Genetics
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This document discusses basic genetics concepts including genes, alleles, phenotypes, genotypes, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. It explains that monohybrid crosses result in phenotypic ratios like 3:1 and genotypic ratios like 1:2:1. A dihybrid cross involves two traits and typically results in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio as all gene combinations are possible due to independent assortment during meiosis.
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In next few slides we are going to understand the concept of codominance. In this case, expression of both alleles of heterozygote occur.
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
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Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Females need two X chromosomes because one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a female is randomly inactivated very early in development. This process, called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensures that females, like males, have only one active X chromosome per cell. It balances gene expression between males and females.
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Gene action refers to how genes are expressed in an organism. There are different types of gene action including additive and non-additive gene action. Additive gene action is fixable through selection while non-additive gene action like dominance and epistasis are not fixable. Understanding gene action is important for plant breeders to design effective breeding programs. Gene interactions can occur between alleles of the same gene (dominance) or alleles of different genes (epistasis) and influence traits. The document discusses different types of dominance like complete, incomplete and overdominance as well as different types of epistatic interactions.
Sex influenced and sex limited traits ppt
This document discusses several concepts related to sex-influenced and sex-limited traits:
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This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
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This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
11 Lecture Animation Ppt
The document summarizes key concepts in genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel through his experiments with pea plants, including:
- Mendel performed breeding experiments with pea plants and discovered the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors (now known as genes and alleles) that sort independently during gamete formation and fertilization.
- Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, dominance, and the use of Punnett squares to predict offspring ratios.
- The document also discusses how Mendel's principles can be applied to understand human genetic disorders and inheritance patterns such as autosomal and
Recommended
Codominace
In next few slides we are going to understand the concept of codominance. In this case, expression of both alleles of heterozygote occur.
Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel performed dihybrid crosses in garden peas to study inheritance of two traits simultaneously. He found that the alleles for each trait sorted independently during gamete formation, resulting in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the offspring (F2 generation). This led Mendel to formulate his Law of Independent Assortment, which states that allele pairs for different traits assort independently during meiosis. His findings demonstrated that inheritance of one trait does not influence inheritance of another trait.
Mendel punett squares2traitcrosses
Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Females need two X chromosomes because one of the two X chromosomes in each cell of a female is randomly inactivated very early in development. This process, called X-inactivation or lyonization, ensures that females, like males, have only one active X chromosome per cell. It balances gene expression between males and females.
gene ation in plants
Gene action refers to how genes are expressed in an organism. There are different types of gene action including additive and non-additive gene action. Additive gene action is fixable through selection while non-additive gene action like dominance and epistasis are not fixable. Understanding gene action is important for plant breeders to design effective breeding programs. Gene interactions can occur between alleles of the same gene (dominance) or alleles of different genes (epistasis) and influence traits. The document discusses different types of dominance like complete, incomplete and overdominance as well as different types of epistatic interactions.
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This document discusses several concepts related to sex-influenced and sex-limited traits:
- Sex-influenced traits are determined by autosomal genes but expressed differently in males and females, with higher penetrance in one sex. Examples include beards in goats.
- Sex-limited traits are encoded by autosomal genes but only expressed in one sex, with zero penetrance in the other sex, like cock feathering in chickens.
- Some traits are encoded by cytoplasmic or mitochondrial genes inherited from the egg. Examples include chloroplasts and mitochondria.
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This document discusses three genetic inheritance patterns: dominance, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance. Dominance occurs when one allele is expressed over the other. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes. Examples include flowers and hair color. Co-dominance occurs when both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, so the phenotype shows traits of both. Examples given are coat color in horses and cattle, and chestnut and white coat colors producing a palomino horse.
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This document provides information about genetics and inheritance for a dragon genetics lab. It defines key terms like heredity, traits, alleles, and dominant and recessive genes. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including his laws of segregation and independent assortment. The document discusses inheritance patterns for autosomal and sex-linked genes, as well as complex inheritance like incomplete dominance and environmental influences. The goal is for students to understand basic genetics concepts and how they are demonstrated in a model organism.
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The document summarizes key concepts in genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel through his experiments with pea plants, including:
- Mendel performed breeding experiments with pea plants and discovered the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
- He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors (now known as genes and alleles) that sort independently during gamete formation and fertilization.
- Mendel's work laid the foundation for modern genetics concepts such as genotypes, phenotypes, dominance, and the use of Punnett squares to predict offspring ratios.
- The document also discusses how Mendel's principles can be applied to understand human genetic disorders and inheritance patterns such as autosomal and
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Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
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2) A Punnett square is used to predict outcomes of crosses between heterozygous parents for a trait.
3) A dihybrid cross examines inheritance of two traits simultaneously by crossing F1 offspring differing in two traits.
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This document provides an overview of basic concepts in biological inheritance and genetics, including:
- Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Offspring inherit characteristics from both parents, introducing variation.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s and established the principles of heredity, including that traits are inherited in discrete units (genes) and genes assort independently.
- Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses examine the inheritance of one or two traits, respectively. Punnett squares are used to determine possible genotypes and phenotypic ratios in offspring. Probability rules apply to predicting inheritance of traits.
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- Gregor Mendel is considered the father of genetics for his experiments breeding pea plants.
- Genes are portions of DNA that code for traits, alleles are different forms of the same gene.
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- Dominant traits require only one allele, recessive traits require two of the same allele.
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Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
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1) A monohybrid cross involves determining inheritance patterns between parents differing in a single trait.
2) A Punnett square is used to predict outcomes of crosses between heterozygous parents for a trait.
3) A dihybrid cross examines inheritance of two traits simultaneously by crossing F1 offspring differing in two traits.
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This document defines a pedigree chart and discusses Mendelian inheritance patterns. It explains that a pedigree chart diagrams a family history showing genetic statuses. There are four main types of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and Y-linked. Autosomal dominant requires only one affected gene where the disease is expressed in each generation. Autosomal recessive requires two affected genes where parents are carriers and have a 25% chance of an affected child in each pregnancy. The document provides examples of diseases that follow autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns.
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This document discusses dihybrid crosses and gene linkage. It begins by explaining what a dihybrid cross is using an example parent generation and F1 generation. It then explains that for independent assortment to occur, the two genes being studied must be on different chromosomes so they assort independently. This follows Mendel's second law and should result in a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. However, if the genes are on the same chromosome (linked), they may not assort independently and the observed ratio may differ. The document goes on to provide examples of what independent assortment and gene linkage look like during meiosis and how crossing over can still allow the formation of all possible gametes even when genes are linked
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This document provides an overview of basic concepts in biological inheritance and genetics, including:
- Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Offspring inherit characteristics from both parents, introducing variation.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s and established the principles of heredity, including that traits are inherited in discrete units (genes) and genes assort independently.
- Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses examine the inheritance of one or two traits, respectively. Punnett squares are used to determine possible genotypes and phenotypic ratios in offspring. Probability rules apply to predicting inheritance of traits.
Genes and Gametes
Genes hold the information to build and maintain organisms, and pass traits to offspring. Gametes are cells that fuse during fertilization, with females producing eggs and males producing sperm. The genotype is an organism's genetic makeup for a trait, while the phenotype is observable characteristics. During meiosis, genes separate into gametes, then fuse at fertilization to form new genotypes, as seen with Mendel's round and wrinkled seed traits.
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Dominant vs Recessive Genes
Dominant genes are expressed when a single copy is present, while recessive genes require two copies to be expressed and are masked by dominant genes. Traits are determined by gene pairs on chromosomes, with one gene inherited from each parent. Whether a trait is dominant or recessive can be determined by the parents' genotypes and phenotypes, and some traits are sex-linked or show incomplete dominance or codominance.
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Human inheritance is complex, with some traits controlled by single genes with two alleles, others by single genes with multiple alleles, and many traits influenced by multiple interacting genes. Additionally, sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having two X chromosomes and males having one X and one Y chromosome. The probability of passing on traits is influenced by factors like whether alleles are dominant or recessive, and both genes and the environment interact to impact characteristics.
Back cross and test cross
Backcrossing involves crossing a hybrid with one of its parents to produce offspring that are genetically more similar to the parent. It is used in plant and animal breeding to transfer desired traits from a hybrid back into a parent's genetic background. A backcross can be described as BC1, BC2, etc depending on how many times the hybrid has been backcrossed. Backcrossing with the dominant parent will result in all dominant phenotype offspring, while backcrossing with the recessive parent will result in a 1:1 phenotypic ratio.
Mendel’s laws of inheritance
Mendel discovered four laws of inheritance through his experiments with pea plants: 1) Genes exist in pairs and are passed from parents to offspring, with each parent contributing one allele. 2) When two unlike alleles are present, one will be dominant and the other recessive. 3) During gamete formation, the paired alleles separate randomly so each gamete receives one. 4) Alleles assort independently during gamete formation, except for linked genes on the same chromosome.
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Gregor Mendel is known as the "Father of Genetics" and discovered the principles of inheritance through his experiments with pea plants including the principle of independent assortment. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which are received in homologous pairs with one from each parent. Genes can be dominant or recessive, and a Punnett square can be used to determine the probability of offspring inheriting different traits.
Genetics_Powerpoint.pptx
Gregor Mendel is known as the "Father of Genetics" and discovered the principles of inheritance through his experiments with pea plants including the principle of independent assortment. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which are received in homologous pairs with one from each parent. Genes can be dominant or recessive, and a Punnett square can be used to determine the probability of offspring inheriting different traits.
Genetics_Powerpoint mendel 738282364.pptx
Gregor Mendel is known as the "Father of Genetics" and discovered the principles of inheritance through his experiments with pea plants including the principle of independent assortment. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which are received in homologous pairs with one from each parent. Genes can be dominant or recessive, and a Punnett square can be used to determine the probability of offspring inheriting different traits.
Dna and genetics_basic_power_point__1-14-11[1]
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing bases (A, T, G, C) bonded together. The double helix structure of DNA is maintained by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases (A-T and G-C). DNA is compacted and organized into chromosomes. Mutations in genes can alter protein production. DNA replicates before cell division to produce two identical DNA molecules. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction and genetic variation in offspring.
Basics of Genetics presented by waseem javid
This document provides an overview of genetics concepts including:
- Gregor Mendel is considered the "Father of Genetics" and discovered the principles of inheritance including independent assortment.
- Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which are received in homologous pairs from each parent. Genes can be dominant, recessive, or codominant.
- A Punnett square can be used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross based on the parents' genotypes.
- Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females typically having XX and males having XY. Sex-linked traits are located on the X chromosome.
- Pedigrees can represent the inheritance of traits through generations
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS AND PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING_final.ppt
Introduction to Genetics:
Definition and significance of genetics.
Historical milestones in the field of genetics.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology:
DNA replication.
Transcription and RNA synthesis.
Translation and protein synthesis.
Genetic Material:
Structure of DNA and RNA.
Genetic code and codons.
Mendelian Genetics:
Principles of inheritance (laws of segregation and independent assortment).
Punnett squares and genetic crosses.
Terms: genotype, phenotype, homozygous, heterozygous.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance:
Incomplete dominance.
Codominance.
Polygenic inheritance.
Chromosomes and Cell Division:
Overview of mitosis and meiosis.
Chromosome structure and organization.
Sex chromosomes and sex determination.
Genetic Variation:
Mutation types (point mutations, insertions, deletions).
Causes of mutations (chemical, radiation, genetic).
Genetic Disorders:
Single gene disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, Turner syndrome).
Multifactorial disorders and gene-environment interactions.
Human Genome Project:
Purpose and goals.
Achievements and implications for medicine.
Molecular Genetics:
DNA sequencing techniques.
Recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering.
Genetic Counseling and Testing:
Purpose and process of genetic counseling.
Inheritance -I.pptx
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Meiosis, linkage and crossing over
This document discusses genetic linkage and crossing over during meiosis. It defines linkage as genes located near each other on the same chromosome tending to be inherited together. Crossing over occurs when non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material, producing new allele combinations and reducing linkage. The arrangement of alleles on homologous chromosomes, whether in coupling or repulsion phase, determines the outcome of crosses between linked genes. Recombination frequency is used to measure linkage and construct genetic maps showing gene order on chromosomes.
Genetics 101
This presentation by Susan Schoenian is the first from a five-part webinar series on "Breeding Better Sheep & Goats." The topic of this presentation is "Genetics 101."
2014 plant-meiosis
This document discusses meiosis and genetic linkage in plants and animals. It provides details on:
- The alternation of generations life cycle in plants, which involves a diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stage.
- How crossing over during meiosis increases genetic variation by exchanging parts of homologous chromosomes.
- How the frequency of recombination between two genes indicates their distance on the same chromosome, and is used to construct genetic linkage maps.
Genetics Lesson
This is a slide show intended for students who were absent from this lesson to view from home. It is interactive in nature and requires Powerpoint viewer to view if saved to the computer.
12-LINKAGE_CROSSING-OVER_AND_GENE_MAPPING_IN_EUKARYOTES copy-1.ppt
This document discusses genetic linkage and mapping techniques in eukaryotes. It defines linkage as genes failing to assort independently due to being located near each other on the same chromosome. Morgan's experiments with Drosophila showed that alleles can be inherited together or recombine during meiosis. The frequency of recombination between two linked genes provides their genetic distance in centimorgans on a linkage map. Techniques for mapping genes include testcrosses, estimating recombination frequencies in two-point and three-point crosses, and correcting for double crossovers.
Heredity-and-Genetics-PowerPoint.ppt
This document discusses heredity and genetics. It explains that traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. A pedigree chart can be used to track how traits are inherited across generations. The document also describes Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics, including the concepts of dominant and recessive traits. It explains how traits are determined by combinations of genes and represented in a Punnett square. Finally, the document discusses DNA and how genetic information is contained within genes on chromosomes to determine an individual's traits.
Inheritance, selection and evolution.pptx
How characteristics are inherited and how it leads to evolution and the statistical analysis involved
2.5 the next generation
This document discusses inheritance and genetics. It explains that characteristics pass from one generation to the next through inheritance of genetic information contained in DNA from our parents. Our phenotype (observable characteristics) is determined by both our genotype (genetics) and environment. During fertilization, a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote containing 23 pairs of chromosomes, with one chromosome from each parent. Which characteristics we inherit is determined randomly based on which parental alleles (genetic variants) for each trait are passed down. Dominant alleles will be expressed even if only one is present, while two recessive alleles are needed to show the recessive trait.
GENETICS 9 science 9 grade 9 curriculum.pptx
This document provides information about genetics and inheritance of traits. It discusses that genetics is the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Traits are determined by genes located on chromosomes, which come in homologous pairs with one gene from each parent. Genes can be dominant or recessive, and influence physical traits or phenotypes. Punnett squares can be used to determine possible genotypes and phenotypic ratios in offspring. Sex is determined by sex chromosomes, with females having two X chromosomes and males having an X and a Y chromosome contributed from the father.
Mendellian Inheritance and Gene Action
The document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundation for the modern understanding of genetics and heredity. It discusses Mendel's observations of inherited traits in pea plants and how this led him to discover the three laws of inheritance: 1) the law of dominance, 2) the law of segregation, and 3) the law of independent assortment. It also explains some of Mendel's experimental methods and variables he controlled that contributed to his success, such as choosing simple and contrasting traits to study. Finally, it provides examples of genetic crosses and inheritance patterns including monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares.
Unit 3_Genetics_PPT.pptx
1. Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits from parents to offspring. He found that traits separated and were transmitted independently during the formation of gametes.
2. His experiments showed that some traits are dominant over others and that offspring have predictable ratios of traits depending on the parents' genotypes.
3. Further work established his laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation, and independent assortment which explained patterns of inheritance.
Genetics
Genetics is the science of heredity dealing with resemblances and differences between organisms resulting from gene interaction and environment. DNA contains the genetic code in chromosomes which are passed from parents to offspring during meiosis and fertilization, determining characteristics. Inheritance of single and multiple genes can be predicted using Punnett squares and determines traits like eye color, disease susceptibility, and more. Mutation and selection, whether natural or artificial, can introduce variation that natural selection acts upon over time.
Similar to Genetics (20)
INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS AND PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING_final.ppt
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Chapter 10 sharks skates and rays
This document summarizes key characteristics of vertebrates like fish, sharks, skates, and rays. It notes that vertebrates have backbones and internal skeletons, compared to invertebrates. Within fish, it distinguishes primitive jawless fish from sharks and rays that have cartilage skeletons and jaws. It provides details on sharks' streamlined bodies, sensing abilities, reproduction, and need to constantly swim due to their density. Skates and rays are described as flattened like stingrays with different swimming and reproductive behaviors.
Chapt 10 bony fishes
This document provides information about bony fishes. It begins by introducing the phylum Chordata and class Actinopterygii, which contains over 25,000 species of modern bony fish. It then discusses some key characteristics of bony fishes, including the presence of a swim bladder, bones, and fin rays. The document also describes coelacanths as a "primitive" fish that was thought to be extinct but has been found alive. The majority of the document focuses on ray-finned fishes, including their diversity, body shapes adapted to different habitats, and systems like respiration, circulation, nerves, senses, reproduction, and coloration.
Session 4 calender
This schedule outlines the week-by-week plan for a biology class focusing on arthropods, echinoderms, and fish. In the first week, students will take notes on arthropods and echinoderms, and participate in labs examining preserved specimens of these phyla. The second week involves dissecting starfish, analyzing lab results, and taking article-based and identification tests on echinoderms and arthropods. Later weeks shift to topics on fish, including their adaptations, building a model fish, quizzes, and a field trip to SeaWorld to observe aquatic life.
Echinoderms
Echinoderms are marine invertebrates with spiny skin and five-part radial symmetry. They have a water-vascular system and tube feet used for movement. There are five classes of echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and sea lilies. Sea stars have tube feet and a water vascular system that allows them to move and catch prey as carnivores. Sea urchins also have tube feet and move by grazing on algae and plants as herbivores. Sea cucumbers use their tube feet to move and take nutrients from sand with oral tentacles.
Chapter 9 arthropods
Here are a few methods a scientist could use to determine the population density of barnacle species on a dock post:
1. Count the number of individual barnacles within a defined area on the post (e.g. within a 1 square foot quadrat) and extrapolate the total number per post based on the surface area. This direct count method provides an estimate of density.
2. Weigh a sample of barnacles scraped from a defined area. Compare the wet or dry mass to samples of known densities to estimate individuals per unit area.
3. Take photographic images of sample areas and use image analysis software to automatically count and identify barnacles based on size, shape, color. This provides a repeatable quantitative measure
C hapter 9 mollusks
The document summarizes the three major classes of mollusks - Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish). It describes their general body plans, anatomy, locomotion, digestion, respiration, reproduction, ecological roles, and adaptations for predation. Mollusks exhibit a diversity of forms and play important roles in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
Marine science national invasive species week!!!!
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Chapter 7 multicellular plants
This document discusses the four main phyla of multicellular primary producers: seaweeds (Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, Chlorophyta), seagrasses, salt marsh plants, and mangroves. It describes their key structures, reproduction methods, ecological roles, and representative species found in Florida. The main environmental factors that influence seaweeds are light, temperature, tidal exposure, salinity, and nutrient availability.
Chapter 6 study guide marine microbes
This study guide covers the key structures, reproductive systems, digestive systems, levels of organization, and ecological roles of diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminiferans, Euglena, and Volvox. It includes diagrams of representative organisms and definitions of important terms. Short answer questions ask the student to compare and contrast diatoms, dinoflagellates, and forams, and describe the food capture methods of foraminiferans.
Chapter 6 study guide marine microbes
This study guide covers the key structures, reproductive systems, digestive systems, levels of organization, and ecological roles of diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminiferans, Euglena, and Volvox. It includes diagrams of representative organisms and definitions of important terms. Short answer questions ask the student to compare and contrast diatoms, dinoflagellates, and forams, and describe the food capture methods of foraminiferans.
Chapter 6 marine microbes
This document summarizes key marine microbes found in plankton. It discusses diatoms, dinoflagellates, and forams in detail, including their structure, reproduction, digestion/energy processes, and ecological roles. Diatoms are the most common and distinctive plankton, contributing greatly to primary productivity. Dinoflagellates can cause harmful algae blooms and red tides. Forams consume other microbes and turn over nutrients. The document also briefly outlines euglena and volvox characteristics.
Chapter 6 marine microbes
This document summarizes key marine microbes found in plankton. It discusses diatoms, dinoflagellates, forams, euglena, and volvox. Diatoms are the most common phytoplankton and have a glassy cell wall and symmetrical shape. Dinoflagellates can cause red tides and some are in a mutualism with corals. Forams have a shell and pseudopod and are an important part of the marine food web. Euglena can photosynthesize or absorb nutrients and reproduce by binary fission. Volvox forms multicellular colonies through asexual reproduction and provides a model for cell regeneration studies.
Questions for plankton article
This document provides questions to guide the reader in understanding key concepts about plankton from a scientific text. It includes questions about why plankton are called "drifters", how they are able to live near the surface of oceans, and adaptations like buoyancy. Questions also address the thermocline, how water density affects mixing, and how this benefits plankton. Further questions explore plankton's role in food chains, characteristics of "jello-plankton", and the process of vertical diurnal migration. The final question looks at what time of year is optimal for plankton growth and why.
Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines these relationships across different levels of biological organization, from cells to the biosphere. An organism's environment, or abiotic factors like temperature and salinity, as well as biotic interactions with predators, prey and parasites, define its habitat and ecological niche. Competition occurs when organisms require the same limited resources, preventing two groups from occupying the same niche. Predator-prey relationships and keystone species also shape ecosystem structure. Symbiosis describes close biological interactions, which can be mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic. Scientists sample populations using methods like transect lines and quadrats to make inferences about ecosystem health.
Session 2 research paper
This document provides directions for a research paper assignment. Students must choose one of seven topics covered in class and write a 6-page paper in 12pt font and double spaced with a cover page and works cited page. The paper must include at least 10 sources, with 5 being primary sources. The final draft is due on December 14th by 2:15pm as a Word 2007 attachment via email. Plagiarized papers will receive a grade of 0.
Marine science syllabus
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Osmosis article marine
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Fish osmoregulation
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Genetics
- 1. Genetics
- 2. Evolution • Starts with genes and cellular division • Principle of segregation- pairs of genes are evenly distributed between gametes (sex cells) during gamete formation • Allele-genes that determine expression of a trait ( Dominant or recessive alleles) • Phenotype-”what it looks like” • Genotype-genetic makeup
- 3. • Homozygous- carries to “same” genes for a trait (example: Dominant-BB or recessive –bb) • Heterozygous: different genes Bb • We use Punnett Squares to predict the results of these crosses • Phenotypic ratio: results of cross (example 3Dominant to 1 recessive ) (3:1) • Genotypic ratio: results of cross according to genes ( 1:2:1) (one homozygous dominant to 2 heterozygous to one homozygous recessive)
- 5. What is dominant? Recessive? What is the phenotypic ratio? Genotypic ratio?
- 6. Dihybrid cross • Cross of 2 kinds of genes and 2 traits. • 9:3:3:1 is ratio is typical phenotypic ratio for this cross • All gene combinations are possible – b/c of independent assortment that happens in meiosis