Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Abakaliki Capital Territory, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Implications for Human Health Risk.
The management of e-waste is a challenge especially in the developing countries. E-waste comprises
of a multitude of components, some containing potentially toxic elements that can have an adverse impact on
human health and the environment if not handled properly. This work examined existing e-waste management
protocol in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The investigation revealed poor practices including; indiscriminate waste
dumping, the use of obsolete waste disposal equipment, handling all waste as one, the use of open burning and
landfill as the treatment option and lack of adequate legislation covering e-waste management in the State.
Obviously, such practices would release significant toxic contaminants which could negatively affect human
health and the environment.
This document provides an overview of a training on electronic waste (e-waste) management. It defines e-waste and discusses why it is a concern, focusing on the hazardous substances contained in e-waste and the risks of informal recycling. The document reviews global and national e-waste quantities and flows, as well as opportunities and challenges of e-waste management in Egypt. It then summarizes the objectives and components of the Medical and Electronic Waste Management project aimed at improving e-waste disposal in Egypt through developing regulatory frameworks, awareness campaigns, and introducing best practices.
Environmental Impact of Burning Electrical and Electronic Componentsresearchinventy
Electronic waste (e-waste) has been an increasing problem facing the global village. Much of the problem is due to the profligate disposal and burning of these devices without consideration to the municipality’s ability to handle the volume of waste streams that are generated or the effects of the gases released during the burning process. The burning is used as a processing pathway to recovering some of the components of these devices as well as to reduce their volumes to more manageable levels in order to facilitate final disposal as incinerator ash. This paper highlights the effects of burning electronic waste on the local environment. It was found that due to the burning of these e-wastes, there is a tremendous and harmful impact to both the health of the local population as well as that of the environment, particularly the aquatic habitat. Thus, necessitating the need for robust and speedy implementation of legislative oversight in order to ensure a sustainable and long lasting relationship between man and the environment. Some of these laws have been highlighted in this report.
This document contains a literature review and practical study of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management approaches in the EU and China. The literature review identifies differences and commonalities between the EU and China in their WEEE policies and treatment processes. The practical study involves disassembling five mobile phones to identify barriers to component recovery and potential improvements to WEEE management. The document concludes by suggesting the implementation of an open-access component database to improve component identification and recovery.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a study that aimed to design an integrated solid waste management scheme for Igbinedion University Community. The researchers first conducted a review of the existing solid waste management system through surveys, interviews, and site visits. They analyzed waste generation rates and types, collection processes, treatment and disposal methods. They then evaluated the needs of the community for a more efficient waste management system. The goal was to propose an integrated scheme with lower costs for transportation, construction, and operation/maintenance that could serve as a model for larger populations.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
India generates around 4% of global e-waste annually, ranking 5th largest. In 2016, India generated around 3.5 million tonnes of e-waste annually and imported an additional 50,000 tonnes. The US exports the most e-waste to India at around 42% of imports, followed by China at 30%. Only around 1.5% of India's e-waste is formally recycled, while 8% goes to landfills and the remaining 90.5% is handled by the informal sector. The government has policies around e-waste importation and recycling, but challenges remain around tracking and regulating e-waste flows within the country.
Chapter 1 Society and Impact of Technology on Society July 2017Hari Shrestha
This document provides an overview of the course "Engineering Professional Practice" taught by Prof. Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha at Nepal Engineering College. The first chapter focuses on analyzing the role of engineers in society and covers topics such as definitions of society, factors of social change, impacts of technology on socio-economic parameters, effects of major technological developments, and the role of engineers in society. The chapter aims to help students understand how engineering solutions shape and are shaped by the societies they serve.
This document provides an overview of a training on electronic waste (e-waste) management. It defines e-waste and discusses why it is a concern, focusing on the hazardous substances contained in e-waste and the risks of informal recycling. The document reviews global and national e-waste quantities and flows, as well as opportunities and challenges of e-waste management in Egypt. It then summarizes the objectives and components of the Medical and Electronic Waste Management project aimed at improving e-waste disposal in Egypt through developing regulatory frameworks, awareness campaigns, and introducing best practices.
Environmental Impact of Burning Electrical and Electronic Componentsresearchinventy
Electronic waste (e-waste) has been an increasing problem facing the global village. Much of the problem is due to the profligate disposal and burning of these devices without consideration to the municipality’s ability to handle the volume of waste streams that are generated or the effects of the gases released during the burning process. The burning is used as a processing pathway to recovering some of the components of these devices as well as to reduce their volumes to more manageable levels in order to facilitate final disposal as incinerator ash. This paper highlights the effects of burning electronic waste on the local environment. It was found that due to the burning of these e-wastes, there is a tremendous and harmful impact to both the health of the local population as well as that of the environment, particularly the aquatic habitat. Thus, necessitating the need for robust and speedy implementation of legislative oversight in order to ensure a sustainable and long lasting relationship between man and the environment. Some of these laws have been highlighted in this report.
This document contains a literature review and practical study of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management approaches in the EU and China. The literature review identifies differences and commonalities between the EU and China in their WEEE policies and treatment processes. The practical study involves disassembling five mobile phones to identify barriers to component recovery and potential improvements to WEEE management. The document concludes by suggesting the implementation of an open-access component database to improve component identification and recovery.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes a study that aimed to design an integrated solid waste management scheme for Igbinedion University Community. The researchers first conducted a review of the existing solid waste management system through surveys, interviews, and site visits. They analyzed waste generation rates and types, collection processes, treatment and disposal methods. They then evaluated the needs of the community for a more efficient waste management system. The goal was to propose an integrated scheme with lower costs for transportation, construction, and operation/maintenance that could serve as a model for larger populations.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
India generates around 4% of global e-waste annually, ranking 5th largest. In 2016, India generated around 3.5 million tonnes of e-waste annually and imported an additional 50,000 tonnes. The US exports the most e-waste to India at around 42% of imports, followed by China at 30%. Only around 1.5% of India's e-waste is formally recycled, while 8% goes to landfills and the remaining 90.5% is handled by the informal sector. The government has policies around e-waste importation and recycling, but challenges remain around tracking and regulating e-waste flows within the country.
Chapter 1 Society and Impact of Technology on Society July 2017Hari Shrestha
This document provides an overview of the course "Engineering Professional Practice" taught by Prof. Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha at Nepal Engineering College. The first chapter focuses on analyzing the role of engineers in society and covers topics such as definitions of society, factors of social change, impacts of technology on socio-economic parameters, effects of major technological developments, and the role of engineers in society. The chapter aims to help students understand how engineering solutions shape and are shaped by the societies they serve.
Developing Legislative Principles for e-waste policy in developing and emergi...AbdulRaqeebShinwari1
This document outlines legislative principles for developing e-waste policy in emerging countries. It discusses the following key points:
- Objectives of EPR-based e-waste legislation include making producers responsible for end-of-life management and improving environmental performance across the electronics life cycle.
- Definitions for key terms like "producer" and "e-waste" need to be clear and aligned internationally.
- Roles and responsibilities should be well-defined for producers, government authorities, recyclers, collectors and others.
- The system design must enable efficient collection, reuse and recycling while allowing flexibility. Collection systems should leverage existing informal networks and incentivize collecting whole units.
- Pro
This section describes how e-waste flows are measured in a harmonized framework. E-waste generated is calculated based on sales data, import/export data, product lifespan, and discarding probabilities. The methodology allows for international comparison by linking country data to standardized product categories and statistical corrections. Key outputs include the amount of e-waste generated per country, year, and product type. This framework provides an unprecedented level of accuracy and harmonization in measuring global e-waste quantities.
session 3 information sources
Access to information on the environment and environmental democracy
by Michael Ewing
co-ordinator of the environmental pillar of social partnership
This document discusses environmental laws and policies in India. It outlines how environmental legislation in India began with laws passed under British rule to limit pollution and forest degradation. Key developments include the 1972 Stockholm Declaration inspiring new constitutional provisions and acts like the Water Act of 1974, Air Act of 1981, and Environment Protection Act of 1986 after the Bhopal gas tragedy. Central and state pollution control boards along with the National Green Tribunal were established to enforce these laws and address issues in enforcing environmental legislation in India.
The circular economy - benefits to South African supply chainsTristan Wiggill
A White Paper by Peter Desmond MBA, MA, FCA, FRSA, Management Consultant and Founder Director, Growth International, UK. Delivered during SAPICS 2016 in South Africa.
Our modern economy currently operates through a linear approach where products are made, used and disposed of. This Linear Economy is powered by increasingly expensive fossil fuels, relies on continual economic growth and generates waste. An alternative approach is a Circular Economy. This is an industrial system which benefits business, society and nature; it aims to reuse products and materials to realise their maximum value. The Circular Economy is estimated to be worth $4.5 trillion per annum and capable of removing all new CO2 emissions generated by global GDP growth over the next 15 years (COP21).
This document provides guidance on accessing environmental information through various methods like Freedom of Information requests and Access to Information on the Environment requests. It outlines the key principles and legislation around the public's right to environmental information, including the Aarhus Convention. The document provides advice on making Access to Information on the Environment requests, including defining environmental information, identifying relevant public authorities, submitting a request, and following the response lifecycle which includes timelines for internal reviews and appeals. The overall purpose is to inform citizens on their rights around accessing environmental information and how to effectively leverage these rights.
Prevalence of Electricity Power theft in Nueva Ecija II Electric Cooperative,...IJAEMSJORNAL
This research focused on the prevalence of electricity power theft in areas covered by NEECO II- Area 2. The data from the Special Energy Recovery Group (Apprehension Group) revealed that there were 386 apprehended electric pilferers from 2014-2016 and that the towns of Sta. Rosa and San Leonardo recorded the highest number of consumers and also have the highest number of electric pilferers as compared to other towns covered by NEECO II – Area 2. Among all the types of electric theft, the jumper is the most prevalent in areas covered by NEECO II – Area 2 from 2014-2016. Based on data available, the towns of Sta. Rosa registered the highest number of electric power theft by means of jumper (91) and illegal connection (30), followed by the town of Gen. Tinio (42), San Leonardo (32), Peñaranda (32), Bongabon (23), Gen. Natividad (16) and the rest of the towns are minimal in number. By comparing the total number of electric power theft regardless of its type, the year 2014 registered the highest number of violators (173) and significantly decrease in the year 2015 and 2016 (119 and 95, respectively) and up to August 2017 (39). Based on the computation from the Special Energy Recovery Group (Apprehension Group) and that of the Finance Department, the total non-technical losses occurred from 2014-2016 was 6.50 % and it is equivalent to P81,464,791.83 or on the average P2,292,910.88 per month. Losses can be even higher because the actual non-technical losses cannot be easily detected, meaning the apprehended party might consume higher than the average consumption because as being said, it is electric theft.
What sustainability means in mining today or what mining means to sustainabil...Mining On Top
The document discusses the role and contributions of mining to sustainability and the global economy. It makes the following key points:
1) Mining contributes around 10% directly and up to 45% indirectly to the global economy through supporting industries and downstream uses of minerals.
2) Mining disturbs less than 1% of the Earth's surface but provides over 45% of global economic activity and is essential for clean water, clean air, and other environmental needs.
3) For mining to be sustainable, it must contribute to human well-being, ecosystem well-being, and economic viability at the local, national and international levels through its operations and post-closure plans.
Impact of information technology on environmentcmr cet
This presentation discusses the positive and negative environmental impacts of information technology. It begins by defining information technology as the acquisition, processing, storage, and dissemination of information using microelectronics and telecommunications. Some benefits mentioned are reduced paper and ink consumption, as well as ability to monitor environmental changes. However, manufacturing computers uses chemicals and fossil fuels and their disposal pollutes the soil and water. Old electronics contain toxic materials like lead and mercury. The presentation recommends that industries reduce toxic substances and that governments set up e-waste recycling programs to properly dispose of old electronics. It encourages reusing or recycling old electronics to reduce their environmental effects.
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
Please Check the Assignments Included in this Tutorial below
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Endangered Species Act of 1973
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
B Yose WasteCon Paper_Formalisation of E-Waste Recycling;Making it a RealityBabalwa Yose
This document discusses formalizing e-waste recycling in South Africa. It notes that e-waste recycling is currently dominated by the informal sector, which has negative impacts on health and the environment. Formalizing recycling through established businesses faces challenges including high start-up costs, operational expenses, and policies that limit waste supply to recyclers. Addressing these barriers may help unlock progress in formalizing the e-waste recycling industry in South Africa.
The document outlines Uganda's draft e-waste management policy. It discusses the growing problem of e-waste in Uganda due to rising electronics use and lack of proper disposal infrastructure. The policy's vision is to achieve sustainable e-waste management for environmental and public health. It establishes roles for various government ministries and sets priorities like developing e-waste infrastructure, regulations, training programs, and public awareness campaigns.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
Tech Waste: Environmental Impact and ManagementEditor IJCATR
Over the recent years, the global market of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has grown rapidly, while the products
lifespan has become increasingly shorter. The rapid growth of the electronic and IT industry, current user’s culture, increasing rates of
usage of techno products have led to disastrous environmental consequences. Most of these technologies are ending up in backlash
and recycling centres, posing a new environmental challenge in this 21st century. The presence of hazardous and toxic substances in
electronic goods has made tech waste a matter of fear and if not properly managed, it can have unfavourable effects on environment. It
has been proven that some of the waste contain many cancer-causing agents. This paper provides a review of the tech waste problems
and the need for its appropriate management
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste), its sources and characteristics. It notes that e-waste is the fastest growing waste stream and is composed of both valuable and hazardous materials. The document outlines the Indian e-waste scenario, noting that e-waste generation is expected to significantly increase by 2020 and that most e-waste management is currently unorganized. It concludes by stressing the need for a national e-waste policy and framework in India to properly manage increasing e-waste in an environmentally sound manner.
Integration of Knowledge Electronic WasteMelinda Lugo
The document discusses the issue of electronic waste (e-waste) and its environmental impacts. E-waste contains toxic and non-biodegradable components that harm the environment and human health when disposed of improperly. A study of college students found that most were unaware of e-waste issues prior to an educational intervention. After learning about e-waste, most students said they would be likely to change their disposal habits to more environmentally friendly options like recycling. Continued education efforts are needed to further address e-waste and promote sustainable practices.
This document discusses the growing problem of e-waste in India. It notes that India generates over 1.8 million tons of e-waste annually, which is estimated to double by 2020. E-waste includes discarded electronics like computers, phones, TVs, and contains both hazardous and non-hazardous components. There is no proper system for tracking, collecting, and processing e-waste in India, so most recycling is done informally and unsafely by the unorganized sector, causing environmental damage and health hazards. The document calls for increased awareness and regulation to properly manage India's large and increasing amounts of e-waste.
This document provides information about e-waste (electronic waste) and its implications. It begins by defining e-waste as old or obsolete electronic equipment like computers, phones, TVs etc. that are discarded. It then discusses the legal, social, economic, health and environmental implications of e-waste for Pacific island communities. Specifically, it notes the challenges of limited resources to properly manage e-waste and the risks posed by toxic materials in electronics. The document also provides some examples of e-waste and mentions international agreements around hazardous waste like the Basel and Waigani Conventions.
Developing Legislative Principles for e-waste policy in developing and emergi...AbdulRaqeebShinwari1
This document outlines legislative principles for developing e-waste policy in emerging countries. It discusses the following key points:
- Objectives of EPR-based e-waste legislation include making producers responsible for end-of-life management and improving environmental performance across the electronics life cycle.
- Definitions for key terms like "producer" and "e-waste" need to be clear and aligned internationally.
- Roles and responsibilities should be well-defined for producers, government authorities, recyclers, collectors and others.
- The system design must enable efficient collection, reuse and recycling while allowing flexibility. Collection systems should leverage existing informal networks and incentivize collecting whole units.
- Pro
This section describes how e-waste flows are measured in a harmonized framework. E-waste generated is calculated based on sales data, import/export data, product lifespan, and discarding probabilities. The methodology allows for international comparison by linking country data to standardized product categories and statistical corrections. Key outputs include the amount of e-waste generated per country, year, and product type. This framework provides an unprecedented level of accuracy and harmonization in measuring global e-waste quantities.
session 3 information sources
Access to information on the environment and environmental democracy
by Michael Ewing
co-ordinator of the environmental pillar of social partnership
This document discusses environmental laws and policies in India. It outlines how environmental legislation in India began with laws passed under British rule to limit pollution and forest degradation. Key developments include the 1972 Stockholm Declaration inspiring new constitutional provisions and acts like the Water Act of 1974, Air Act of 1981, and Environment Protection Act of 1986 after the Bhopal gas tragedy. Central and state pollution control boards along with the National Green Tribunal were established to enforce these laws and address issues in enforcing environmental legislation in India.
The circular economy - benefits to South African supply chainsTristan Wiggill
A White Paper by Peter Desmond MBA, MA, FCA, FRSA, Management Consultant and Founder Director, Growth International, UK. Delivered during SAPICS 2016 in South Africa.
Our modern economy currently operates through a linear approach where products are made, used and disposed of. This Linear Economy is powered by increasingly expensive fossil fuels, relies on continual economic growth and generates waste. An alternative approach is a Circular Economy. This is an industrial system which benefits business, society and nature; it aims to reuse products and materials to realise their maximum value. The Circular Economy is estimated to be worth $4.5 trillion per annum and capable of removing all new CO2 emissions generated by global GDP growth over the next 15 years (COP21).
This document provides guidance on accessing environmental information through various methods like Freedom of Information requests and Access to Information on the Environment requests. It outlines the key principles and legislation around the public's right to environmental information, including the Aarhus Convention. The document provides advice on making Access to Information on the Environment requests, including defining environmental information, identifying relevant public authorities, submitting a request, and following the response lifecycle which includes timelines for internal reviews and appeals. The overall purpose is to inform citizens on their rights around accessing environmental information and how to effectively leverage these rights.
Prevalence of Electricity Power theft in Nueva Ecija II Electric Cooperative,...IJAEMSJORNAL
This research focused on the prevalence of electricity power theft in areas covered by NEECO II- Area 2. The data from the Special Energy Recovery Group (Apprehension Group) revealed that there were 386 apprehended electric pilferers from 2014-2016 and that the towns of Sta. Rosa and San Leonardo recorded the highest number of consumers and also have the highest number of electric pilferers as compared to other towns covered by NEECO II – Area 2. Among all the types of electric theft, the jumper is the most prevalent in areas covered by NEECO II – Area 2 from 2014-2016. Based on data available, the towns of Sta. Rosa registered the highest number of electric power theft by means of jumper (91) and illegal connection (30), followed by the town of Gen. Tinio (42), San Leonardo (32), Peñaranda (32), Bongabon (23), Gen. Natividad (16) and the rest of the towns are minimal in number. By comparing the total number of electric power theft regardless of its type, the year 2014 registered the highest number of violators (173) and significantly decrease in the year 2015 and 2016 (119 and 95, respectively) and up to August 2017 (39). Based on the computation from the Special Energy Recovery Group (Apprehension Group) and that of the Finance Department, the total non-technical losses occurred from 2014-2016 was 6.50 % and it is equivalent to P81,464,791.83 or on the average P2,292,910.88 per month. Losses can be even higher because the actual non-technical losses cannot be easily detected, meaning the apprehended party might consume higher than the average consumption because as being said, it is electric theft.
What sustainability means in mining today or what mining means to sustainabil...Mining On Top
The document discusses the role and contributions of mining to sustainability and the global economy. It makes the following key points:
1) Mining contributes around 10% directly and up to 45% indirectly to the global economy through supporting industries and downstream uses of minerals.
2) Mining disturbs less than 1% of the Earth's surface but provides over 45% of global economic activity and is essential for clean water, clean air, and other environmental needs.
3) For mining to be sustainable, it must contribute to human well-being, ecosystem well-being, and economic viability at the local, national and international levels through its operations and post-closure plans.
Impact of information technology on environmentcmr cet
This presentation discusses the positive and negative environmental impacts of information technology. It begins by defining information technology as the acquisition, processing, storage, and dissemination of information using microelectronics and telecommunications. Some benefits mentioned are reduced paper and ink consumption, as well as ability to monitor environmental changes. However, manufacturing computers uses chemicals and fossil fuels and their disposal pollutes the soil and water. Old electronics contain toxic materials like lead and mercury. The presentation recommends that industries reduce toxic substances and that governments set up e-waste recycling programs to properly dispose of old electronics. It encourages reusing or recycling old electronics to reduce their environmental effects.
For more course tutorials visit
www.tutorialrank.com
Please Check the Assignments Included in this Tutorial below
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Endangered Species Act of 1973
ENV 320 Week 1 Individual Assignment Environmental Laws Paper Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
Similar to Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Abakaliki Capital Territory, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Implications for Human Health Risk.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
Policies for Green Computing and E-Waste in NigeriaEditor IJCATR
Computers today are an integral part of individuals’ lives all around the world, but unfortunately these devices are toxic to the environment given the materials used, their limited battery life and technological obsolescence. Individuals are concerned about the hazardous materials ever present in computers, even if the importance of various attributes differs, and that a more environment -friendly attitude can be obtained through exposure to educational materials. In this paper, we aim to delineate the problem of e-waste in Nigeria and highlight a series of measures and the advantage they herald for our country and propose a series of action steps to develop in these areas further. It is possible for Nigeria to have an immediate economic stimulus and job creation while moving quickly to abide by the requirements of climate change legislation and energy efficiency directives. The costs of implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy measures are minimal as they are not cash expenditures but rather investments paid back by future, continuous energy savings.
B Yose WasteCon Paper_Formalisation of E-Waste Recycling;Making it a RealityBabalwa Yose
This document discusses formalizing e-waste recycling in South Africa. It notes that e-waste recycling is currently dominated by the informal sector, which has negative impacts on health and the environment. Formalizing recycling through established businesses faces challenges including high start-up costs, operational expenses, and policies that limit waste supply to recyclers. Addressing these barriers may help unlock progress in formalizing the e-waste recycling industry in South Africa.
The document outlines Uganda's draft e-waste management policy. It discusses the growing problem of e-waste in Uganda due to rising electronics use and lack of proper disposal infrastructure. The policy's vision is to achieve sustainable e-waste management for environmental and public health. It establishes roles for various government ministries and sets priorities like developing e-waste infrastructure, regulations, training programs, and public awareness campaigns.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
Tech Waste: Environmental Impact and ManagementEditor IJCATR
Over the recent years, the global market of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has grown rapidly, while the products
lifespan has become increasingly shorter. The rapid growth of the electronic and IT industry, current user’s culture, increasing rates of
usage of techno products have led to disastrous environmental consequences. Most of these technologies are ending up in backlash
and recycling centres, posing a new environmental challenge in this 21st century. The presence of hazardous and toxic substances in
electronic goods has made tech waste a matter of fear and if not properly managed, it can have unfavourable effects on environment. It
has been proven that some of the waste contain many cancer-causing agents. This paper provides a review of the tech waste problems
and the need for its appropriate management
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste), its sources and characteristics. It notes that e-waste is the fastest growing waste stream and is composed of both valuable and hazardous materials. The document outlines the Indian e-waste scenario, noting that e-waste generation is expected to significantly increase by 2020 and that most e-waste management is currently unorganized. It concludes by stressing the need for a national e-waste policy and framework in India to properly manage increasing e-waste in an environmentally sound manner.
Integration of Knowledge Electronic WasteMelinda Lugo
The document discusses the issue of electronic waste (e-waste) and its environmental impacts. E-waste contains toxic and non-biodegradable components that harm the environment and human health when disposed of improperly. A study of college students found that most were unaware of e-waste issues prior to an educational intervention. After learning about e-waste, most students said they would be likely to change their disposal habits to more environmentally friendly options like recycling. Continued education efforts are needed to further address e-waste and promote sustainable practices.
This document discusses the growing problem of e-waste in India. It notes that India generates over 1.8 million tons of e-waste annually, which is estimated to double by 2020. E-waste includes discarded electronics like computers, phones, TVs, and contains both hazardous and non-hazardous components. There is no proper system for tracking, collecting, and processing e-waste in India, so most recycling is done informally and unsafely by the unorganized sector, causing environmental damage and health hazards. The document calls for increased awareness and regulation to properly manage India's large and increasing amounts of e-waste.
This document provides information about e-waste (electronic waste) and its implications. It begins by defining e-waste as old or obsolete electronic equipment like computers, phones, TVs etc. that are discarded. It then discusses the legal, social, economic, health and environmental implications of e-waste for Pacific island communities. Specifically, it notes the challenges of limited resources to properly manage e-waste and the risks posed by toxic materials in electronics. The document also provides some examples of e-waste and mentions international agreements around hazardous waste like the Basel and Waigani Conventions.
ARTICLES AND REVIEWSE-Waste A Global HazardDevin N. Perki.docxdavezstarr61655
ARTICLES AND REVIEWS
E-Waste: A Global Hazard
Devin N. Perkins, BS, Marie-Noel Brune Drisse, MS, Tapiwa Nxele, MS, and Peter D. Sly, MD
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ABSTRACT
Background: Waste from end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment, known as e-waste, is a rapidly growing global problem. E-
waste contains valuable materials that have an economic value when recycled. Unfortunately, the majority of e-waste is recycled in the
unregulated informal sector and results in significant risk for toxic exposures to the recyclers, who are frequently women and children.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to document the extent of the problems associated with inappropriate e-waste recycling
practices.
Methods: This was a narrative review that highlighted where e-waste is generated, where it is recycled, the range of adverse
environmental exposures, the range of adverse health consequences, and the policy frameworks that are intended to protect
vulnerable populations from inappropriate e-waste recycling practices.
Findings: The amount of e-waste being generated is increasing rapidly and is compounded by both illegal exportation and
inappropriate donation of electronic equipment, especially computers, from developed to developing countries. As little as 25%
of e-waste is recycled in formal recycling centers with adequate worker protection. The health consequences of both direct ex-
posures during recycling and indirect exposures through environmental contamination are potentially severe but poorly studied.
Policy frameworks aimed at protecting vulnerable populations exist but are not effectively applied.
Conclusions: E-waste recycling is necessary but it should be conducted in a safe and standardized manor. The acceptable risk
thresholds for hazardous, secondary e-waste substances should not be different for developing and developed countries. However,
the acceptable thresholds should be different for children and adults given the physical differences and pronounced vulnerabilities of
children. Improving occupational conditions for all e-waste workers and striving for the eradication of child labor is non-negotiable.
Key Words: children’s environmental health, developmental toxicology, electronic waste, e-waste, heavy metals
� 2014 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Annals of Global Health 2014;80:286-295
INTRODUCTION
The adverse consequences for health and the ecology
of exposure to waste products from human consump-
tion have long been recognized. A relatively recently
recognized hazardous waste product comes from dis-
carded electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).1
Such products contain costly components that have
economic value if recycled. However, EEE also con-
tains potentially hazardous substances that may be
directly released or generated during the recycling
process, generating what is known as e-waste. The
14-9996/ª 2014 Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
m the Department of Public Health, Environm.
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This document provides an overview of e-waste management in Bangladesh. It discusses the environmental and health hazards posed by e-waste, such as the release of heavy metals into the air, water and soil. Currently, informal and unsafe recycling practices are common in Bangladesh. The document then outlines international initiatives and policies for e-waste management, as well as strategies for reducing e-waste such as inventory management, product redesign, and recovery/reuse programs. It notes challenges in Bangladesh include a lack of awareness and proper regulations. Overall, the document analyzes the current situation of e-waste in Bangladesh and potential solutions to improve management and reduce environmental contamination.
Our E-Waste Problem is Ridiculous, and Gadget Makers Aren't Helping clarifies the damaging effects of dumping electronic waste into landfills. 70-80% of old phones end up in landfills when customers upgrade to new phones. While technology has improved, electronics have become harder to disassemble. The recycling process involves determining if devices can be resold; otherwise, they are shredded so materials like steel and copper can be recycled. However, extracting these materials can be difficult.
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) recycling as a viable business opportunity in South Africa. It notes that while e-waste is mainly generated by developed nations, ownership of electronic devices is growing rapidly in developing countries as well. Currently, only about 10% of over 50,000 tons of annual e-waste generated in South Africa is recycled. E-waste contains valuable materials like gold and copper, but also hazardous substances like lead and mercury, so proper handling and recycling is important. Enabling policies and support from government and businesses could help unlock the potential of e-waste recycling to create jobs and improve waste management in South Africa.
A Case Study of Reducing Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Specific F...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a case study on reducing electronic waste (e-waste) in Rewa and Satna, India. It begins with an abstract that introduces the growing problem of e-waste and the importance of effective recycling to reduce waste, recover valuable materials, and support the economy. The introduction provides background on the rapid increase in e-waste production globally and in India. It then discusses the motivation and objectives of studying e-waste management practices specifically in Rewa and Satna. Key challenges identified include the predominance of informal recycling sectors, lack of proper handling and treatment of e-waste, and health and environmental impacts. The document reviews literature on e-waste impacts and recycling methods and discusses the need for improved policies,
E-waste is becoming a crucial issue that so many are unaware of it. The issue is discussed and some issue surrounding it is discussed in Asian countries and some solution are provided.
Report on e-waste management & recyclingGovindmeena93
The document provides an overview of e-waste (electronic waste) in India. It discusses that e-waste is a growing problem due to rapid technological changes and the growing consumption of electronic devices. It notes that e-waste contains toxic heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium which can harm human health and the environment if not properly disposed of. It also discusses the different sources of e-waste in India like households, businesses, manufacturers, and imports. Common methods for managing e-waste mentioned are landfilling, incineration, and recycling, each with their own environmental risks if not carried out properly. The document emphasizes the need for better e-waste management policies and practices in India to deal with the
Electronic waste (e-waste) is a rapidly growing problem globally and in India. An estimated 50 million tons of e-waste are produced each year worldwide, with most not being recycled properly. India's e-waste is projected to increase by 500% over the next decade. Currently, 95% of India's e-waste is handled by the informal sector in unsafe recycling operations, while only 5% is managed formally. The government of India has established rules and enforcement agencies to better regulate and manage e-waste, but challenges remain in addressing this significant issue.
E waste management seminar ppt (auto recovered)Satish Vasukuri
The document is a technical seminar report on e-waste management submitted for a bachelor's degree. It discusses e-waste, which refers to discarded electronic products such as computers, phones, and other electronics. E-waste is growing rapidly due to the short life cycles and frequent upgrades of electronic devices. It poses environmental and health risks if not properly managed as it contains toxic materials like lead, mercury, and chemicals. The report examines the global challenge of increasing e-waste and methods to manage e-waste through reducing, recovering, and recycling electronic waste.
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dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Abakaliki Capital Territory, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Implications for Human Health Risk.
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 8, Issue 11 Ver. I (Nov. 2015), PP 41-48
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081114148 www.iosrjournals.org 41 |Page
Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes
(E-waste) in Abakaliki Capital Territory, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
Implications for Human Health Risk.
Nwabueze I. Eloma
, S.O. Ngelea
, P.E. Agbob
, P.A. Nwofeb
,
A.O. Ogaha
. J.E Ekpeb
a
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
b
Department of Industrial Physics, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
Abstract: The management of e-waste is a challenge especially in the developing countries. E-waste comprises
of a multitude of components, some containing potentially toxic elements that can have an adverse impact on
human health and the environment if not handled properly. This work examined existing e-waste management
protocol in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The investigation revealed poor practices including; indiscriminate waste
dumping, the use of obsolete waste disposal equipment, handling all waste as one, the use of open burning and
landfill as the treatment option and lack of adequate legislation covering e-waste management in the State.
Obviously, such practices would release significant toxic contaminants which could negatively affect human
health and the environment.
Keywords: E-waste, Abakaliki Capital Territory (ACT), open burning, health risk
I. Introduction
The global production of electrical, electronic, and particularly of information and communication
technology (ICT) equipment is one of the fastest growing global manufacturing activities. This is because their
use has proliferated significantly in recent decades, and proportionately, the quantity of these devices that are
disposed of, are growing rapidly throughout the world. Electrical electronic waste (e-waste) refers to any
appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end-of-life. The European Waste from Electrical
and Electronic Equipment recognises ten categories of e-waste [1]. These include: large household appliances
(refrigerators, washing machines, stoves); small household appliances (vacuum cleaners, toasters, hair dryers);
information and telecommunications equipment (computers and peripherals, cell phones, calculators); consumer
equipment (radios, TVs, stereos); lighting (fluorescent lamps, sodium lamps); electrical and electronic tools
(drills, saws, sewing machines); toys, leisure, and sports equipment (electric trains, video games); medical
devices (ventilators, cardiology and radiology equipment); monitoring instruments (smoke detectors,
thermostats, control panels) and automatic dispensers (appliances that deliver hot drinks). It can be seen that the
composition of e-waste is very diverse and differs in products across different categories. It has been reported
[2] that while e-waste contains materials that can be processed into useful products, the presence of elements
like arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), Chromium, (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and
selenium (Se) and flame retardants represent a potential threat to man and his environment.
The increasing volumes of e-waste, in combination with the complex composition of these items and
the resulting difficulties in treating them properly, are causes of concern. The hazardousness of e-waste is well
recognized, but the knowledge on these hazards and the resulting environmental and the human health risks
associated with different treatment options is currently fragmented [3]. The 21st
century is witnessing a scenario
where second-hand electrical and electronic equipment are continuously been shipped to developing countries,
including Nigeria. Developing countries patronise these products because of their reduced prices not considering
that most of them are either obsolete or not in good condition and as a result have short life span. Obviously,
such already used electrical and electronic waste products will end up in the environment as waste. Due to the
absence of appropriate mechanisms for and standards of disposal, these toxin-laden high-tech products often end
their lives in the ‘normal’ waste stream, subject to either burning or landfilling. Apparently such poor
management of e-waste could contaminate soil, groundwater and air, as well as affecting all those involved in
their end-of-life processing and the nearby communities. It has been observed that if the trend continues, many
developing countries will have large amounts of hazardous e-waste, resulting in serious consequences for the
environment and public health. [4]. It is to be noted that while most developed countries have standard method
of handling waste accompanied with strict regulation on generation and management, many developing
countries including Nigeria are yet to attain this height [5-7].
2. Generation and Management of Electrical and Electronic Wastes (E-waste) in Abakaliki...
DOI: 10.9790/5736-081114148 www.iosrjournals.org 42 |Page
1.1 Existing framework for waste management in Ebonyi State.
Deliberations on environmental, health and social problems associated with the uncontrolled dumping
and inappropriate management of e-waste has already reached the mainstream of policy-makers in developed as
well as developing countries. However, most of the developing countries including Nigeria have not yet been
able to enforce national policies and legislations for managing e-waste. The federal government of Nigeria
(FGN) only realised the need to protect human health and the environment in 1987 when to brought about the
promulgation of the Harmful Waste Decree 42 of 1988, which facilitated the establishment of the Federal
Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) through Decree 58 of 1988 and 59 (amended) of 1992. The federal
government of Nigeria mandated FEPA to oversee environmental management and protection in Nigeria. In
1999, in order to further enhance the management of environmental pollution, the FGN merged FEPA and other
relevant departments in other Ministries to form the Federal Ministry of Environment but without an appropriate
enabling law on enforcement issues. This scenario paralysed the effective enforcement of environmental laws,
standards and regulations in the country. To be able to bridge this gap, the FGN in line with section 20 of the
1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, established the National Environmental Standards and
Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) as an agency of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing
and Urban Development. This parastatal (NESREA) was charged with the responsibility of enforcing
environmental Laws, regulations and standard in deterring people, industries and organization from polluting
and degrading the environment. The NESREA Act was signed into law on 31st July, 2007 [8]. In addition to
NESREA, the FGN also empowered state governments to establish environmental bodies to oversee
environmental issues in their respective states.
In line with this, the Ebonyi State House of Assembly (Governmental arm responsible for enacting
State laws) enacted law called Ebonyi State Environmental Protection Agency, law 2009. Thus, Ebonyi State
Environmental Protection Agency (EBSEPA) was established. The law charged the EBSEPA to monitor and
maintain the environment in terms of pollution and control. Since then, the EBSEPA is the body responsible for
environmental management and protection in Ebonyi State.
Literature survey shows that no study has investigated the generation, disposal and management of e-
waste in Abakaliki Capital Territory (ACT), Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This work is therefore designed to x-ray
existing protocols and the environmental and human health implications.
II. Experimental (materials and method).
2.1 Study area.
Abakaliki Capital Territory is the capital of Ebonyi state. It is predominantly urban covering a total
area of 5533 km2
. As of 2006 census conducted by National Population Commission (NPC), Ebonyi State had a
population of 2, 176, 947, out of which the capital territory comprising of 271, 833 [9]. It is to be noted that this
population must have increased by at least 40 % after nine years considering the rate of birth and urbanization in
developing countries. The capital territory (longitude 6o
25/
N and latitude 8o
08/
E) is located basically in the
North senatorial zone of Ebonyi State. Figure 1 shows the map of ACT. Urban activities in the ACT include;
commercial, education and industrial development as well as rapidly expanding residential areas. Improved
living standards of people in ACT due to its socio-economic development have led to the generation of
enormous quantity of e-waste. Abakaliki Capital Territory is facing a crisis in e-waste management with no
designated site for either its dumping or an integrated scheme for its sustainable management.
Figure 1: Showing the map of Abakaliki Capital Territory (ACT).
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2.2 Data collection Protocol
In order to collect representative samples, the study covered the following electrical and electronics
equipment (EEE) handlers: commercial (marketers, repairs and maintenance) (group 1), industrial (group 2),
institutional (group 3) and residential (group 4). Questionnaires were specifically designed to cover e-waste
generation and end-of-life disposal approach. Questionnaires were randomly distributed in the following order:
group 1 (100 questionnaires); group 2 (100 questionnaires); group 3 (100 questionnaires) and group 4 (100
questionnaires). Thus, a total of 400 questionnaires were administered, together with interviews with officials
and staff of the EBSEPA on e-waste management practice in place. Data collection was conducted for a period
of three months (June 1 to August 31, 2015).
III. Results and discussions
In terms of e-waste generation, the study showed that group 1 generated the highest amount of e-waste
(43 %). It is to be noted that this group include second-hand marketers as well as engineers, technicians and
artisans who are involved in dismantling, repairs and maintenance. It was discovered that most of the imported
second-hand electrical and electronics equipment are mostly dismantled inappropriately and used to refurbish
new electrical and electronics equipment parts which are believed to be fake or not durable. Thus, more people
prefer second-hand ones or refurbish ones to new ones. This practice has resulted in the generation of enormous
amount of e-waste in ACT. In addition, the other groups also patronise this group, hence the highest amount is
justifiable. Although, dismantling of EEE has become a source of income to many, it is to be noted that
inappropriate dismantling techniques to recover metals such as copper, aluminium and iron, also represent
enormous risks to the workers. For example, breaking of cathode ray tube (CRT)-monitors using stones,
hammers, heavy metal rods and chisels, to recover copper, steel and plastic casings, could result in the
inhalation of hazardous cadmium dust and other pollutants by the workers. Group 1 was closely followed by
group 2 (industrial) (30%). It was discovered that most of the waste resulting from this group was as a result of
poor quality of EEE being used. Group 3 (institutional) generated 17 % while group 4 (residential) generated 10
%. This distribution of e-waste generation in ACT is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Distribution of e-waste generation in Abakaliki Capital territory.
The result from the e-waste disposal is the same for all the groups. It was observed that people are not
aware that e-waste should be disposed separately and as a result e- wastes are normally combined with any other
waste which are either taken to government designated dump sites, be burnt, thrown to any nearby river,
farmland or gutters. Figure 3 shows a blocked water ways due to indiscriminate dumping of waste. The act of
blocking water ways with waste has contributed immensely to the flooding occurrences in ACT which has
caused loss of lives and property. In addition, this scenario could lead to road accident.
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Figure 3: Blocked water ways due to indiscriminating dumping of waste at Nnorom Street ACT.
3.1 Waste management protocol in Abakaliki Capital Territory
The management staff of EBSEPA who were interviewed on e-waste policy and management in
Ebonyi State revealed that there is no policy on e-waste and as a result no management protocol exist currently.
The absence of strict legislation on the management of e-waste creates a scenario where e-waste will be treated
as a biodegradable waste even when most of them are non-biodegradable. It was gathered from EBSEPA
management team that the only government approved protocol is landfill. However, prior to this, people were
asked to either keep their waste on designated roads (Streets) for onward collection by EBSEPA staff or take
such waste to designated dumpsites. Obviously, e-waste is stream of municipal solid waste (MSW) in ACT. It
was also gathered from EBSEPA management team that whilst burning is not the recommended practice, it has
become an easy way through which people do away with their waste. It can be seen that each of these approach
represents avenues through which contaminants could be released into the environment. Visitation to the so-
called government designated dumpsites showed that waste decompose while awaiting evacuation. Figure 4
shows one of such sites located at water-works road Abakalki. The figure shows uncovered container provided
by EBSEPA for dumping of refuse with the obligation of regular evacuation but due to negligence on the part of
the workers and lack of strict monitoring by the concerned authority, wastes overflow its content. A worst case
scenario is observed in most residential homes where children (< 10 years) are commonly found carrying MSW
from their respective homes to various dumpsites within their neighbourhood. This ugly situation prevalent in
most ACT exposes children to health risk from waste. Moreover it is a form of child abuse that should not be
allowed to continue
Figure 4: Waste dump at Water-works ACT showing decomposing waste calling for attention,
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Apparently, figure 4 shows a poor practice because the facility provided is not enough and also
obsolete (no cover) and as such collect water when rain falls which not only increase the weight of the waste but
increases the rate of decomposition prior to evacuation. When wastes are allowed to decompose before
evacuation, it poses risk to the people within the vicinity, in such scenarios dumpsites act as reservoirs for
infectious diseases. This was proven by the analysis of decomposed municipal solid waste (MSW) in Kano
metropolis [10]. The result of the analysis showed the presence of bacteria flora (six bacterial isolates) which
have been directly implicated in food borne infectious disease including typhoid, diarrhoea and gastroenteritis
within the zones were the dumpsites were situated. The study further revealed that waste were dumped on any
available open spaces along the road, street, near rivers and in some zones directly into the rivers. It is obvious
that each of these scenarios is a potential pathway through which disease causing micro-organisms could enter
the human body. Children living near dumpsites or those who play near dumpsites are likely going to have their
hands contaminated and since they have the habit of sucking their hands, they could easily introduce disease
into their bodies. In addition, drinking of untreated water is another pathways through which disease from
decayed wastes enter the human bodies.
3.1.1 Waste treatment in Abakaliki Capital territory (ACT)
The study gathered from EBSEPA management team that the approved method of handling MSW of
which e-waste is a significant stream is by burying. When waste are buried, the biodegradable components will
surely decompose with time while the non- biodegradable becomes potential environmental and human health
threat. When waste is allowed to decompose, the constituents leach into the environment [11]. Leachate such as
toxic metals and synthetic organic compounds enter the soil and water. Methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2),
odour and noise characterises the air. The presence of these substances in the environment could lead to the
contamination of these natural resources which would significantly affect the general public directly or
indirectly. With the rate of population increase, urbanization, industrialisation and economic growth in Ebonyi
State, the burial sites will soon be converted to schools, recreation sites, residential or commercial which could
cause health risk.
In addition to burial, open burning is a popular method of waste disposal in ACT, though not
recognised by EBSEPA. Investigation as to way many people prefer to burn their waste instead of taking it to
waste dump revealed that many people who do this claim to be busy or do not have children to do it and
moreover, it is faster. Whilst this approach might be a faster means of waste disposal, the environmental and
health risk must be considered. Figure 5 shows open waste burning in ACT.
Figure 5: Open burning of waste in Abakaliki Capital Territory (ACT)
Open burning of MSW releases toxic substances into the environment. Studies [12-14] have shown that
ashes released from open burning of MSW contain potentially harmful elements such as metals, polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenils (PCBs), chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols and
chlorinated dioxins and benzofurans. The use of open burning as waste treatment option pose both
environmental and health risks.
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3.2 Environmental and health risk associated with poor management of e-waste.
Electrical and electronics equipment (EEE) contain potentially toxic elements (PTEs) of concern and
since they all end up as e-waste, they could be a threat to the environment and the inhabitants. Table 1
summarises key components of e-waste and the PTEs found in them.
Table 1: Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) present in e-waste components.
Potential toxic
elements (PTEs)
Components of e-waste containing PTEs
Barium (Ba) Barium and barium compounds are used in electron gun getter (a component of cathode ray tubes (CRT) [15].
Cadmium (Cd) Cadmium is used in nickel–cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, printed circuit boards, surface mount devices, chip
resistors, infrared detectors, and semiconductor chips. Cadmium is also present in phosphors of CRT [16].
Chromium (Cr) Hexavalent chromium. Cr(VI) is used in metal coatings of some electronic devices for corrosion protection
[17]
Copper (Cu) Copper is used for its conductive properties, is either plated or etched onto surfaces of fiberglass epoxy resin
boards; Copper is used in cables. Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are known to contain a substantial quantity of
cu and the main value carrier of CRTs is copper, which makes up more than 60% of the total intrinsic value
[18]
Lead (Pb) Lead is used in many components including; solder in printed circuit boards, CRT computer monitor, Pb-acid
batteries, cone glass and solder [19 – 20]
Mercury (Hg) Mercury is used in laptop monitors, cold cathode fluorescent lamps, cell phones, and printed circuit boards.
Mercury is also used in relays (used in telecommunication circuit boards, commercial/industrial electric
ranges, and other equipment) and switches (used in a variety of consumer, commercial, and industrial
products, including appliances, space heaters, ovens, air handling units, security systems, levelling devices,
and pumps), batteries, and gas discharge lamps [21]
Nickel (Ni) Nickel has magnetic and structural applications, so it is widely used in CRT [22]
Zinc (Zn) The inside of CRT panel is coated with fluorescent phosphors composed of Zn with physical characteristics,
such as weight, size, shape, density, and electrical and magnetic properties [23].
Table 1: Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) present in e-waste components.
Presence of PTEs in electrical and electronic equipment inevitably links its end-of-life disposal with the
potential risks to human health and the environment particularly if, improperly managed. This is the situation in
ACT where landfills and open burning are in use. The implications is that PTEs can either leach or be released
into the environment. In addition, research has shown that Large quantities of organic compounds generated
during e-waste treatment are released into the surrounding environment resulting in high levels of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) such as; sixteen (16) United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)[24]; Seventeen (17) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDDs) [25]; 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) [26]; polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) [27]. More so, Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants, which are extensively
used in EEE and PBDEs have been reported [28-29] to be persistent and ubiquitous in environmental matrices
resulting in increased human exposure.
The presence of these contaminants in the environment raises health concern because they can be toxic
and may not be degraded to non-toxic forms by any known method and as a result remain in the environment for
decades. Humans are exposed to these contaminants via oral ingestion, inhalation or dermal absorption [30].
The presence of contaminants in environmental matrices might have irreversible adverse effects on humans
particularly children due to their pica behaviour, physiology unique exposures and special vulnerabilities [31],
which put them at a higher risk because immature organs tend to be more susceptible to contaminants than adult
[32]. In ACT children and adults are unavoidably exposed to e-waste contaminants. Gastro-intestinal infections,
respiratory and skin diseases as well as muscular-skeletal problems and cutting injuries are some of the adverse
health effects prevalent in areas where there is poor e-waste management as obtained in ACT. It has been
observed that PTEs including Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn except Cr measured in soil samples from open burning
sites in Guiyu (China) exceeded the action values of Dutch List [33]. The study further revealed that high
concentrations of these PTEs were found in human placentas collected from Guiyu. This is justifiable because
PTEs could enter the local residents through inhalation, dermal exposure, and even oral intake of contaminated
food. Another study [34] investigated PTEs concentrations in dust from within EEE dismantling workshops
with that from roads and public places, and the result revealed that Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were significantly
higher in the EEE dismantling workshops than non e-waste sites. Risk assessment of the study predicted that
PTEs from circuit board recycling have the potential to pose serious health risks to workers and local residents
especially children. The determination of dioxin-like compounds in agricultural soils near e-waste recycling
sites from Taizhou area (China) showed high concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PAHs (16 USEPA priority
PAHs, including 7 USEPA carcinogenic PAHs) and traced the source to open burning of plastic in e-waste [35].
The characterization and determination of diurnal variation of PBDEs in the atmosphere of an e-waste
dismantling region revealed very high concentration of PBDEs generated by different burning processes [36].
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Environmental and health risk associated with e-waste management through burial (landfills) are widely
reported. The leachability of thirty-six colour CRTs were assessed and 58.3 % CRTs exceeded the 5 mg/l of Pb
regulatory limit for characterization as a hazardous waste [37]. It was also reported [37] that 12 different EEE
were tested for Pb levels in leachates and the result revealed that Pb concentrations in the leachates exceeded the
regulatory limit of 5 mg/L. Based on these findings, the authors concluded that there is sufficient evidence that
discarded EEE containing a colour CRT or printer wiring boards with lead-bearing solder have a potential to be
hazardous wastes for Pb. Furthermore, the determination of PBDEs levels in the landfills that had crushed e-
waste showed high concentrations of PBDEs [38]. Adverse health effects resulting from exposure to these
contaminants include: abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, respiratory malfunctioning, renal disorder, skin
lesions, melanosis (change of pigmentation), cough, chest pain, hypertension and cardiovascular complications
[39].
IV. Recommendations
E-waste management in ACT can only be properly managed if there is strict and robust legislation. The
Ebonyi State government should enact legislation and good practice guidelines to define, classify, segregate and
treat e-waste with measures in place to ensure full implementation and incorporating the principle of ‘Polluter
Pays’. In developed countries of the world, e- wastes are managed with less risk due to functional legislation.
Such a law if enacted will define e-waste and make the necessary provisions for sorting of waste into
different categories. In addition, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) should restrict the importation of
second-hand EEE. A regulated recycling method is preferred to burning and landfills. In addition to adequate
legislation, the authors strongly suggests that;
Ebonyi State government should provide appropriate fund for the management of e-waste and actively
monitor its utilization.
Obsolete waste management protocols that emit toxic substances into the environment should be avoided
and embrace modern techniques such as recycling and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide sterilization
techniques.
Ebonyi State Environmental Protection Agency should regularly train all staff in order to acquire all the
necessary skills and up-to-date knowledge and information on waste management protocols.
Ebonyi State Environmental Protection Agency should have a database to account for day-to-day waste
generation and disposal.
Nigeria higher institutions and research centres should be restructured to focus on research aimed at
converting waste-to-wealth.
V. Conclusion
The study has revealed that e-waste contains a number of hazardous substances. Potentially toxic
elements and organic contaminants are of particular concern. Thus, improper handling and management of e-
waste and other end-of-life treatment options may pose potentially significant risks to both human health and the
environment. E-waste management in ACT is obsolete, poor and without adequate legislation, hence the way
forward has been proposed. It is to be noted that while this study is only literature based, studies are on the way
to determine the concentrations of these contaminants.
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