Gene manipulation involves externally arranging genes within an organism and is also known as genetic engineering. It was first used in agriculture to improve plant quality and was discovered in native Mexican corn in 2001. The process involves isolating DNA from an organism, introducing it into a vector or plasmid using restriction enzymes, and transforming it into a host cell. Restriction enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides at that site in viral, frog, or human DNA. Gene manipulation is concluded to include gene splicing, using recombinant DNA, forming monoclonal antibodies, and employing PCR thermocyclers, though it is not allowed for genetic manipulation in humans.

1. GENE
MANIPULATION
Msc.part2(bioanalyticalsciences)
Paper:1
Roll No.:3

2. INDEX
 INTRODUCTION.
 HISTORY.
 PROCESS.
 RESTRICTION ENZYMES.
 REFERENCE.
 CONCLUSION.

3. INTRODUCTION
 Gene manipulation means arrangement of
genes within the organism externally.
 It is also known as genetic engineering.
 Genes are the pieces of DNA and carrier of
the genetic information which determines
the all characteristics of an individual.

4. HISTORY
 At first the gene manipulation was used in
the agriculture to improve the quality of
plants.
 It was discovered in 2001 in native Mexican
corn.

5. PROCESS
 1) ISOLATION OF DNA FROM ORGANISM.
 2)INTRODUCTION OF DNA INVECTOR / IN
PLASMID BY USING RE (RESTRICTION
ENZYME)
 3)TRANSFORMATION INTOTHE HOST CELL.

6. RESTRICTION ENZYMES
 Restriction endonucleases (also called restriction
enzymes) are some of the most Restriction enzymes
recognize specific sequences in DNA and then
cleave
 the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides
at that site. Any time
 this sequence appears in DNA it will be cleaved by the
enzyme, whether it is viral
 or frog or human DNA.This is why restriction enzymes
are so critical to
 molecular biology; they are very specific, cutting only
at their unique recognition site.

7.  Restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences in DNA
and then cleave
 the phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides at
that site. Any time
 this sequence appears in DNA it will be cleaved by the
enzyme, whether it is viral

8. Nucleic Acids
Type I enzymes
Enzyme Recognition Me site3 Reference
sequence
EcoAI GAGNNNNNNNGTCA 2(6) -3(6) 545,546
EcoBITGANNNNNNNNTGCT 3(6) -4(6) 547-551
EcoDITTANNNNNNNGTCY 552
EcoDXXITCANNNNNNNATTC 553,554
EcoEI GAGNNNNNNNATGC 555,556
EcoKI AACNNNNNNGTGC 2(6) -3(6) 557-560
EcoRI24/3IGAANNNNNNNRTCG -3(6) 561
EcoR124I GAANNNNNNRTCG 561
StySBI GAGNNNNNNRTAYG 2(6) -4(6) 562
StySJI GAGNNNNNNGTRC 563
StySPIAACNNNNNNGTRC 2(6) -3(6) 562
StySQIAACNNNNNNRTAYG

13. REFERENCE
 WEBLIOGRAPHY:
 www.sciencedirect.com
 www.pharmatutor.com
 BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 Principles of gene manipulation and genomics
by S. B. Primrose and R.Twyman.

14. CONCLUSION
 Gene manipulation includes gene splicing .
 Use of recombinant DNA.
 Forming of monoclonal antibody.
 Or we use PCR thermo cycler.
 In humans genetic manipulation is not allowed.