GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP – JUL./AUG 2020
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
in
Human Development and Learning
C.C 8610 - B.Ed.
Presented by:
Ch. Muhammad Ashraf
m.ashraf0919@gmail.com
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
2
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Objectives:
 At the end of the lecture, trainee students can be able to
differentiate between growth and development.
 Explain different domain and stages development
 Articulate the principles of a life-span developmental approach
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Overview:
Development is a process that entails the entire lifespan of an
individual. The questions arise: how does development evolves over
the years? what are the changes that occur and do they occur the
lifespan?
A study of all these changes is referred to as developmental
psychology of human development.
When we force our attention to understand the growth,
changes and consistencies, on a limited portion of lifespan, from
conception to adolescence, we are referring to the study of child
development 4
By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Overview:
It informs the practices of various experts like psychologists,
educators, childcare service providers, parents etc. the field child
development has both scientific as well as practical relevance and
utility.
As we force here on the growth and development of children,
we draw upon the principles of lifespan developmental psychology to
inform our understanding.
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Overview of Growth and Development
Childs growth and development are complex process which are
influenced by multiple factors and sources. The terms growth and
development are often used in interchangeably which ambiguity over
their meaning.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

Overview of growth and development
Growth:
Addition or increase in the bodily aspects that can be
measured e.g. heights, weight, size, length etc.- based on biological
process occur over a period of time.
Overall growth refers to natural spontaneous, specific,
genetically programmed, and measurable quantitative gains in
human body
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Overview of growth and development
Development:
Development refers to certain changes that occur with in
lifespan of an individual all types of changes are not considered
development. Most of these changes qualitative in nature.
e.g. changes in behaviors, social , moral, intellectual aspects of an
individual.
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Domains of Development
1-Physical development
This includes in body size, appearance, health, motor skill etc.
2-Cognative Development:
This includes changes in intellectual abilities, thinking power,
creative ability, memory, attention, language etc.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

3-Socio-emotional Development:
This domain involves the process that relate to the changes in
a child’s relationship with the others
e.g. feelings, emotions, values, beliefs, personality etc. as shown in
the following fig.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf
Physical
domain
Cognitive
domain
Socio-
emotional
domain

Stages of Child’s Development:
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Stage Age period Characteristics
Prenatal period Conception till birth Transformation of a single cell into human body
Infancy and
toddlerhood
Birth up to two years Beginning of physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional
development
Early childhood/
preschool years
2-6 years Self sufficient
Psycho and moral development
Language
Middle childhood/
elementary school
years
6-11 years Increased responsibility
Increased social awareness
Improved reading, writing, Math skills
Adolescence 11-18 years Transition to adulthood
Rapid physical changes
Abstract thinking and reasoning
Development of strong belief system

General principles of child development:
General principles of child development are given below.
1-Development is life-long.
It has two aspects= development extends throughout the
lifespan of an individual. Second, new process and changes may
occur throughout constantly emerging nature of life-span
development.
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General principles of child development
2-Development is both multidimensional and multi
multidirectional.
A healthy development involves multiple dimensions
directions. It means that development is neither limited to a single
criterion, e.g. increase or decrease in physical ability – nor it is
restricted to a single direction e.g. only increase or decrease. Multiple
abilities may change over time in multiple ways.
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3-Plasticity / flexibility in development:
The process of development is characterized by plasticity. It
means that human being is open to changes and modifications in
response to influential experiences. E.g. an infant’s brain has the
tendency to change, modify or pickup the functions of other parts of
the brain as a result of injury.
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4-development involves both gains and losses:
According to Baltes, any type of developmental process
comprises both, growth and decline. E.g. an increase in cognitive
ability of a child during formal schooling also characterized a loss of
his creative abilities as a result of following the school rules etc. –
sometimes balance in loss and gain may change over time.
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By:Ch.M.Ashraf

5-Development is Situated in Context and History:
Children grow up in different contexts which are characterized
by their personal, social and environmental circumstances. The
varied circumstances influence the courses of development. E.g. two
children living in rural and urban areas have different types of
influences and experiences which can result in different parts of
development changes for both of them. Historical time period in
which children grow also affect development.
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6-Development is Multidisciplinary:
Baltes argued that the study of human development in
multidisciplinary in nature. Therefore, a single perspective or
methodology is sufficient to develop a deep understanding of the
multiple process involved in human development e.g. psychological
methods are not sufficient to reveal the sociological process involved
in development. So multiple perspectives and approaches are needed
to batter understand the human development.
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

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