The document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology, focusing on the manipulation of DNA from various organisms to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for research, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. It highlights applications such as producing insulin, enhancing crop traits, and developing environmental solutions like bioherbicides. Regulatory approaches in the US, Canada, EU, and Australia regarding GMOs and the ecological implications of their release are also outlined.

1. BIO 106
Lecture 13
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

2. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
A. Recombinant DNA/ Genetic
Engineering
B. Applications of Genetic
Engineering
1. Researches on Human Genes
2. Researches on Animal Genes
3. Researches on Plant Genes
4. Researches on Microbial Genes 2cces2015

3. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
C. The Release of Genetically
Engineered Organisms
1. Biosafety and Ecological
Implications
1.1 Potential Ecological Concerns
1.2 Regulatory Policies
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4. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Genetic Engineering: technology that
involves manipulating the DNA of one
organism in order to insert the DNA of
another organism, called exogenous DNA.
Genetically engineered organisms are used to:
study the expression of a particular gene.
investigate cellular processes.
study the development of a certain disease.
select traits that might be beneficial to humans.
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5. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology:
the use of living cells to make products
such as pharmaceuticals, food and
beverages
the use of organisms such as bacteria to
protect the environment
the use of DNA science for the
production of materials for diagnostics
and research
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6. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology helps to meet our basic
needs: food, clothing, shelter, health
and safety
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7. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Recombinant DNA
• The manipulation and combination of
DNA from 2 sources
Bacterial DNA + human gene for insulin
Plant DNA + bacterial DNA
(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
Mouse DNA + human DNA = transgenic
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8. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Recombination
• Insert a foreign gene
into a host
GOAL: to produce many
copies (clones) of a
particular gene
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9. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors
A vector is an entity that transmits a disease or parasite from one
animal or plant to another.
• Plasmids
• Viruses
• Particles ( DNA coated bullets)
• Exogenous DNA
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10. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Plasmids
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11. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Viruses
VIRUS: an infective agent
that typically consists of a
nucleic acid molecule in a
protein coat, is too small to be
seen by light microscopy, and
is able to multiply only within
the living cells of a host
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12. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Particles ( DNA coated bullets)
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13. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Vectors: Exogenous DNA
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14. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Characteristics of a Vector
• Can replicate independently in the host cell –
contains an Ori
• Has restriction sites in the polylinker cloning
region
• Has a reporter gene that will announce its
presence in the host cell
• small in size as compared to the host
chromosome for ease of isolation
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15. GENETIC ENGINEERING & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Restriction enzymes & Vectors
• Cut Plasmid with restriction enzyme
[RESTRICTION ENZYME: DNA-cutting enzymes found in
bacteria (and harvested from them for use). Because they
cut within the molecule, they are often called restriction
endonucleases.]
• Cut gene of interest with restriction
enzyme
• Splice together gene of interest and
vector
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16. Applications of Genetic Engineering
DNA Recombination
RESEARCHES
ON HUMANS
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17. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES
ON HUMANS
Human insulin-producing gene
Bacterial DNA with human gene inserted
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18. Applications of Genetic Engineering
• insulin for diabetics
• factor VIII for males suffering from hemophilia A
• factor IX for hemophilia B
• human growth hormone (GH)
• erythropoietin (EPO) for treating anemia
• three types of interferons
• several interleukins
• granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for
stimulating the bone marrow after a bone marrow transplant
• tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) for dissolving blood clots
• adenosine deaminase (ADA) for treating some forms of severe
combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
• angiostatin and endostatin for trials as anti-cancer drugs
• parathyroid hormone
• leptin
• hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to vaccinate against the hepatitis B
virus
HUMAN GENES
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19. Applications of Genetic Engineering
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20. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON ANIMALS
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21. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES
ON ANIMALS
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22. Applications of Genetic Engineering
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23. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON PLANTS
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24. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES ON PLANTS
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25. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES
ON PLANTS
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26. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES
ON PLANTS
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27. Applications of Genetic Engineering
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28. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES
ON MICROBES
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29. Applications of Genetic Engineering
RESEARCHES
ON MICROBES
engineered E. coli strain
produced pyocin S5, a
toxic protein which
kills P.aeruginosa strains
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31. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Genetically engineered organism (GEO) or
Genetically modified organism (GMO):
organism whose genome has been engineered in
the laboratory in order to favor the
expression of desired physiological traits or
the production of desired biological products
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32. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Crops
Enhanced taste and quality
Reduced maturation time
Increased nutrients, yields and stress tolerance
Improved resistance to disease, pests and
herbicides
New products and growing techniques
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33. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Golden rice is the result of
an effort to develop rice
varieties that produce
provitamin-A (beta-
carotene) as a means of
alleviating vitamin A
(retinol) deficiencies in the
diets of poor and
disadvantaged people in
developing countries.
Because traditional rice
varieties do not produce
provitamin-A, transgenic
technologies were required.
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34. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Animals
Increased resistance, productivity,
hardiness, and feed efficiency
Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
Improved animal health and diagnostic
methods
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35. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Environment
"Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
Conservation of soil, water, and energy
Bioprocessing for forestry products
Better natural waste management
More efficient processing
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36. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Fluorescent zebra fish were
specially bred to help
detect environmental
pollutants. By adding a
natural fluorescence gene to
the fish, scientists are able
to quickly and easily
determine when waterways
are contaminated
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37. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Society
Increased food security for
growing populations
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38. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Ecological Implications:
1. herbicide-resistant superweeds
2. Creation of new weeds (herbivore-resistance)
3. Loss of biodiversity
4. Reduction of soil quality due to release of toxins
from GMO
5. Harm to beneficial insects
6. Creation of new pests
7. sustainable agriculture and organic farming
threatened
8. Crossover of genes to other species (outcrossing)
9. Production of novel allergens and carcinogens
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39. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in the US
GMOs are regulated pursuant to health, safety, and environmental
legislation governing conventional products. The US approach to
regulating GMOs is premised on the assumption that regulation
should focus on the nature of the products, rather than the process
in which they were produced.
FDA regulates the safety of all human and animal food products in the
US (other than meat, poultry, and eggs), as well as drugs and biological
products;
EPA regulates pesticides and microorganisms developed through genetic
engineering.
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40. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in Canada
Manufacturers and importers who wish to sell or advertise a
GM food in Canada, must submit data to Health Canada for a
pre-market safety assessment, as required under Division 28 of
Part B of the Food and Drugs Regulations (Novel Foods). This
safety assessment provides assurance that the food is safe
when prepared or consumed according to its intended use.
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41. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in EU
Six Member States currently apply safeguard clauses on GMO
events: Austria, France, Greece, Hungary, Germany and
Luxembourg.
Deliberate Release of Genetically Modified Organisms based on
the precautionary principle. Applicants who wished to conduct
field tests of GMOs were required to apply and submit an
environmental risk assessment to the "competent authority" of
the country where testing will occur. It further required
another application to each Member State to market
genetically-modified products and granted each Member States
the right to object to such marketing within their borders.
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42. Regulation in South Asia
Regular updating and review of policies governing GMO
cultivation and safety assessment not only to
consumers but also to the environment
Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
Regulation in Australia / New Zealand
Australia has one of the most developed regulatory systems for GMOs. All
'dealings' with GMOs are regulated by the Gene Technology Act
(2000), which, inter alia, set up the office of the Gene Technology
Regulator monitors and enforces the legislation. Safety assessment and
strict labelling of GM foods. All GM food should be assessed regarding
safety for human consumption and approved before sale and use. All
GM food and ingredients should be labelled where they contain novel
DNA and/or novel protein in the final food, or have altered
characteristics.
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43. Release of Genetically Engineered Organisms
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44. If for the whole sem you were thinking this…
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