This document summarizes a study that explored the relationships between different categories of municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The study found:
1) A positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable waste, indicating these categories increase together.
2) A negative correlation between food scrap and materials like paper, cardboard, rubber, metals, plastics and glass, showing these categories decrease as food scrap increases.
3) The results suggest a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing biodegradable organic waste, and the amounts of certain wastes generated per household can help predict total waste amounts.
Analysis of Solid Waste for its better Management – a case studyinventionjournals
Rapid population growth and changes in consumption habits have caused a considerable increase in solid waste production, and the amounts of refuse destined for final disposal have rapidly consumed landfill capacity. Cities in developing countries face serious environmental pollution problems caused mainly by the inadequate and inefficient final disposal of their solid waste. The most poorly rendered services in the basket— the systems applied are unscientific, outdated and inefficient.This study is based on both primary and secondary sources of data; primary data was collected through field survey during the year 2015 – 16. In the present study an attempt has been made to analysis of the composition, characteristics and quantities of solid waste. An analysis of the composition, characteristics and quantities of waste is essential because it provides the basic data on which the management system is planned, designed and operated, the changes and trend in composition of waste over a period of time are known which helps in future planning and the forecast of trend assists designers and manufactures in the production of vehicles and equipments suitable for future needs.
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere...IJMER
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is currently being used in several countries to evaluate
treatment options for specific waste fractions. The application of GaBi5 (Holistic Balancing)
modeling tool is currently apt for the impact assessment of environmental pollution indices arising
from wastes. This study focuses on the characterization of environmental impact indices of solid
wastes in Suurulere, one of the Local Government Area (LGA)s in Nigeria using GaBi5.
Waste classification was carried out in the selected houses of the LGA. Tool for the Reduction and
Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and the Centre of
Environmental Science, University of Leiden, Netherlands (CML) methods of LCA inventory
assessment were employed in the study. One kg of municipal solid waste of this area was selected
as the functional unit. The Scenario considered in this study with its system boundaries is
Landfilling. It consists of three main steps: Collection, Transportation and Landfilling. GaBi5
modeling tool was used to obtain background data for the life cycle inventory and to analyse the
wastes completely. Four (4) environmental impact indices evaluated are: Global Warming
Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP).
Result of the Scenario’s Environmental Impacts shows that the GWP is characterized in the order:
Biodegradable > Textile > Wood > Paper > plastic > Metal > Glass. The AP followed similar
trend except for paper that is greater than wood wastes. EP has this trend; Metal > Wood > Glass
> Biodegradable > Paper > Textile while for ODP it was Textile > Plastic > Paper > Metal >
Wood > Biodegradable > Glass. The study also showed that when LCA is applied in conjunction
with the waste hierarchy, it can be a useful tool for the planning of municipal waste management
plans as it allows municipalities to directly compare the actual environmental impacts of different
technologies and planning options. Furthermore, through system expansion, a consequential
approach to LCA may encourage municipalities to integrate waste management with processes in
other sectors. The GaBi software of LCA solves the problem of imprecision involved in solid waste
decision making. The study concludes that the wastes all have detrimental impacts on the 4
measured categories but the highest pollution threat is on the Global Warming Potential. It is
recommended that Environmental Protection Agencies at all levels should always analyze and
contain the pollution impacts of the solid wastes on the environment
Current status of commercial solid waste generation, composition and manageme...Premier Publishers
This study determined the quantity, composition, the levels of remaining recyclable materials, and to evaluate treatment methods for commercial solid waste (CSW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Waste samples were collected from 52 commercial sectors including hotels, restaurants, internet cafés, guesthouses, beer gardens, markets, schools, microfinance agencies and shops. The waste was collected daily for two weeks in 2013 and separated into 23 categories. The main composition of CSW were food (50-60%), followed by plastic and paper (30-40%) and glass (5-6%). The waste generation in kg/table/day was 4.83 (large restaurants), 3.36 (medium restaurants), 2.23 (beer gardens), 1.94 (internet cafés); in kg/room/day was 0.69 (3-star hotels), 0.45 (large guesthouses), 0.37 (medium and small guesthouses), 0.097 (small hotels) and in kg/person/day was 0.153 (family marts), 0.15 (ministries), 0.12 (council of ministers), 0.12 (supermarkets), less than 0.10 (shops and schools). Sorted waste was food, followed by glass bottles, paper, PET bottles, aluminium cans and steel. The remaining recyclable materials were food, plastic, paper, steel and aluminium cans. Well sorting activity was conducted by internet cafés and restaurants, followed by family marts, schools, beer gardens and guesthouses. If food waste and other recyclable materials were completely sorted, 61% of current waste could be minimized.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
Analysis of Solid Waste for its better Management – a case studyinventionjournals
Rapid population growth and changes in consumption habits have caused a considerable increase in solid waste production, and the amounts of refuse destined for final disposal have rapidly consumed landfill capacity. Cities in developing countries face serious environmental pollution problems caused mainly by the inadequate and inefficient final disposal of their solid waste. The most poorly rendered services in the basket— the systems applied are unscientific, outdated and inefficient.This study is based on both primary and secondary sources of data; primary data was collected through field survey during the year 2015 – 16. In the present study an attempt has been made to analysis of the composition, characteristics and quantities of solid waste. An analysis of the composition, characteristics and quantities of waste is essential because it provides the basic data on which the management system is planned, designed and operated, the changes and trend in composition of waste over a period of time are known which helps in future planning and the forecast of trend assists designers and manufactures in the production of vehicles and equipments suitable for future needs.
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere...IJMER
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is currently being used in several countries to evaluate
treatment options for specific waste fractions. The application of GaBi5 (Holistic Balancing)
modeling tool is currently apt for the impact assessment of environmental pollution indices arising
from wastes. This study focuses on the characterization of environmental impact indices of solid
wastes in Suurulere, one of the Local Government Area (LGA)s in Nigeria using GaBi5.
Waste classification was carried out in the selected houses of the LGA. Tool for the Reduction and
Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and the Centre of
Environmental Science, University of Leiden, Netherlands (CML) methods of LCA inventory
assessment were employed in the study. One kg of municipal solid waste of this area was selected
as the functional unit. The Scenario considered in this study with its system boundaries is
Landfilling. It consists of three main steps: Collection, Transportation and Landfilling. GaBi5
modeling tool was used to obtain background data for the life cycle inventory and to analyse the
wastes completely. Four (4) environmental impact indices evaluated are: Global Warming
Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP).
Result of the Scenario’s Environmental Impacts shows that the GWP is characterized in the order:
Biodegradable > Textile > Wood > Paper > plastic > Metal > Glass. The AP followed similar
trend except for paper that is greater than wood wastes. EP has this trend; Metal > Wood > Glass
> Biodegradable > Paper > Textile while for ODP it was Textile > Plastic > Paper > Metal >
Wood > Biodegradable > Glass. The study also showed that when LCA is applied in conjunction
with the waste hierarchy, it can be a useful tool for the planning of municipal waste management
plans as it allows municipalities to directly compare the actual environmental impacts of different
technologies and planning options. Furthermore, through system expansion, a consequential
approach to LCA may encourage municipalities to integrate waste management with processes in
other sectors. The GaBi software of LCA solves the problem of imprecision involved in solid waste
decision making. The study concludes that the wastes all have detrimental impacts on the 4
measured categories but the highest pollution threat is on the Global Warming Potential. It is
recommended that Environmental Protection Agencies at all levels should always analyze and
contain the pollution impacts of the solid wastes on the environment
Current status of commercial solid waste generation, composition and manageme...Premier Publishers
This study determined the quantity, composition, the levels of remaining recyclable materials, and to evaluate treatment methods for commercial solid waste (CSW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Waste samples were collected from 52 commercial sectors including hotels, restaurants, internet cafés, guesthouses, beer gardens, markets, schools, microfinance agencies and shops. The waste was collected daily for two weeks in 2013 and separated into 23 categories. The main composition of CSW were food (50-60%), followed by plastic and paper (30-40%) and glass (5-6%). The waste generation in kg/table/day was 4.83 (large restaurants), 3.36 (medium restaurants), 2.23 (beer gardens), 1.94 (internet cafés); in kg/room/day was 0.69 (3-star hotels), 0.45 (large guesthouses), 0.37 (medium and small guesthouses), 0.097 (small hotels) and in kg/person/day was 0.153 (family marts), 0.15 (ministries), 0.12 (council of ministers), 0.12 (supermarkets), less than 0.10 (shops and schools). Sorted waste was food, followed by glass bottles, paper, PET bottles, aluminium cans and steel. The remaining recyclable materials were food, plastic, paper, steel and aluminium cans. Well sorting activity was conducted by internet cafés and restaurants, followed by family marts, schools, beer gardens and guesthouses. If food waste and other recyclable materials were completely sorted, 61% of current waste could be minimized.
Municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala m...Premier Publishers
The study evaluates municipal solid waste generation, composition, and management in the Douala municipality of Cameroon at landfill level. Load count analysis was used for the systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of materials within the landfill in space and time. Descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to draw conclusions. The results show that, on average, municipal solid waste composition in the municipality has been changing over time. On average 490194580 Kg of wastes are generated per month, giving a per capita generation rate of 0.54 ± 0.071 kg person-1month-1. While inert (7.4±0.8), metal (2.6 ± 0.8), glass (3.5% ± 1.3), and paper (14.5% ± 0.9) wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the dry season, plastic (16.1% ± 2.6), organic (49.8.3% ± 3.1) and special wastes (2.0% ± 0.1) had higher proportions in the rainy season. However, at α = 0.05, all waste categories resulted in P > α, with extreme critical values for the test statistic t, suggesting that waste composition do not significantly differ from season to season. Similar results were observed for the mean generation rates across the different districts.Forecasting generation rates could be important for proper planning of operations related to solid waste management.
Organic matter, segregation, chemical characteristics, process control, quali...Premier Publishers
Municipal solid waste (MSW) analysis in Kolkata indicates a presence of a high percentage of biodegradable organic matter (82%), acceptable moisture content (42%) and C/N ratio (32). These parameters are suitable for windrow composting. Because optimum moisture content for windrow composting is in the range of 40-50%. Windrow composting is a process that reduces the volume of the waste and produces a crumbly earthy smelling soil-like compost material. In the proposed scheme, we improve the quality of the compost material using selected organic material from the collected waste. In the practical implementation phased of proposed scheme, it has found all the quality parameters in compost samples within the acceptable limits set by international standard. The pH ranged between 6.7-8.2, organic matter 48%, moisture 23.02% and have an acceptable amount of plant nutrients C (16.03%), H (0.44%), N (1.26%), O2 (1.3%), P (0.89%) and K (1.23%). The result would play an extremely important role in substantially reducing the burden of waste disposal, saving soil resources, controlling leachate and achieving malodorous gas reduction. Besides, it could also increase organic fertilizers in place of some chemical fertilizers and protect water resources.
Use of Burnt Municipal Solid Waste and Lime in Local Subgrade Soil Stabilizat...IJAEMSJORNAL
Increased human activity and urban agglomeration have, of late added critical dimensions to environmental planning and solid waste management. The present day conventional practices of on-site-land disposal method of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are creating environmental pollution and health hazards. MSW generated from the house holds of Warangal city in the burnt form is taken for demonstration and investigative study for its use in stabilization of local subgrade soils. A comprehensive data collection through primary house-hold survey using a structured questionnaire is conducted on residential waste, collection, transportation, disposal for its quantification and characterization. Waste samples were collected from the disposal site and is analyzed for their engineering properties in un-burnt and burnt forms. Sub grade soil samples from a rural area near Chintagattu village in Warangal District of Telangana State in India were collected and are examined for its compaction characteristics, CBR value and strength characteristics. Laboratory experimental investigations are carried for the use of Burnt Municipal Solid Waste (BMSW) in local subgrade soil stabilization in presence of lime. Optimum percentage of lime is arrived at based on un confined compressive strength(UCS) and CBR value criteria. Experimental, investigations are carried on local subgrade soil, soil-lime mix and soli-lime- BMSW mix for assessing the engineering properties and their use in construction of secondary roads. Experimental investigation results are encouraging and revealed that local soils can be stabilized by using BMSW ash (20%) in presence of lime(4%) for the significant improvement in strength and reduction in pavement overlay thickness up to 30%.
The Supervision of Regional Government on Waste Management in Coastal Area Ta...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Study on Solid Waste Management System and Design of Sanitary Landfill for Mo...ijtsrd
The description of this paper is "Study on Solid Waste Management System and Design of Sanitary Landfill for Monywa Township". It has mainly contained two portions. First, analysis of solid waste composition and disposal system for seven quarters for downtown area of Monywa city performed. In the analysis of solid waste composition, demographic study and haul route study are carrying out for the collection of sample from each quarter. Household refuse is considered only in this paper. Second, the sanitary landfill for downtown areas of Monywa city is designed. For disposal of municipal solid waste from Monywa, area method is used for landfilling of MSW. And then, the required landfill area and useful life of disposal site are estimated. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Study on Solid Waste Management System and Design of Sanitary Landfill for Monywa Township" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26622.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26622/study-on-solid-waste-management-system-and-design-of-sanitary-landfill-for-monywa-township/moh-moh
Organic matter, segregation, chemical characteristics, process control, quali...Premier Publishers
Municipal solid waste (MSW) analysis in Kolkata indicates a presence of a high percentage of biodegradable organic matter (82%), acceptable moisture content (42%) and C/N ratio (32). These parameters are suitable for windrow composting. Because optimum moisture content for windrow composting is in the range of 40-50%. Windrow composting is a process that reduces the volume of the waste and produces a crumbly earthy smelling soil-like compost material. In the proposed scheme, we improve the quality of the compost material using selected organic material from the collected waste. In the practical implementation phased of proposed scheme, it has found all the quality parameters in compost samples within the acceptable limits set by international standard. The pH ranged between 6.7-8.2, organic matter 48%, moisture 23.02% and have an acceptable amount of plant nutrients C (16.03%), H (0.44%), N (1.26%), O2 (1.3%), P (0.89%) and K (1.23%). The result would play an extremely important role in substantially reducing the burden of waste disposal, saving soil resources, controlling leachate and achieving malodorous gas reduction. Besides, it could also increase organic fertilizers in place of some chemical fertilizers and protect water resources.
Use of Burnt Municipal Solid Waste and Lime in Local Subgrade Soil Stabilizat...IJAEMSJORNAL
Increased human activity and urban agglomeration have, of late added critical dimensions to environmental planning and solid waste management. The present day conventional practices of on-site-land disposal method of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are creating environmental pollution and health hazards. MSW generated from the house holds of Warangal city in the burnt form is taken for demonstration and investigative study for its use in stabilization of local subgrade soils. A comprehensive data collection through primary house-hold survey using a structured questionnaire is conducted on residential waste, collection, transportation, disposal for its quantification and characterization. Waste samples were collected from the disposal site and is analyzed for their engineering properties in un-burnt and burnt forms. Sub grade soil samples from a rural area near Chintagattu village in Warangal District of Telangana State in India were collected and are examined for its compaction characteristics, CBR value and strength characteristics. Laboratory experimental investigations are carried for the use of Burnt Municipal Solid Waste (BMSW) in local subgrade soil stabilization in presence of lime. Optimum percentage of lime is arrived at based on un confined compressive strength(UCS) and CBR value criteria. Experimental, investigations are carried on local subgrade soil, soil-lime mix and soli-lime- BMSW mix for assessing the engineering properties and their use in construction of secondary roads. Experimental investigation results are encouraging and revealed that local soils can be stabilized by using BMSW ash (20%) in presence of lime(4%) for the significant improvement in strength and reduction in pavement overlay thickness up to 30%.
The Supervision of Regional Government on Waste Management in Coastal Area Ta...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Study on Solid Waste Management System and Design of Sanitary Landfill for Mo...ijtsrd
The description of this paper is "Study on Solid Waste Management System and Design of Sanitary Landfill for Monywa Township". It has mainly contained two portions. First, analysis of solid waste composition and disposal system for seven quarters for downtown area of Monywa city performed. In the analysis of solid waste composition, demographic study and haul route study are carrying out for the collection of sample from each quarter. Household refuse is considered only in this paper. Second, the sanitary landfill for downtown areas of Monywa city is designed. For disposal of municipal solid waste from Monywa, area method is used for landfilling of MSW. And then, the required landfill area and useful life of disposal site are estimated. Moh Moh | San San Myint "Study on Solid Waste Management System and Design of Sanitary Landfill for Monywa Township" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26622.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26622/study-on-solid-waste-management-system-and-design-of-sanitary-landfill-for-monywa-township/moh-moh
Statistical Modelling of the Energy Content of Municipal Solid Wastes in Nort...AZOJETE UNIMAID
The ability to predict the quantity of energy to be produced is of paramount importance in every country. It would assist in setting up a waste management plan which will lead to a sustainable energy policy. This paper presents the development of a statistical linear regression mathematical model to predict the amount of energy contained in municipal solid wastes from the knowledge of such characteristics of the wastes as physical composition and/or moisture content. Major cities of Kano, Katsina, Dutse, Damaturu, Maiduguri, Bauchi, Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto in Northern Nigeria, with high population densities and intense industrial activities constituted the area of study. Ten kilogram each, of the municipal solid waste was collected from the government designated refuse dumping sites in both highly dense populated low income areas and government residential areas, during the hottest months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in the month of August for three years. The waste material was prepared for the determination of its physical characteristics by sifting through. Proximate, ultimate analyses and calorific values were determined using ASTM analytical techniques and formulas from the literature. An empirical linear regression based mathematical model was developed using statistical methods and experimental data. Comparison between experimental and predicted values of the calorific values showed an agreement of about 70% with an average deviation of 5.03% while the standard deviation was found to be 5.29%.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Assessment of Solid Waste Management among Households in Kaptembwa Location i...paperpublications3
Abstract: Solid waste disposal remains one of the major challenges of urbanization in developed and developing countries. The sanitary state of an area, particularly the sub-urban areas is influenced by waste handling practices by the residents and the measures put in place for safe waste collection and disposal. The objective of this study was to assess disposal mechanisms of solid waste among households in Kaptembwa location in Nakuru West Sub-County. The research adopted social inquiry design where a structured questionnaire was administered to household heads, oral interviews and focus group discussions were also conducted. The unit of analysis was the household selected in four estates. The study population was 400 households and a sample size of 200 households. The selection of the household units for data collection was based on simple random sampling. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software (version 17) and results presented by descriptive statistics (graphs and tables). Inferential statistics was also used to show the relationships between independent and dependent variables. The findings and recommendations of this study provide information not only to the Kaptembwa residents but also residents living in low income of urban and peri-urban areas to adopt best practices in solid waste management to improve environmental quality and enhance the health status by reducing the incidence of disease outbreaks. This can be achieved by the implementation of some key research recommendations which includes use of smart shopping to avoid the excess use of polythene bags, proper sorting and storage of waste, using improvised storage receptacles such as disposable cartons and dust bins as well as engaging the Community Based Organization (CBO) dealing with waste collection, transportation and disposal.
The article suggests that how an appropriate carbon emission trading system may give more benefit and economical value, and sustainable way of developing the future income generation in a environmental sector in Malaysia. In other hand, the changing legislative environment is likely to make current practices highly non-optimal and increase pressures for a change of waste management strategy.
The article will become more valuable to all those who have some interests in environmental economic and alternative investment sectors and would like to reduce the global warming and climate change effect and develop the potential value related to carbon emission trading in developing countries.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance, litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
INTUITIONISTIC FUZZY ANALYSIS OF SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE: A FOCUS ON SOLID W...ijfls
Solid waste generation in Dar es Salaam City has been increasing due to rapid population growth and economic development. Using a population growth rate of 4.3% and a generation rate of 0.815kg/cap/day, it is estimated that Dar es Salaam could be generating over 12,000 tonnes of solid wastes per day by 2025. The waste materials have the potential to cause adverse environmental impacts including odour nuisance,
litter problems, adverse visual impacts, and vermin and pests. A sound solid waste management is a result of the efficient and effective management of the supply chain of solid wastes which is composed of waste generation, storage, transportation and disposal. In this study, we apply Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (IFS) to
assess the contribution of each element to the Solid Waste Supply Chain (SWSC). The data was collected from a random sample of ninety five (95) respondents consisting of practitioners, researchers and community members. The computational results reveal that, the contribution in descending order to the underperformance of SWSC in Dar es Salaam City are Storage of solid waste, Collection of solid waste, Disposal of solid waste and Transportation of solid waste. This study will be of great help to environmentalists, town planners, researchers and policy makers.
Generation of Electricity Through A Non-Municipal Solid Waste Heat From An In...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Energy production, waste disposal, and pollution minimization are key problems that must be addressed for sustainable cities of the environment. Waste management has become a major concern worldwide, and incineration is now being used increasingly to treat waste that cannot be recycled economically. The total heat content of non- municipal waste varies from countries to countries. The tonnage of generation in Nigeria is expected to soar over the next few years and the exploitation of this renewable energy locked up in urban solid municipal waste into grid energy can be taken advantage off.The heat generated from this incinerated plant can be used to generate electricity which will reduce overdependence on fossil fuel and the use of generator which in turn reduces pollution disposal of this waste is incinerated plant for the production of electricity. Hence, this paper intends to review the nonmunicipal waste potential in Nigeria, evaluate its environment and economic cost, and energy content of municipal solid waste deposits in Nigeria.
Municipal solid waste landfill site selection in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropo...Premier Publishers
One of the threats to global environmental health is waste generation. Growth in population as well as rise in the quantity of municipal solid waste generated has made it difficult to locate appropriate site for waste disposal in most urban areas. Land filling is now accepted as the most widely used method for addressing this problem in all countries of the world. However, appropriate site selection for land filling is a problem in waste management and therefore needs to be addressed. This research sought to identify a suitable landfill site for waste disposal in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis of Ghana. To achieve this, Geographical Information System (GIS), Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Evaluation (MCE) were applied in order to display and rank candidate sites. The analysis was limited to criteria that were selected and relevant to the area under investigation. The results obtained provide clear areas for landfill sites in the study area and finally arrives at suitable areas.
COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEME...IAEME Publication
The main objectives of this paper to review the cost of the different municipal solid waste
management and to assess the different options using a comparative life cycle appraisal in
selected wards of Bangalore. Life cycle appraisal methodology was used for optimum
municipal solid waste management strategies in selected wards of Bangalore city. Bangalore
is the largest city and business capital of Karnataka state. The population of the city as per the
2011 census is 8,443,675 with the total number of houses 2,101,831. The total of
approximately 62.84 tons per day of waste is generated in selected wards of Bangalore.
Environmental LCA is a system analysis tool is used to analyze and to evaluate different
options that can be implemented to enable the good community solid waste management in the
present study. Collected waste to the landfill and composting (Oc I) Optimized route for waste
to landfill (OcII) vermin composting (62%) and landfill (32%) (OcIII), Entire waste
Incineration (Oc IV), were taken into consideration. An effective Community Municipal Solid
waste management system is needed in these selected wards, since the generated CMSW is
transported to the dumped yard that has no liner, no biogas capture, etc. Based on the analysis
indicates that, the Option OcI and OcIII led to the most adverse environmental impact in the
human health and ecosystem quality damage category. Option OcII (Recycling, optimized
route and landfilling) is the best option in terms of lower environmental impacts on human
health, ecosystem quality and resources and financial requirements. The results also showed
that the most eco-friendly scenario to be implemented in the future would be the combination
of incineration and landfill (OcIV), further, Oc III option had the least helpful effect on the
resources damage category. Theoverall analysis of different options implied that the scenario
Sc-1 was the worst options, and followed by OcII and OcIII among the studied options.
Assessment of landfill sites for solid waste management in Delta state, NigeriaPremier Publishers
Landfills remains an important component in waste management as it deals with municipal solid waste directly and complements alternative waste management technologies, which in themselves give rise to residues that require disposal ultimately via landfill. As an assessment study, the work was carried out by visitation to existing dumpsites to obtain needed data and information through the instrumentation of a checklist, interviews, questionnaire and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was also used to provide appropriate representation of the societal classes in the population across the 25 Local Government Areas in the State. Results showed that most solid waste collected are deposited in open dumpsites/ landfills on the outskirts of urban areas thereby forming breeding sites for disease vectors and polluting the environment and plausible recommendations for improved waste and environmental management in the State.
Solid Waste Management: Recovery, Reuse and Recycling in Sekondi-Takoradi Met...Premier Publishers
In many developing countries, the resource potential of solid waste is not harnessed. However, it is known that recovery of solid waste for reuse and recycling can greatly reduce the pressure on meager waste management infrastructure. The focus of this research was to gather information which could be used to increase and expand the rate of material recovery from solid waste generated in the Sekondi-Takoradi metropolis of Ghana. This paper therefore presents a broad understanding of the key waste management processes, especially those related to recovery, reuse and recycling of solid waste. A detailed analysis of waste generation, recovery, reuse and recycling was done. The informal recycling market in Sekondi-Takoradi was also captured. Based on the findings of the research, it is possible to design waste recovery strategy for higher income and middle income communities where greater volumes of dry recyclable waste fractions are generated.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
Qualitative Study of Landfill Leachate from Different Ages of Landfill Sites ...iosrjce
The present paper describes the qualitative analysis of landfill leachate at different ages of landfill
sites (LFS) around the world and it has been prepared on the basis of extensive survey of literatures. The main
objective of this study was to explore the knowledge on qualitative analysis of municipal solid waste landfill
leachate. This paper provides a reliable and robust database for the prediction of leachate quality when new
landfills are to be developed in Nepal and other parts of the world.
Large amount of biodegradable organic matter is indicated though high ratio of BOD/COD. This in turn leads
to relative high concentration of Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. The lower concentration of VFAs and high pH represents
“old” leachate from the late methanogenic phase. The humic substances give a dark color to stabilized
leachate. Due to the decreasing solubility of many metal ions with increasing pH, the concentration of metal
ions is low in general. The strength of the leachate decreases with time with precipitation of soluble elements
such as heavy metals as the organic compounds break down biologically. This is the reason why leachate
management is problematic due to complexity in its design, operation, and composition, age of landfill, specific
climate conditions and moisture routing through the landfill. In order to avoid pollution and toxicity level in the
water bodies, it is legal necessity to treat landfill leachate before discharging it
Experimental Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste for Energy Production ...theijes
Environmental and health degradation due to poor solid waste management has been a major source of concern in all parts of Nigeria. Municipal solid waste samples were collected during the months of February, March and April and during the rainy season in August for three years in major cities of the north western Nigeria. These cities are Birnin Kebbi, Gusau and Sokoto with high population densities and intense industrial activities. The refuse physical characteristics were then evaluated by sifting through the waste and separated into wood, grass, metal, plastic, paper and sand. The refuse samples were analyzed by proximate and ultimate analyses using ASTM standards. Proximate and ultimate analyses results showed refuse characteristics as: moisture; volatile matter; ash content and fixed carbon, as 21.426: 25.062: 30.010: 23.502; 24.535:22.145:36.130:17.190 and 21.427: 24.103: 34.470: 19.982 for Sokoto, Gusau and Birnin Kebbi, respectively. The calorific values of the refuse were low and found to fall below the limit for the production of steam in electricity generation. There is need to provide a supplementary fuel in the form of bagasse or any herbaceous biomass. It was found that population density and geographical locations are not real determining factors as whether refuse quality may change or not but rather the life style of the population and its awareness towards waste management.
Similar to Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between different categories (20)
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Using person product moment correlation to explore the relationship between different categories
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Using Person Product Moment Correlation to explore the
relationship between different categories of Municipal solid waste
in Kano Metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria
Aliyu Baba Nabegu1 Adamu Mustapha2*
1. Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kano University of
Science and Technology, Wudil. Kano State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
*E-mail of the corresponding author: amustapha494@gmail.com
Abstract
This study explores the relationship between different categories of Municipal solid waste in Kano Metropolis
with Person-Product Moment Correlation. Data for the study was obtained from Samples of Municipal solid
waste from dumps located within three residential zones of Kano metropolis. The samples were collected and
segregated into their various classifiable categories based on standard procedures. The data analyses showed a
positive correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable (r = 0.852, 0.752) and negative correlation between
food scrap, paper cardboard, rubber, metals, plastic and glass (r = -0.847, -0.793, -0.853, -0.833 and -0.776).
Based on these results, it can be concluded that a waste management strategy for the area should focus on
managing biodegradable organic waste, considering this constituent has the potential to impact the environment,
type of collection equipments, transport mode and frequency of collection. Furthermore, the amounts of waste
generated per households can be used to predict the total amount of vegetable waste generated within the
municipality.
Keywords: Biodegradable Solid, waste management. Waste generation, Waste composition, Recycling
1. Introduction
Population growth, urbanization, economic development and the associated rising living standards and changing
life style towards consumerism have led to increases in the quantity and complexity of municipal solid waste in
cities in developing countries leading to severe environmental and human health consequences. The management
of the growing volume of municipal solid waste poses formidable challenges to most of these countries. In the
developed countries of the world, the characterization of waste forms the basis for management and intervention,
since, a data base on the characteristics of the municipal solid waste being generated is a key component in the
development of robust and cost-effective solid waste management policy and from such data models are
available to predict waste generation patterns (Daskapoulous et al. 1998).
However, very little research has been done so far to develop models applicable in developing countries.
Models are available to predict the gross waste generation capacity of countries and regions. But, these are not
adequate for developing integrated waste management plans for municipalities, since waste generation patterns
are unique to specific situations in the respective countries and regions. There is an urgent need for waste
prediction models for suburban municipalities in developing countries, like Kano metropolis. Such cities are fast
growing and lack basic infrastructure for waste management. Once developed, such information could be
extrapolated to other communities with similar socio-economic conditions.
To develop models that will help in developing countries, information on the composition of municipal solid
waste is required for understanding the pattern of generation but also, due to the need to estimate material
recovery potential and identify sources of component generation, (Beukering et al., 1999), choice of appropriate
equipments the frequency of collection as well as the potential risks to the environment and human health
(Nabegu, 2008a). Available data on the types of solid waste generated in most developing countries are
incomplete, inconsistent and unreliable due to wide variations in data recording, definitions, collection methods
and seasonal variations. This paper used the Person Product Moment Correlation to explore relationship between
the components of the waste and the possible implication in formulating models that will guide the formulation
63
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
of sustainable waste management strategies.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of the Study Area
Kano is the largest city in the Sudan Region of West Africa. It is located between latitude 12o 25 to 12o 40N and
longitude 8o 35N to 8o 45E. Kano city has for centuries been the most important commercial and industrial nerve
centre attracting millions from all parts of the region and beyond. Immigration and natural growth rate of 3%,
and increase economic activities is expected to continue to increase the population and waste stream in the years
to come. Today Kano metropolis generates about 1, 0805,000 tons of solid waste per year or approximately 3050
metric tons per day (Nabegu, 2008b). By 2025, this figure is expected to increase to 1,825,000 tons per year, or
5000 metric tons per day. These are estimates and the real values are probably more than these quantities. The
climate of the study area is the tropical wet and dry Aw by Koppen’s classification. Climatic factors play a
crucial role in the municipal waste management of the study area. For example, during the wet season,
heat and humidity cause the municipal solid waste to be of higher moisture content thus increasing the
weight of the refuse (Nabegu, 2008c). In addition, high humidity with heat causes the organic portion of the
waste to decompose quickly leading to problems in handling and disposal, which directly affects the
environmental health of the waste workers and the inhabitants (Kurupran, et. al., 2003).
2.2 Methods
The study was undertaken between March and May 2007 and was organized in stages as follows:
Stage 1: This stage involved a desk study in which documents and records relating to municipal solid waste
management in Kano metropolis, by the Refuse Management and Sanitation Board (REMASAB) were studied to
obtain archival as well as data on existing municipal solid waste composition in the city.
Stage 2: Twenty five residents each from three identified residential zones selected randomly. To determine
sample locations within Kano metropolis, a basic knowledge of the urban area of Kano was helpful, guided by
the assertion of Gordon (1983) that an urban area is usually defined to comprise of three levels within which data
could be collected: - The city proper (in this study the old walled city): - Metropolitan transition area (in this
study the G.R.A.) and urban agglomeration (in this study suburban area). Identified residential zones were
subdivided into equal grids using Kano metropolis as base map. Table of Random Numbers was used to choose
the study areas. These represented various residential, commercial, market, and industrial areas.
Stage 3: The general principles outlined by ASTM (1999) were followed. Trucks were randomly sampled at the
main landfill situated on Court Road, and refuse was hand sorted into component categories.
Stage 4: The waste from identified bins in the households used in the study was thoroughly mixed. 100 kg of
sample was collected. A quartering technique based on NEERI (Report, 1997) was used to obtain 12.5 kg.
Using the quartering technique, the total waste mass was divided into four parts and waste from two diagonally
opposite portions was taken and mixed. The other two portions were discarded. This procedure was repeated
until a waste sample of approximately 12.5 kg weight was obtained.
Stage 5: Various components from the 12.5 kg sample, such as plastics, paper, metal, organic fractions, etc., were
segregated and weighed, and these were expressed as a percentage of the total weight.
3. Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of different categories of waste observed in the three residential zones of
Kano metropolis. From the table, the skewness ranged from -0.714 to 0.744 showing data is normally distributed.
From the samples of solid wastes collected in the three zones, eight different types of wastes were categorized.
These are food scarp, paper cardboard, textile and rubber, plastic material, glass, metal, ash and dirt and
vegetables. Analysis of waste type shows that Kano metropolis’s solid waste consists to a large extent of organic
and biodegradable matter (66 %) and the 34% non biodegradable typical of low income developing country
(Ramachandra and Bachanda,2007). Thus, a waste management strategy for the city should focus on managing
biodegradable organic waste, considering this constituent has the potential to impact the quality of leachate and
gas generation if deposited in a unsanitary landfill as is the case now. The choice of equipments and frequency of
64
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
collection will also be impacted by the high organic content of the waste (Nabegu, 2008c).
3.1 Pearson Product Moment Correlation
Person Product Moment Correlation was employed to explore the relationship between different categories of
solid waste in Kano Metropolitan. Preliminary analyses were performed on the raw data to ensure no violation of
the assumption of normality and linearity, further, the equality of variance (homogeneity of variance) was
checked using Levene test of homogeneity and revealed significant value greater than alpha value showing all
variance are equal. Since there were eight bivariate pairs, Bonfereni adjusted alpha of 0.000625 (0.05/8) was
used to test the null hypothesis of the bivariate pairs.
As depicted in table 2, there is strong positive relationship among the solid waste materials. There is positive
correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable (r = 0.852, 0.752). This shows that increase in food scrap waste
may enhance the increase in ash and vegetable waste. This observation can be explained by the fact in developing
countries there is a direct correlation between income and type of food consumed. The poor who are predominant
in Kano metropolis consume fresh vegetables hence the predominance of food scrap this observation has been
made in similar cities notably by AbuQadis, et.al.,(1997), Bandera,et.al.,(2007) among others and it is generally
accepted that food scrap is typical of developing countries. Also, in Kano metropolis like similar areas in
developing countries there is a direct correlation between income and type of energy use. Due to dearth and non
availability of conventional urban energy sources the vast majority of residents in Kano use wood and charcoal as
main energy sources leading to high content of ash . This has also been reported elsewhere by ( Kurupatan
et.al.,2003, Buerostro, et.al., 2008 ).
There is negative correlation between food scrap, paper cardboard, rubber, metals, plastic and glass (r = -0.847,
-0.793, -0.853, -0.833 and -0.776). The negative correlation between food /vegetable and cardboard and other
recyclable material is due to the fact that residents of Kano metropolis are typical of developing countries
different from those of developed high income countries living in the modern semi-detached houses, which
denoted the high prosperity level that generate far more waste per household. These households produced more
packaging materials due to higher consumption of comestibles (Banar and Ozkar, 2008, AbuQadis et.al., 1997).
Furthermore, the negative correlation between food/vegetable and other recyclables in Kano is due to high rate
of recycling. In Kano metropolis, recycling and reuse is an important factor in waste. Though informally
organized recycling is said to account for 40% of the waste stream in Kano metropolis (Nabegu,2009). The
recycling and reuse takes place at different levels. Most of the materials do not even get to the waste stream –
they are given to poorer and needy neighbors for reuse, or sold as high level recyclable and only the bad items
are sent to the dust bin which are collected by the scavengers ( ibid).
Although this study was not designed to determine, whether, an increase in one variable caused an increase in the
value of a second variables. It would seem logical that to say that vegetables and ashes are more likely to
increase when food scrap increase, due to the fact it has been shown that urban poverty continues to increase due
in part to rapid immigration which is mainly by poor leaving derelict rural areas for the city. Kano metropolis is
said to be increasing by 40% annually. The poor condition of the immigrants would suggest that the consumption
pattern and energy use would remain fairly as it is which would mean increase in vegetable matter would
translate in to more ash in the waste. Thus, the organic waste generation per household in Kano metropolis can
be considered as a surrogate for living standards of occupants of the household. Also, according to (US EPA
1999), the composition of municipal solid waste varies significantly across a city and differences in the
characterization and reporting of waste types also differ with some municipal authorities including construction
and demolition waste and industrial waste as part of the municipal waste stream. Clearly this is the case in Kano
where, the absence of physical planning means industrial, commercial and residential land uses are mixed and
often it is difficult to separate sources and types of waste from these mixed land uses .Construction and
demolition waste in Kano metropolis goes for recycling and reuse and is therefore hardly accounted in the waste
stream. Also, basic infrastructure brings other variations in cities with unpaved or poorly paved streets that have
large amounts of dust and dirt from street sweeping this is reflected in the suburban and city areas of Kano
metropolis. Also, high amounts of organic waste in the GRA part of Kano metropolis was due to the number of
trees and plants in the area.
4. Conclusion
To develop an effective waste management strategy for a given city, it is imperative to have an idea of the
current and future composition of the waste stream. In this study, the data analyses showed that there is positive
65
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
correlation between food scrap, ash and vegetable (r = 0.852, 0.752). This shows that increase in food scrap
waste may enhance the increase in ash and vegetable waste. There is negative correlation between food scrap,
paper cardboard, rubber, metals, plastic and glass (r = -0.847, -0.793, -0.853, -0.833 and -0.776). Based on the
study it can be concluded that a waste management strategy for the area should focus on managing
biodegradable organic waste, considering this constituent has the potential to impact the environment, type of
collection equipments, transport mode and frequency of collection. Also, the amounts of waste generated ash per
households can be used to predict the total amount of vegetable waste generated within a municipality.
References
ASTM. (1999) Standard test method for determination of the composition of unprocessed municipal solid waste.
D 5231-92, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Abu Qdais, H., Hamoda, M. F. & Newham, J. (1997). “Analysis of residential solid waste at generation sites”.
Waste Management & Research, 15 (4), 395-406.
Banar, M. & Özkan, A. (2008). “Characterization of the municipal solid waste in Eskisehir City, Turkey”.
Environmental Engineering Science, 25 (8), 1213-1219.
Bandara, N. J., Hettiaratchi, J. P., Wirasinghe, S. C. & Pilapiiya, S. (2007). “Relation of waste generation and
composition to socio-economic factors: a case study”. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 135 (1-3),
31-39. 94
Buenrostro, D. O., Márquez-Benavides, L. & Pinette, G. F. (2008). Consumption patterns and household
hazardous solid waste generation in an urban settlement in México. Waste Management, 28 (1), S2-S6.
Beukering, P. V., Sehker, M., Gerlagh, R. and Kumar, V. (1999). Analysing Urban Solid Waste in Developing
Countries: A Perspective on Bangalore. Collaborative Research in the Economics of Environment and
Development (CREED) and Environmental Economics Programme (IIED)
Daskapoulos, E., Badr, O. & Probert, S. D. (1998). Municipal solid waste: A prediction methodology for the
generation rate and composition in the European Union countries and the United States of America. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 24 (2), 155-166.
Gordon H.S. (1983) The Economic Theory of Common Property Resource. In R.K Dorfman (eds) Economics of
the Environment. Methuen, London.
Kuruparan, P., Tubtimthai, O., Visvanathan, C. and Tränkler, J. (2003). Influence of Tropical Seasonal Variation,
Operation Modes and Waste Composition on Leachate Characteristics and Landfill Settlement. Proceedings of
the Workshop on Sustainable Landfill Management, December 3-5, 2003, Centre for Environmental Studies,
Anna University, Chennai, India.
Nabegu, A. B. (2008a) An assessment of refuse management and sanitation board (REMASAB)s waste
management in Kano metropolis. Techno science Africana journal Vol.1, June.
Nabegu , A.B (2008b) Municipal solid waste characteristics in three residential zones of Kano metropolis.
Maidugri Journal of Arts and Social Sciences. Vol. 6 pp199-210
Nabegu, A.B (2008c)The organization of plastic waste recycling in Kano metropolis. Techno science
Africana journal Vol.2, pp89-9
Nabegu, A.B. (2009) An Explanation of the informal plastic waste recovery process in Kano metropolis, Nigeria,
using Gidden’s Structuration theory. Bayero Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies volume 1 Number 2 June 2009
NEERI Report, 1997. Strategy Paper on Solid Waste Management in India.
Ramachandra, T.V. and Bachamanda, S. (2007) ‘Environmental audit of Municipal Solid Waste Management’,
66
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol 2, No.4, 2012
Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, Vol. 7, Nos. 3/4, pp.369–391.
USEPA. (1999) “Characterization of municipal solid waste in the United States: 1998 update.” Rep. No.
530-R-98-007, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C.,
Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Variables under study
Mean SE SD Variance Skewness Kurtosis
Areas 2 0.15162 0.83045 0.69 0 -1.554
Food scrap 27.6 2.97136 16.2748 264.869 -0.736 -1.553
Paper Cardboard 15 2.49597 13.67101 186.897 0.742 -1.554
Textile Rubber 7 0.45486 2.49136 6.207 0 -1.554
Metals 9.3333 1.40878 7.71623 59.54 0.706 -1.554
Plastic materials 11 0.84418 4.62378 21.379 0.336 -1.554
Glass 6.6667 0.83506 4.57379 20.92 -0.117 -1.554
Ash 13 1.58296 8.6702 75.172 -0.714 -1.554
Vegetable 10.3333 1.52627 8.35973 69.885 0.252 -1.554
Table 2 Pearson Product Moment Correlation of Municipal Solid Waste
Foodscra PaperCardboar Vegetabl
p d Rubber Metals Plastics Glass Ash e
Areas
Foodscrap 1
PaperCardboar
d -.847** 1
Rubber -.793** .881** 1
Metals -.853** .997** .915** 1
Plastics -.833** .944** .988** .966** 1
Glass -.776** .855** .999** .892** .978** 1
-.910* 1.000* -.963* -.887*
Ash .852** -.998** * * * * 1
-.993* -.963* -.998* .856*
Vegetable .752** -.821** * -.862** * * * 1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
67