedure attempting to regenerate lost periodontal
structures through differential tissue responses.
It involves the use of resorbable or non resorbable barriers (membranes) to
exclude epithelial and connective tissue cells from the root surface during
wound healing.
This is believed to facilitate the regeneration of lost cementum, periodontal
ligament, and alveolar bone.
100. In1950 Hurley used barrier membrane to develop a gap between soft and hard
tissue and this described GTR.
Melsher in 1976 hypothesis - certain cells in periodontium have create new
periodontal apparatus, if they get crowd the wound
The term Guided Tissue Regeneration 1986 by Gottlow.
Pini-Prato et al. (1992) and Tinti & Vincenzi (1994) reported the use of an ePTFE
membrane to treat gingival recessions.
Cortellini et al 1993 reported 3.66mm of connective tissue attachment with
2.48mm of new cementum and 1.84mm of bone growth histologically.
HISTORY
101. MEMBRANES CAN BE NON ABSORBABLE OR ABSORBABLE
Non absorbable membrane
Cellulose filters
Expanded poly tetrafluoro ethylene membranes.
Absorbable membranes
Collagen membranes
Polylactic acid
Polyglycolic acid and polylactic acid
Synthetic liquid polymer Polyglactin.
Calcium sulfate
Acellular dermal allografts
Oxidized cellulose mesh
102. INDICATIONS
Intra bony or two or three walled vertical defects. (deeper than 4mm).
Class II furcation involvement.
Class III furcation involvement.
Treatment for receeded gingiva.
Bone augmentation.
Repair of apicocectomy defects.
CONTRATINDICATIONS
Very severe defect where periosteum is minimally remained.
Horizontal defect.
In case of flap perforation
ADVANTAGES
Gain of new attachment
Donor site not necessary
Predictable root coverage
DISADVANTAGES
Technically demanding
Costly
103. Qualities and patterns for membranes was stated by Scantlebury in 1993.
Biocompatibility.
Cell exclusion.
Space maintenance.
Tissue integration and simple to use.
Mechanical strength.
Degradability
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEMBRANE
104. After proper anesthesia, the recession is root planed thoroughly and flattened using a
Gracey curette or a back-action chisel. The root is conditioned for 5 min with
tetracycline paste.
Two vertical releasing incisions are made at the line angles of the tooth with the
recession .
These releasing incisions must pass the mucogingival junction for the flap to be
mobile.
TECHNIQUE
105. An intrasulcular incision connects the two verticals coronally.
A full-thickness flap is raised using a periosteal elevator that will enable bone
visibility 3 mm apical to the exposed root.
The flap is then converted to a partial thickness one apically that will enable coronal
mobilization.
At this stage, the buccal flap, full at the top and partial at the bottom, when moved
coronally should be able to cover and lie passively on the recession.
The papillae are de-epithelialized, and the membrane is trimmed and adjusted to
cover the recession.
106. The membrane should extend approximately 2 mm beyond the borders of the
recession mesially, distally, and apically.
The membrane should be coronally placed at the level of the cementoenamel junction
and sutured in place with a circumferential sutureand a palatally tied knot.
The knot is then palatally tucked into the gingival sulcus.
When the sulcus is shallow, a small intrasulcular incision will help deepen it.
Once the membrane is secured, the buccal flap is coronally moved and secured to the
papillae with interrupted sutures
107.
108. Acellular Dermal Matrix Graft
(AlloDerm)
AlloDerm is donated human soft tissue that is processed to remove dermal
cells, leaving behind a regenerative collagen matrix.
This allograft is a freeze-dried, cellfree, dermal matrix comprised of a
structurally integrated basement-membrane complex and extracellular
matrix in which collagen bundles and elastic fibers are the main components
HISTORY.
Originally intended to cover burn wounds (Wainwright 1995)
Has been introduced as a less invasive alternative to soft tissue grafting
(Silverstein & Callan 1997).
Is a freeze-dried, cell free, dermal matrix
109. TECHNIQUE
After scaling and root planning, the root surfaces are conditioned.
A partial thickness flap creating a pouch is formed using a no. 15 blade.
A partial thickness flap creating a pouch is formed using a no. 15 blade.
The AlloDerm is rehydrated in two consecutive 10- to 15- min sterile saline
baths (depending on size and thickness of the piece used). The graft is
inserted into the pouch with the connective tissue against the recipient bed.
110. The papillae are de-epithelialized, and the graft is immobilized with
resorbable sutures at the level of the cemento-enamel junction .
The buccal flap is then sutured over the AlloDerm to cover the graft as much
as possible. It is important to not leave any AlloDerm exposed.
111. GRAFT HEALING
Significant revascularization occurs in just over 1 week.
AlloDerm is repopulated with cells and will begin remodeling into the
patient’s own tissue over the next 3–6 months. Up to 41% shrinkage of the
graft has been reported during that period (Batista et al. 2001).
The material will also take the characteristics of the underlying and
surrounding tissues (for example, keratinized tissue or mucosa).
Do not be concerned by the whitishness of the graft after surgery; it is not
tissue necrosis. This color reflects normal healing.
112. The final results are seen 2–3 years later.
It is important to remember that, when evaluating the results, the
concept of gain of attached gingiva or keratinized gingiva is replaced
by gain of gingival volume.
The absence of keratinized tissue with this technique after
successful root coverage is not uncommon, nor detrimental to the
results.
113.
114. platelet concentrates
Platelet concentrates have been in use for the past 30 years, and its use stems
from the ability of the fibrin glue to enhance healing.
Fibrin, the activated form of the plasmatic molecule fibrinogen, plays a
determining role in the platelet aggregation during hemostasis.
Fibrin glue is a human-derived tissue adhesive that can be used for
hemostasis and healing of tissues, and is derived from two components, the
first containing human fibrinogen and coagulation factors IX and varying
amounts of plasma proteins, and the second component containing the
thrombin (Burnouf et al. 2008, Choukroun et al. 2006)
115. Classification of platelet concentrates
FIRST GENERATION
P-PRP Without leucocytes,low density fibrin Liquid or gel solutions
L-PRP With leucocytes , low density fibrin Liquid or gel solutions
SECOND GENERATION
P-PRF Without leucocytes ,high density fibrin strong gel forms,solid material
L-PRF With leucocytes ,high density fibrin strong gel forms,solid material
I-PRF Injectable form
A-PRF Advanced form
T-PRF Titanium tubes
116. PLATELET RICH PLASMA
Griffin, 2004 suggested use of platelet concentrate carried by collagen sponge as graft
substitute.
Lien Hui,2005 used it with CAF
Yen and Jankovic,2007 used PRP with CTG and found accelerated wound healing
and attachment formation
Advantages
Decreases pain and bleeding as less invasive
Increases tissue thickness
Decreases infection and graft sloughing
Decreases healing time, mature tissue within 1 week
Promotes vascularization
Accelerates wound healing
117. Rachita Dhurat et al.Principles and Methods of Preparation of Platelet-Rich Plasma. Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery
.2014: 7;4.
118. PLATLET RICH FIBRIN
Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) consists of a strictly autologous fibrin matrix rich
in platelets, leukocyte cytokines, and various growth factors.
It was described in France by Choukroun in 2001(Choukroun et al. 2006), it is
a second-generation platelet concentrate used for its ability to enhance tissue
repair and regeneration.
119. PREPARATION OF PRF
10 ml sample collection sample in collecting tubes centrifugation at 3000 rpm
for 10 min
After centrifugation
PRF Prf in sterile metal
cup
PRF is placed on the grid
in the PRF Box
PRF Box
PRF Box® is used to create PRF membranes.
Serum exudate collects in the bottom of the box
beneath the grid
120. No biochemical handling of blood.
Simplified and cost effective process.
No use of bovine thrombin and anticoagulants.
Favorable healing due to low polymerization.
More efficient cell migration and proliferation.
Supportive effect on immune system.
Helps in haemostasis.
ADVANTAGES OF PRF OVER PRP
121. Moraschini, V., & Barboza, E. dos S. P. (2016). Use of Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membrane in the Treatment of Gingival Recession: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Periodontology, 87(3), 281–290.
STUDIES RELATED TO
PRF
122. Amniotic Membrane
The amniotic membrane used in various fields in medicine including eye
surgery, burns, and temporary biologic dressings for full thickness wounds,
to decrease postoperative pain, reconstruction of damaged or malformed
organs, and prevention of tissue adhesion.
Human amniotic membrane is the innermost layer of the placenta and lines
the amniotic cavity.
It is composed of a single layer of epithelial cells, a basement membrane,
and an avascular connective tissue matrix.
123. The basement membrane contains collagen Types III, IV, V, and
cell-adhesion bioactive factors including glycoproteins, fibronectin, and
laminins (laminin-5 plays a role in the cell adhesion of gingival cells).
It also contains stem cells and growth factors such as epidermal growth
factor, transforming growth factor beta, fibroblast growth factor, and
platelet-derived growth factor aid in the formation of granulation tissue
Authors Studies Results
Ankita Jain et al (2017) PRF v/s AMNIOTIC MEMBRANE by
CAF
PRF and dehydrated AM proved to be
equally
Effective.
Bolla Vet al (2019) CAF+Amniotic membrane increase in height and thickness of
keratinized gingiva from 3
to 3.5 mm and 1.5 to 2 mm, respectively
124. ROOT BIOMODIFICATION
ROOT PREPARATION:
Use of instruments or chemicals on roots to eliminate irritants, prevent
bacterial accumulation, and encourage wound healing.
Many root conditioners have been introduced to facilitate detoxification,
decontamination and the removal of smear layer, to promote the exposure
of the collagenous matrix of dentin and cementum for the attachment of
collagen fibres.
125. 1833 Marshall presented a case of pocket eradication after the use of
aromatic sulfuric acid.
1890s Stewart described the use of acids in conjunction with the mechanical
removal of calculus and cementum.
Register, et al. in (1973) to perform the first controlled study on the use of
acid on root surfaces.
Terranova, et al. in 1986 have shown that the tetracycline treatment of root
surface suppresses laminin binding and epithelial cell growth and
attachment.
HISTORY
126. CLASSIFICATION OF ROOT SURFACE
BIOMODIFICATION AGENTS
Bhushan K, Chauhan G, Prakash S (2016) Root Biomodification in Periodontics - The Changing Concepts. J Dent Oral Care
Med 2(1): 105.
127. CITRIC ACID- RATIONALE FOR USE
Antibacterial effect (Daly et al. 1982)
Root detoxification (Aleo et al. 1974)
Exposure of root collagen and opening of dentinal tubules (Polson et al.
1984)
Removal of smear layer (Polson et al. 1984)
Initial clot stabilization (Wikesjo et al. 1991)
Demineralization prior to cementogenesis (Register, 1975)
Enhanced fibroblast growth and stability (Boyko et al. 1980)
128. RECOMMENDED TECHNIQUE
Raise a mucoperiosteal flap
Thoroughly instrument the root surface-removing calculus & underlying
cementum.
Apply cotton pellets soaked in saturated solution of citric acid. *20-30%
concentration PH1(61 gm of citric acid per 100 ml of distilled water is added
to achieve pH of 1)
Leave for 2-4 minutes. Remove pellets. Irrigate root surface profusely with
water.
Replace the flap & suture it.
129. DRAWBACK OF CITRIC ACID
Formation of extremely acidic environment in the surrounding
tissues, which may result in unfavorable wound healing responses
Its low pH has also been shown to induce cytotoxic effects when in
direct contact with periodontal cells .
The factors influencing the effects of citric acid on root surface
include concentration of the acid, duration of application and mode
of application.
130. EVIDENCES RELATED TO DIFFERENT ROOT
CONDITIONERS
REFERENCE SUBJECTS
/SAMPLES
PROCEDURE/
INTERVENTION OBSERVATION
INFERENCE
CAFESSE et al,1987 Human in vivo study .6
months duration
N=25
Lateral sliding flap, root
planing and citric acid
application
Improvement in clinical
parameters but
nonsignificant findings
The lateral sliding flap
provides satisfactory
root coverage with or
without citric acid
Dalhouse et al 1995 Human in vivo study. 8
Weeks duration.
N=7
Flap, scaling and root
planing, tetracycline
Reduction in probing
depth and gain in
clinical attachment level
Tetracycline root
conditioning shows
improvement in all
clinical parameters
Cafesse et al 1988 Human in vivo study.
N=29
Modified Widman
flap+Citric
acid+Fibronectin
Reduction in Probing
pocket depth,gain in
clinical attachment level
Changes observed after
MWF with citric acid +
fibronectin is
significantly greater
than modified Widman
flap alone.
Blomlof et al 2000 Human in vivo study,6
Months duration
N=68
Flap, root planing and
EDTA
No staitistically
significant differences
observed after 3 and 6
months
EDTA etching of root
surfaces did not
contribute to
elimination of
Periodontal pockets or
increase in CAL
131. Microsurgery
Daniel RK. (1979) broadly defined microsugery as surgery performed under the
magnification provided by operating microscope.
In 1978, Apotheker and Jako first introduced the microscope to dentistry.
In 1993, Shanelec and Tibbetts presented a continuing education course on
periodontal microsurgery at the annual meeting of the American Academy of
Periodontology.
Principles of Microsurgery
1. Improvement of motor skills, thereby enhancing surgical ability.
2. An emphasis on passive wound closure with exact primary apposition of the wound
edge.
3. The application of microsurgical instrumentation and suturing to reduce tissue
trauma.
132.
133. Indications
Periodontal plastic surgery,
Cosmetic restorative
Gingival augmentation procedures,
Soft and hard tissue ridge augmentation,
Dental implant placements,
Double papilla flaps.
Apical or coronal repositioned flaps.
Connective tissue grafts.
Pedicle or sliding flaps.
Microsurgical techniques are especially
beneficial to mucogingival procedures
134. (Burdhardt& Lang 2005)
concluded that performing root coverage techniques microsurgically versus
macrosurgically substantially improved the vascularization of connective
tissuegrafts and the percentage of additional root coverage.
Sandro Bittencourt et al 2012.
concluded that microsurgical and conventional surgical procedures were capable of
producing root coverage, but use of surgical microscope was associated with
additional clinical benefits in the treatment of teeth with gingival recession
Thankkappan et al 2012.
compared 2 different types of root coverage procedures using periodontal
microsurgical approach. It showed that use of microsurgical instruments helped to
deliver precise incision , better visual acuity and improved illumination which
facilitates to gain a better final outcome
135. Kian Jian et al Microsurgery for root coverage: A systematic review. Pak J Med Sci. 2015 Sep-Oct; 31(5): 1263–1268
137. The management of gingival recession and its sequelae is based on athorough
assessment of the etiological factors and the degree of involvement of the tissues. The
initial part of the management of the patient with gingival recession should be
preventive and any pain should be managed and disease should be treated.
The degree of gingival recession should be monitored for signs of further
progression. When esthetics is the priority and periodontal health is good then
surgical root coverage is a potentially useful therapy.
Numerous therapeutic solutions for recession defects have been proposed in the
periodontal literature and modified with time according to the evolution of clinical
knowledge.
Careful case selection and surgical management are critical if a successful outcome is
to be achieved
Conclusion
138. REFERENCES
Carranza’s Clinical periodontology – 10TH & 12h ed
Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry – Jan Lindhe 6 th ed
Periodontal Surgery – a clinical atlas – Naoshi Sato
Practical periodontal plastic surgery – Serge Dibart
Textbook of Periodontology and Oral Implantology - Dilip G. Nayak.
Color Atlas of Dental Hygiene Periodontology by Herbert F. Wolf, Thomas M
Hall's Critical Decisions in Periodontology 4 edition.
Mucogingival esthetic surgery – Zucchelli.
PERIODONTICS_Medicine_Rose_Genco.
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Umberto Pagliaro, Michele Nieri, Debora Franceschi,Carlo Clauser,and Giovanpaolo Pini-Prato. Evidence-
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Periodontol • May 2003
The etiology and Prevalence of gingival recession – Moawia M.Kassab, Rober E. Cohen – JADA Feb 2003
139. The use of free gingival grafts for aesthetic purposes Paulom. Camargo, Philip R.Melnick & E. Barrie Kenney
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