This presentation covers the discussion of Biotechnology. Biotechnology is the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services.

2. GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic engineering,
the artificial manipulation, modification,
and recombination of DNA or other
nucleic acid molecules in order to
modify an organism or population of
organisms

3. WHAT IS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology
Is the manipulation (via genetic
engineering) of organisms or
their components to produce
useful usually commercial
products - pest resistant
crops, new bacterial strains, or
novel pharmaceuticals

4. Biotechnology
involves changing
the genes of a an
organism to get the
desired result.
Biotechnology more directly helps humans
with gene therapy and the modification
of bacteria to produce insulin for

5. Biology affects
the human
society through
genetically
modified

6. SIGNIFICANCE
Biotechnology may provide the
solutions to many major global
issues - world hunger, global
warming and pollution.
Biotechnology provides
advances in medicine -
improving vaccine production
and tissue engineering from bio
materials.

7. TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Traditional biotechnology
is the use of natural organisms
by humans to create or
modify foods or other useful
products.
Traditional biotechnology
includes :
using yeasts for fermentation
selective seed collection to create
hardier crops
selective breeding of domesticated
plants and animals

8. Humans have been
manipulating living
things for thousands
of years, without
which domestication
would not have
occurred !

9. Early civilizations used
traditional biotechnology
techniques in a trial and
error manner without
understanding why they
worked.
Many traditional biotechnology
techniques continue to be used
and improved with a growing

10. Traditional
biotechnology
contrasts with
modern
biotechnology

13. MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Modern
biotechnology,
refers to the
deliberate
manipulation of an
organism's genes to
modify or improve it
for human use.
The discovery that genes
are made up of DNA and
can be isolated, copied
and manipulated has led
to a new era of modern
biotechnology

14. Key applications of
biotechnology include:
DNA profiling
Cloning
Transgenesis, gene splicing and recombinant
DNA
Genome analysis
Stem cells and tissue engineering
Gene therapy
Xenotransplantation

15. GENE SPLICING
(RECOMBINANT DNA
TECHNOLOGY/GENETIC ENGINEERING)
Gene splicing,
the process by which the DNA
of an organism is cut and a
gene, perhaps from another
organism, is inserted
resulting in a recombinant
DNA

16. Recombinant DNA contains DNA from two
or more different sources, such as a
bacterial and human DNA

18. Purpose of Gene splicing
• used in industry to allow
single-celled organisms to
produce useful products,
such as human insulin.
• used in the production of
genetically modified
organisms.

19. DNA PROFILING (DNA
FINGERPRINTING)
DNA profiling
( DNA fingerprinting, DNA
testing, or DNA typing)
the process of
determining an
individual's DNA
characteristics, which
are as unique as
fingerprints.

20. DNA analysis intended
to identify a species,
rather than an
individual, is called
DNA barcoding.

21. DNA profiling uses:
 As a forensic technique in criminal
investigations - comparing one or
more individuals' profiles to DNA
found at a crime scene so as to
assess the likelihood of their
involvement in the crime.
 Used in parentage testing,

23. BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS
Biotechnology is being used
to develop new products
and technology :
 To fight diseases
 To reduce pollution
 To improve agriculture
 To manufacture products
while creating less pollution
and waste.

24. Proteins.
Biotechnology is that it allows mass
production of proteins that are
very difficult to obtain otherwise.
e.g. insulin used to be extracted from the
pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs; it
was expensive and sometimes caused
allergic reactions in recipients.
Now transgenic bacteria that produce insulin is
available.

25. Vaccines .
Vaccines are used to make people
develop immunity when exposed to an
infectious organism.
This happens because a vaccine causes
the production of antibodies
In the past, vaccines were made from treated
bacteria or viruses.
Now, vaccines could be made by
biotechnology such as vaccine for hepatitis
B.

26. Food Products.
The other area that
biotechnology is
prevalent is in food
production.
There are just a few major companies,
such as Dow and Monsanto, who use
biotechnology in their research and
development processes to produce
genetically modified grains and

27. TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
Thru
transgenesis,
free living organisms in the
environment that have had a
foreign gene inserted into them
produce
transgenic organisms.
A transgenic organism is an organism
which has been modified with genetic
material from another species.

28.  The genetic modification is accomplished
by inserting DNA into an embryo with the
assistance of a virus, a plasmid, or a gene
gun.
 The embryo is allowed to develop, and the
mature organism will express the DNA
which has been inserted into its genome.
 Transgenic organisms can also pass the
modification on to future generations by
breeding with other members of the same
species.

29. Transgenic Bacteria.
Naturally occurring bacteria have been
bioengineered to perform a service to the
environment and mankind.

30. Agriculture :
engineered bacteria can be used
to promote plant health. :
 Bacteria promoting frost damage in
crops have now been engineered to
prevent frost damage.
 Corn root-colonizing bacteria are now
engineered to code for an insect –
killing toxin.

31. Pollution Control :
Bacteria are also used for
Bioremediation
(pollution clean- up)
 Bacteria used for this purpose naturally
occur as decomposers of chemicals and
material wastes, but if bioengineered,
they would perform a faster more
effective clean-up job.

32. Mining Industry :
Many major mining companies
use bacteria to obtain metals –
Bioleaching
 Genetic engineering may enhance the
ability of bacteria to mine for copper,
uranium and gold from low-grade
sources.

33. Transgenic plants.
Plants, in particular lend themselves to genetic
manipulation because it is possible to grow
plant cells in tissue culture, and each cell
can be stimulated to produce an entire plant.

34. In one of the first experiments to
show that transgenic plants are
possible –
a gene for the enzyme luciferase was
transplanted from a firefly into a tobacco
plant.
Whenever the plant was sprayed with
luciferin, it glowed, proving that the
inserted gene was indeed present and
active.

35. Transgenic
Animals
Genetic engineering
of animals is
possible by
microinjecting
foreign genes into
eggs before they
are fertilized,
because animal
cells do not take
up plasmids.

36.  The most common procedure has
been used in fishes, chickens,
cows, pigs rabbits and sheep, in
the hope of producing bigger
varieties.
 In other experiments, human genes
are microinjected into sheep eggs
in the hope that such will develop
into sheep that would produce milk
containing human proteins.

37. XENOTRANSPLANTATION
Some animals are
genetically modified so
that they can provide
organs that are suitable
and safe to transplant into
humans.
This involves
Xenotransplantation

38. Xenotransplantation
is any procedure that involves the
transplantation, implantation or
infusion into a human recipient of
either :
(a) live cells, tissues, or organs from a
nonhuman animal source, or
(b) human body fluids, cells, tissues or
organs that have had ex vivo contact
with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues
or organs.

40. TO BE
CONTINUED