This document discusses the relationship between nutrition and periodontal health. It begins with definitions of key terms like diet, nutrition, and malnutrition. It then covers the major classes of nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It discusses how deficiencies in specific nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, and calcium can impact periodontal health. It also addresses how nutrition interacts with immunity and oral microorganisms, and can affect the epithelial barrier, wound healing, and periodontal repair processes. In summary, the document outlines the various ways in which nutrition plays a role in both supporting periodontal health and influencing the progression of periodontal disease.
this presentation is on the relationship and effect of nutrition on general and oral health
management of few cases and pictures of the same are also included
this presentation is on the relationship and effect of nutrition on general and oral health
management of few cases and pictures of the same are also included
Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing interest is the effect of periodontal diseases on numerous systemic diseases or conditions like cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low birth weight babies, preeclampsia, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis, renal diseases, which has also been scientifically validated. This side of the oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine and is potentially of great public health significance, as periodontal disease is largely preventable and in many instances readily treatable, hence, providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving prognosis of several systemic pathologic conditions. in this power point Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , highlights the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases as an essential part of preventive medicine to circumvent its deleterious effects on general health.
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated, e.g. O2− (superoxide radical), OH (hydroxyl radical) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , Chemically, oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione.The effects of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain its original state. However, more severe oxidative stress can cause cell death and even moderate oxidation can trigger apoptosis, while more intense stresses may cause necrosis.
Production of reactive oxygen species is a particularly destructive aspect of oxidative* stress. Such species include free radicals and peroxides. Some of the less reactive of these species (such as superoxide) can be converted by oxidoreduction reactions with transition metals or other redox cycling compounds (including quinones) into more aggressive radical species that can cause extensive cellular damage.Most long-term effects are caused by damage to DNA
Host microbial interaction in periodontal diseaseAnushri Gupta
Bacterial Evasion of Host Defense Mechanisms
Immunological Aspects of Microbial Host Interaction
Connective Tissue Alterations:Tissue Destruction in Periodontitis
BONE RESORPTION
Influence of systemic disorders on periodontal diseases is well established. However, of growing interest is the effect of periodontal diseases on numerous systemic diseases or conditions like cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, pre-term low birth weight babies, preeclampsia, respiratory infections and others including osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, erectile dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, gastrointestinal disease, prostatitis, renal diseases, which has also been scientifically validated. This side of the oral-systemic link has been termed Periodontal Medicine and is potentially of great public health significance, as periodontal disease is largely preventable and in many instances readily treatable, hence, providing many new opportunities for preventing and improving prognosis of several systemic pathologic conditions. in this power point Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , highlights the importance of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases as an essential part of preventive medicine to circumvent its deleterious effects on general health.
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage. Disturbances in the normal redox state of cells can cause toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all components of the cell, including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Oxidative stress from oxidative metabolism causes base damage, as well as strand breaks in DNA. Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated, e.g. O2− (superoxide radical), OH (hydroxyl radical) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling. Thus, oxidative stress can cause disruptions in normal mechanisms of cellular signaling. Dr Harshavardhan Patwal , Chemically, oxidative stress is associated with increased production of oxidizing species or a significant decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione.The effects of oxidative stress depend upon the size of these changes, with a cell being able to overcome small perturbations and regain its original state. However, more severe oxidative stress can cause cell death and even moderate oxidation can trigger apoptosis, while more intense stresses may cause necrosis.
Production of reactive oxygen species is a particularly destructive aspect of oxidative* stress. Such species include free radicals and peroxides. Some of the less reactive of these species (such as superoxide) can be converted by oxidoreduction reactions with transition metals or other redox cycling compounds (including quinones) into more aggressive radical species that can cause extensive cellular damage.Most long-term effects are caused by damage to DNA
Host microbial interaction in periodontal diseaseAnushri Gupta
Bacterial Evasion of Host Defense Mechanisms
Immunological Aspects of Microbial Host Interaction
Connective Tissue Alterations:Tissue Destruction in Periodontitis
BONE RESORPTION
Nutrition is the science that interprets the nutrients and other substances in food in relation maintenance,growth,reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism
and excretion.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Biological diversity, or biodiversity, is the scientific term for the variety and variability of life on Earth. Biodiversity is the key indicator of the health of an ecosystem. Every living thing, including man, is involved in these complex networks of interdependent relationships, which are called ecosystems.
Like all healthy ecosystems, Richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states.Microbiota Biodiversity helps us : 1- Combat aggressions from other microorganisms, 2- Maintaining the wholeness of the intestinal mucosa. 3- Plays an important role in the immune system, 4- Performing a barrier effect.5- A healthy and balanced gut microbiota is key to ensuring proper digestive functioning. A gut out of balance means a body out of balance which means illness including Inflammation, Allergies, Infections, Nutrient deficiencies, Weight Gain, Asthma-allergies – Autoimmunity
• Arthritis, Metabolic Bone disease, Skin problems e.g. eczema, Rosacia, Mood disorders - Cognitive decline-Alzheimers and Cancer.
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Intestine part of the alimentary canal is prone to many infections which we term as nutritional diseases which may lead to its inflammation. The various infectious agents causing nutritional disorders are bacteria, virus, tapeworms, roundworms, threadworms, hookworm, pin worm etc. Here are some common nutritional diseases or disorders of the digestive system (marasmus)
CONTENETS
INTRODUCTION.
DEFINITION
TYPES OF WOUND.
PROCESS OF WOUND HEALING.
TYPES OF HEALING WOUNDS
PHASES OF WOUND HEALING
COMPLICATIONS OF WOUND HEALINGS.
FACTORS EFFECTING WOUND HEALING.
ROLE OF SALIVA AND GCF IN ORAL WOUND HEALING
CLINICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE HEALING AFTER PERIODONTAL SURGERY
HISTOLOGIC PATTERNS OF WOUND HEALING
HEALING FOLLOWING SCALING & ROOT PLANING
HEALING FOLLOWING CURETTAGE.
HEALING FOLLOWING GINGIVIECTOMY,FRENECTOMY,DEPIGMENTATION.
HEALING FOLLOWING FLAP SURGERY (FULL & PARTIAL THICKNESS).
HEALING FOLLOWING APICALLY REPOSTIONED FLAP.
HEALING FOLLOWING MODIFIED WIDMAN FLAP.
HEALING FOLLOWING FREE GINGIVAL GRAFT.
HEALING FOLLOWING PEDICLE SOFT TISSUE GRAFT.
HEALING FOLLOWING GTR PROCEDURES.
HEALING FOLLOWING REGENERATIVE AND RESECTIVE OSSEOUS SURGERY.
HEALING FOLLOWING SOCKET PRESERVATION.
HEALING FOLLOWING WILCKODONTICS.
HEALING FOLLOWING IMPLANT PLACEMENT.
HEALING FOLLOWING IMMEDIATE IMPLANT PLACEMENT.
HEALING AFTER ELECTRO CAUTERY.
HEALING AFTER LASER.
HEALING AFTER PIEZO SURGERY.
POTENTIAL ROLE OF FACTORS IN PERIODONTAL WOUND HEALING
INVITRO MODELS FOR EVALUATION OF PERIODONTAL WOUND HEALING
EVALUATION OF HEALING
HEALING INDEX.
APPLIED CLINICAL ASPECTS AND RECENT ADVANCES TO ENHANCE WOUND HEALING
CONCLUSION.
REFERNCES.
Periodontal Treatment of Medically Compromised Patients [Autosaved].pptxANIL KUMAR
The world's population is estimated to be over 7.7 billion. [1] Within this mass of humanity is a
substantial number of people who are elderly; the graying of the world's population is predicted to
produce millions of individuals with systemic medical conditions that can affect oral health and
dental treatment. The dental management of these medically compromised patients can be
problematic in terms of oral complications, dental therapy, and emergency care
• Introduction
• Definitions
• Macroscopic Features
• Microscopic Features
• Blood supply
• Nerve supply
• Lymphatic drainage
• Role of epithelium in defence mechanism
• Oxygen consumption of gingiva
• Correlation of Macroscopic with microscopic features
• Conclusion
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Some basic terminologies
Definition
Rational for use in dentistry
Effects of growth factors at various levels
Mode of action of growth factors
Receptors for growth factors
Common features of growth factors
Classification of growth factors
Type of growth factors and actions
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION:
Periodontal diseases result in destruction of periodontal tissues, including cementum, bone, and periodontal ligament (PDL), with eventual tooth loss if left untreated.
Traditional Method……Elimination of bacterial pathogens + Modulation of host response leads to Arrest / Slow disease progression.
Better understanding of the disease at the cellular and molecular level as well as events involved in tissue development, healing and regeneration has Improved therapies with Arrest Of Disease Progression & Ultimate goal is to regenerate the periodontal tissues.
SOME BASIC TERMINOLOGIES :
Repair:
Healing of a wound by tissue that does not fully restore the architecture or function of the part. (AAP, Glossary of periodontal terms, PAL). Repair simply restores the continuity of the diseased marginal gingiva and reestablishes a normal gingival sulcus at the same level on the root as the base of the preexistent periodontal pocket. This process called healing by scar, arrests bone destruction without necessarily increasing bone height (caranza).
Regeneration:
Is the growth and differentiation of new cells and intercellular substances to form new tissues or parts. Regeneration takes place by growth from the same type of tissue that has been destroyed or from it’s precursor. This is termed as wear and tear repair.
Reattachment:
The term has been used in past to refer to the restoration of the marginal periodontium.
As per (AAP-92) it is defined as the reunion of epithelial and connective tissues with root surfaces and bone such as occur after an incision or injury. It should not be confused with new attachment.
New attachment: is the embedding of new periodontal ligament fibers into new cementum and the attachment of the gingival epithelium to a tooth surface previously denuded by disease.
Epithelial adaptation:
Differs from new attachment in that it is the close apposition of the gingival epithelium to the tooth surface without complete obliteration of the pocket.
PERIODONTAL REGENERATION is defined as the restoration of lost periodontium or supporting tissues and includes formation of new alveolar bone, new cementum and new periodontal ligament.
There is a need, however, to improve the predictability of regenerative therapies.
This need has led to increased efforts, to establish the specific cells, factors, delivery systems, flap design, and host responses required for enhancing outcome of regenerative therapies.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
EMBRYOLOGY/DEVEOLPMENT
HISTOLOGY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GALNDS
ANATOMY OF SALIVARY GLANDS
AGE CHANGES
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION
CLASSIFICATION
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHEMICAL MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
REFERENCES
Introduction
History
Epidemiology AIDS
CDC definition and classification of AIDS
Virus structure
Mode of transmission
Life cycle of HIV
Clinical features-WHO classification
Classification of oral lesions associated with HIV
Periodontal manifestations of HIV
Periodontal management of HIV infected patients
Diagnostic tests
Sterilization and precautions to be taken
Conclusion
Introduction
Definition
Methods to control plaque
History
Mechanical plaque control
Chemical plaque control
Biological method of plaque control
Conclusion
References
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2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
LOCAL EFFECT OF DIET ON PERIODONTAL HEALTH
INTERACTION OF IMMUNITY, INFECTION & NUTRITIONAL
STATUS
NUTRITION AND PERIODONTAL HEALTH
INTERRELATIONSHIP
NUTRITION AND EPITHELIAL BARRIER
EFFECT OF NUTRITION UPON ORAL MICROORGANISMS.
HOST NUTRITION AND PLAQUE BIOFILM
WOUND HEALING AND NUTRITION
NUTRITION AND HEALING
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
Nutrition defined as the science of how the body utilizes food
to meet requirements for development, growth, repair and
maintenance.
Nutrition includes digestion, absorption, assimilation and
the actual use of nutrients by the cells of the body
4. Lavoisier often referred to as the Father of Science of
Nutrition.
Nutrition plays primarily a modifying role in the
progression of periodontal disease.
However, nutrition may alter development, resistance,
and/or repair of the periodontium.
5. DEFINITIONS
DIET: is total oral intake of substance that provides
nourishment and energy.(Nizel,1989)
NUTRITION: is science of food and its relationship to
health. It is concerned primarily with part played by
nutrients in body growth, development and
maintenance.( WHO 1971)
MALNUTRITION: impaired health related to nutrient or
caloric deficiency, absorption, utilization or excretion
6. CLASSIFICATION
Nutrients: These are organic and inorganic complexes
contained in food.
Each nutrient has specific functions in the body
7. PROTEINS
Made up off smaller units called aminoacids.
DAILYREQUIREMENT:60-65 gms/day for adults
FUNCTIONS:
Necessary for growth and repair of the body.
Build up new tissues during the period of
growth or pregnancy & lactation.
8. Required for the formation of digestive enzymes,
hormones, plasma proteins, hemoglobin and vitamins.
PROTEIN DEFICIENCY & PERIODONTAL DISEASE
Degeneration of the connective tissue of the gingival and
periodontal ligament.
Osteoporosis of alveolar bone.
Retardation in the deposition of cementum.
Delayed wound healing.
9. CARBOHYDATES
DAILY REQUIREMENT: 300-500 gm/day
FUNCTIONS
Primary function is to provide a source of energy to
facilitate body metabolism (1200 kcal).
Brain and nervous tissue utilize only glucose as energy
source (5 grams per hour).
10. FATS AND OILS
Fats are solid at 20 deg c.
Called oils if they are liquid at that temperature.
11. DAILY REQUIREMENTS: 10-20 gms/day
FUNCTIONS
Serve as vehicle for fat soluble vitamins.
Essential fatty acids are required for the body growth and
structural integrity
FAT AND ITS ROLE IN DISEASE
OBESITY
CORONARY HEART DISEASE
CANCER
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
CHRONIC SWELLING OF PAROTID GLANDS due to
disturbances in lipid metabolism.
12. VITAMINS
Vitamins may be defined as organic compounds
occurring in small quantities in natural foods which are
necessary for growth and maintenance of good health
in human beings.
Funk et al (1912) coined the term vitamin from the
words Vital + Amine.
1915-Mc Collum and Davis classified vitamins into fat
soluble and water soluble vitamins.
13. FUNCTIONS:
Acts as co- enzyme.
Regulate metabolism by releasing energy from fats,
carbohydrates.
Involved in AA metabolism.
Acts as catalysts.
18. Charles F. Hildebolt 2005 - demonstrate that calcium
and vitamin D are important adjuncts to standard
treatments for preventing and treating periodontal
disease.
Stein et al 2013 – The ability of vitamin D to stimulate
the innate response through the production of
antimicrobial peptides, such as beta defisins and
cathelicidin, would strengthen physical barriers and
make it more difficult for pathogens to breach the
epithelium.
19. Dr. Bonnet et al 2019 - provide modest evidence
supporting a relation between low 25(OH)D
concentrations and periodontal disease as measured by
GI and LOA.
Nithya Anand et al 2020 - The 1, 25(OH) 2D3-VDR
system plays a significant role in oral homeostasis and its
dysfunction leads to periodontal disease. Through its
effect on bone and mineral metabolism, innate immunity,
and several vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms,
vitamin D has been reported to be associated with the
periodontal disease.
20.
21.
22.
23. Deficiency of vitamin K leads
to the lack of active
prothrombin in the
circulation.
The result is that blood
coagulation is adversely affected.
Hypervitaminosis K
Administration of large doses of vitamin K produces
hemolytic anemia and jaundice, particularly in infants.
The toxic effect is due to increased breakdown of RBC.
24. Non B- complex
Vitamin C
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
B-complex
Energy releasing
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Pyridoxine (B6)
Biotin (B7)
Folic acid (B9)
Cynacobalamine (B12)
Hemotopoietic
29. PELLAGRA (Italian: rough skin)
Skin, GIT & CNS
3D’s – Dermatitis, Diarrhoea, Dementia
Not treated 4th D – Death
Dermatitis :Inflammation of skin exposed to sunlight
Diarrhoea : Loose stools, often with blood and mucus
Dementia (Degeneration of nervous tissue) : Anxiety,
irritability, poor memory, insomnia etc
DEFICIENCY
30. The functions of pantothenic acid are exerted
through coenzyme A or CoA
RDA-Adults 5-10 mg/day
31.
32.
33. Formerly known as anti-egg white injury factor,
vitamin B7 or vitamin H
It directly participates as a coenzyme in the
carboxylation reactions
34. High consumption of raw eggs. The raw egg white
contains a glycoprotein avidin, which tightly binds with
biotin and blocks its absorption from the intestine
35.
36. Folatedeficiency causes gingival enlargement.
Lack and Thomson, studied the effects of supplementation
with folic acid on pregnancy gingivitis concluded that
topical folate application produces significant improvement
in gingival health compared to systemic administration and
placebo.
41. The Importance Of Vitamin C Or Ascorbic Acid In
Periodontal Health Has Been Known Since Long.
Vitamin C Is A Potent Antioxidant Radical Scavenger
And Is Found To Be In The Aqueous Phase Severe
Vitamin C Deficiency Leads To A Severe Periodontal
Condition Called “Scorbutic Gingivitis” Or “Scurvy,”
Which Is Characterized By Ulcerative Gingivitis And
Rapid Periodontal Pocket Formation And Attachment
Loss.
Ascorbic Acid Is A Significant Nutrient, Showing Rapid
Intestinal Absorption.
42. Melnick Et Al Reported That There Is An Interrelationship
Between Ascorbic Acid Deficiency And Necrotizing
Ulcerative Gingivitis
Blignaut And Grobler Reported That Deeper Pockets
(CPITN Codes 3 And 4) Were Seen Less Frequently In
People Who Consumed Vitamin C-rich Foods.
43. Amarasena Et Al , In An Elderly Group Of Japanese
Volunteers, Showed A Definite Negative Correlation Between
Serum Vitamin C Levels And Attachment Loss Regardless Of
Habits, Systemic Status (E.G., Diabetes), Sex, And The
Number Of Teeth Present.
Shimabukuro et al 2015 – The regular application of
dentrifrice containing L-ascorbic acid 2 phospahte magnesium
salt, a long acting ascorbic acid derivative significantly
reduces gingival redness, gingival bleeding in gingivitis
individuals.
49. LOCAL EFFECT OF DIET ON PERIODONTAL
HEALTH
Local effects of physical consistency of food on periodontal
health shows that firm fibrous food are beneficial to
periodontal health and soft, sticky food have adverse
effect.
50. Vigorous masticatory function is associated with a
widening of the PDL.
(Collidge1937)
Aukeset al(1987) suggest that chewing pattern depends
on the texture of the masticated food, hard and tough food
requiring more vertical movements and soft food requiring
less vertical movement.
51. Nutrients interact with immune cells in the blood streams,
lymph nodes and specialized immune system of the
gastrointestinal tract.
Majority of nutrient deficiencies will impair the immune
response and predispose the individual to infection.
INTERACTION OF IMMUNITY, INFECTION &
NUTRITIONAL STATUS
52. Individuals who are undernourished have impaired immune
response including abnormality in adaptive immunity ,
phagocytosis and antibody function.
Epidemiological and clinical data also suggests that
nutritional deficiencies alter immune responses and increase
the risk of infection.
53. Vitamin A
- Cellular differentiation-immune cell and proliferation
response to antigens
- Antibody production
Vitamin E
- Antioxidant
- Antibody synthesis
- Lymphocytes
Vitamin C
- Neutrophils and macrophages
- Antibody response
- T cell activity
54. NUTRITION AND PERIODONTAL HEALTH
INTERRELATIONSHIP
Periodontal destruction is a consequence of infection and a
nutritional deficiency alone is no longer believed to initiate
periodontal disease, it is more likely, that a state of malnutrition
will predispose a subject to onset of a periodontal infection, or
will modify the rate of progression of established disease.
(Glickman 1964, Ferguson 1969)
55. Food and nutrition affect periodontal health at 3 levels:
Contributing to microbial growth in gingival crevice
Affecting the immunological response to bacterial antigen
Assisting in the repair of connective tissue at the local site
after injury from plaque calculus and so forth
56. NUTRITION AND EPITHELIAL BARRIER
Rapid rate of turn over of epithelial cells of gingival sulcus
indicates the need of continuous synthesis of DNA, RNA and
tissue protein.
This indicates that sulcularepithelium has high requirement
of such nutrients as folic acid and protein which are involved
in cell formation.
At the base of the sulcularepithelium is a narrow basement
membrane made up of collagen.
57. Since collagen is the major component of basement
membrane and ascorbic acid and zinc are important for
collagen synthesis.
This membrane act as a barrier for entrance of toxic
material.
58. EFFECT OF NUTRITION UPON ORAL
MICROORGANISMS.
Although dietary intake is generally thought of in terms of
sustaining the individual it also source of bacterial nutrients.
Composition of the diet may influence the relative distribution
of types of microorganism their metabolic activity, their
pathogenic potential which in turn affects the occurrence and
severity of oral disease. (Morhant & Fitzgerald 1976)
59. HOST NUTRITION AND PLAQUE BIOFILM
Nutrition has both direct and indirect effects on development and composition of plaque biofilm
The biofilmis made up primarily of microorganisms that include bacteria. Fungi, yeasts. and viruses
In addition, 20 to 3O% of the plaque mass is made up of intracellular matrix consisting of organic and inorganic
components
The organic components include polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteinsand lipids.
Inorganic components are primarily calcium and phosphorus with trace amounts of sodium, potassium and fluoride
60. The early bacteria colonizing the dental pellicle are aerobic, gram-positive and primarily use sugars as an energy
source
The secondary colonizers of the more mature plaque biofilm are anaerobic, gram negative bacteria and use amino
acids and small peptides as energy sources
The primary mechanism by which nutrition impacts the biofilm is through a direct supply or specific nutrients (such
as sucrose) as substrates for energy, nitrogen, or carbon for the bacteria.
An example of this is the introduction of excess glucose to a plaque biofilm which has been shown to result in an
increased rate of bacterial growth in the early stages of biofilm development
61. WOUND HEALING AND NUTRITION
The nutrition status of the patient affects wound healing
Wound healing requires energy.
Protein serves as energy source, its primary purpose is
cellular proliferation.
Einhorn TA (1990) demonstrated that proteins were
important in bone repair.
Patients who are severely malnourished demonstrate
delayed wound healing (there was delayed angiogensis and
impaired wound contraction).
62. Vitamins and minerals are also important in wound
healing
Vitamin A
- Essential for epithelialization
- Collagen synthesis
- Fibroblast differentiation
Vitamin C
- Cofactor in the hydroxylation of lysine and proline in
collagen synthesis
- Reports suggest that preoperative administration
promotes healing
63. Vitamin D and Calcium- essential for healing of hard
tissue
A deficiency can contribute to poor healing of hard tissue
or poor fracture repair
Vitamin E -Is a lipid soluble antioxidant
Antioxidants are thought to reduce damage from free
oxygen radicals that are reduced during wound healing.
Vitamin K
Is important in the activation of several clotting factors
64. Nutrition and aging
Reduction in mastication efficiency in aged individual is
likely to be the result of unreplaced missing teeth, loose
teeth, poorly fitting dentures.
Reduced masticatory efficiency leads to poor chewing
habits and the possibility of associated digestive
disturbances.
Avitaminosis is relatively common in aged persons.
65. Most nutrient requirements of older persons are similar to
those of younger people.
An adequate intake of vitamins, calcium, iron, may be
advisable.
A diet high in fiber and vitamins and comparatively low in
fat may also be beneficial.
66. CONCLUSION
A well balanced diet is required for the normal growth and
development of an individual. Any increase or decrease of
the nutrients in the long run may lead to devastating
situations.
There are nutritional deficiencies that produce changes in
the oral cavity. But, there are no nutritional deficiencies
that by themselves will cause these changes.
They can only affect the condition of the periodontium and
thereby aggravate the injurious effects of local factors and
excessive occlusal forces.
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