Issues and factors affecting child development

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY,
ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP – JUL./AUG 2020
ISSUES AND FACTORS AFFECTING
CHILD DEVELOPMENT
in
Human Development and Learning
C.C 8610 - B.Ed.
Presented by:
Ch. Muhammad Ashraf
m.ashraf0919@gmail.com
https://www.slideshare.net/RizwanDuhdra
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
ISSUES AND FACTORS AFFECTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Psychological topics – Definition, child development, intelligence,
learning curries etc. have been controversial issue among the
psychologists and educationists.
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Issues Regarding Child Development
1-Continues or Discontinues.
 How to characterize the nature of changes that occur with time? i.e
a part of continues process or take place in discontinues stages?
 One theory is that development is smooth and continues process in
which simple knowledge, skills and behaviors are gradually
accumulated to form complex knowledge …………. Hence new and
complex behaviors are formed on basis of previous abilities.
 On the contrary some theorists believe that knowledge, skills, and
behavior emerge in abrupt or discontinues way.
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2- Single and Multiple Courses
An issue that there is a single rout of development or many.
Some theorists say that development occurs in a series of universal
stages and same sequence in followed every where. While others
acknowledge specific features of individuals, and distinct contextual
factors in which they are brought up.
- Thus development follows multiple and varied tasks (personal and
environmental situation).
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3- Nature or Nurture (stability vs plasticity)
A controversial question – basic factors that influence child
development. A debate about the role of nature vs nurture in human
development. Here nature implies the biological and hereditary
traits. The theorists who emphasized nurture (environmental and
cultural influences) believe that development is open (plastic) to
changes throughout the life-span.
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Factors Affecting Child Development
A number of factors affect child development at different levels. They
range from personal and biological factor to wider influence as
economic and environmental feature – social norms, culture etc.
These can be grouped 4 categories.
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1- Biological Factors:
Biological factors refer to genetic features that a child receives
from his/her parents. These include gender, general, physical and
mental health, inherited traits etc. boys and girls tend to develop
differently-weight , medical condition.
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2- Environmental Factors:
Environmental influences include parenting, nutrition,
housing, education, culture, employment, health service, social
status, economic status.
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3-Interpersonal Relationships
Interpersonal relationships are critical for a child's learning
and well being . Healthy interpersonal relationship are characterized
by attachment ,positive parenting style and parental interaction
with children and supportive social net work .
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4-Early Environment and Experiences
The most early environment is provided by his/her primary
care giver . A child’s relationship with his/her caregiver ,end mutual
effects on each other, lay foundations for development . So a child’s
development of social ,physical ,emotional, language and cognitive
skills is largely influenced by the early environment and experiences
with adults and care givers.
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Physical Development
Objectives:
At the end of the unit the trainee teachers can be able to
i. Understand the genetic foundations which affect child
development
ii. Aware of prenatal development and relevant issues
iii. Describe the developmental course of physical growth
iv. Familiar with the physical characteristics of learners
v. Develop appropriate physical activities for pre and elementary
school children
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Physical Development
Overview
Physical development is one of the major areas in The study of
child development .it focuses on the ways in Which the over all body’s
structure - brain ,Nervous system ,muscles , organs ,senses and
bodily needs determined and individual's behavior and development.
physical development is not only related to the biological and natural
Changes that occur overtime but also to environmental context .
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The ABCs of Genetics
A human body is composed of trillions of micro units called
cells. Each cell has core control, named as the nucleus .the nucleus
contains rod like structures which are known as chromosomes . The
chromosomes come in 2 pairs and carry information about the size
,shape and other genetic features inherited from the parents .
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1-Genetic Inheritance:
Chromosomes consists of a series of protein called DNA . Each
DNA carries thousands of genes across the length of the
chromosomes. Genes are the basic units of hereditary transmission.
They trigger the production of protein In response to other genes .
These proteins lay the biological foundation for our Physical traits.
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2-Genes and Environments
The recent researchers believe that genes (nature )and
environment (nurture )interact to manipulate a child's development .
They get influenced from each other . The environment which
parents create for their children would support their genetic traits
such as painting ,playing football etc. Similarly genes may help to
reinforce inherited traits.
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Life Before Birth - Parental Development
A period between conception and birth .the development
during this period Is referred to as prenatal development . This
period Is further divided into 3 periods. Although the unborn baby
has minimal contact with the outer world ,a number of
environmental factors may interfere with the prenatal development
as discussed below .
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Environmental Risks – Teratogens
Any environmental agent which may affect and cause damage
to the development during prenatal period is called teratogens. This
possible damage is caused by teratogens-like genetic structure and
age of both the mother and the fetus and other negative fluences
from the environment .
❑ The most influential teratogens include illegal drugs used during
the prenatal period. It may result in physical deformities ,system
abnormalities, low birth weight, infant's death ,low intelligence
level etc. 17
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❑ Other critical teratogens include tobacco, alcohol or caffeine
consumption By the mothers . Their babies or at the risk of
premature birth ,or other physical defects . Maternal health
,diseases ,age ,exercise ,nutrition ,Emotional stress may have
negative effects for unborn child .
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Physical Development in Childhood
This section presents the course of physical growth and
development in childhood . It also discusses the environmental
factors which influences the physical development of children .
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The Course of Physical Growth
Change in body size ,proportions ,muscles fat make up and
skeleton . It also includes gains in gross and fine motor skills .
1-Changes in Body Size
Changes in body size during infancy -immense increase in the
height and weight of child. Growth rate slows down in early and
middle childhood. A sharp growth gain observed in early adolescence
followed by a sudden decline with the adul growth.
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2- Changes in Body Proportion
Different parts of body grow at different rates and follow
different patterns . This variations helps us to develop appropriate
expectations of child's physical abilities at different age levels .
 First pattern of growth “head to toe “ pattern.
 Next pattern follows the “inside to outside “ or “center to outside” –
e.g. muscles around the trunk of the body grow stronger before the
muscles in the hands, feet etc.
 Then “General to specific” and “large to small”.
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3- Changes in Muscles Fat Makeup
Muscles to fat ratio also changes during physical development
.body fat increases fastly in infancy to help the body keep a constant
body temperature . It is reduced during early and middle childhood .
muscles build up slowly during infancy and childhood and rapid at
adolescence period.
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4- Skeletal Growth
Children grow differently at different stages .it becomes
difficult account for the causes and consequences of individual
differences in physical development. Physical maturity is estimated
by skeletal growth or age which specifies a measure of development
of body bones . In this measurement we understand the
consequences of individual differences in physical development .
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5- Changes in Gross and Fine Motor Skills
Gross motor involves all the big muscles in a human body
.gross motor activities are those which require the use of big muscles
and including ,crawling, walking ,running ,skipping ,jumping etc.
which cause increase in body size, proportion and muscle length.
 On the other hand, fine motor skills require a precise control of
muscles and coordination of body movements to perform different
activities such as drawing, writing and cutting with scissors
leading to dynamic interplay of brain, Body movement,
motivational and contextual factors. 24
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Environmental Factors in Physical Development
Physical growth and development depend upon both biological
and environmental factors. Environmental influences such as
nutrition Intake and cultural practices are also critical.
So not only sufficient food but also right kind of food is
required. Anxiety, fear and emotional deprivation May hinder
physical development.
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Physical Characteristics of Learners
It is important to consider the physical characteristics of
learners , since their physical needs influence the nature of
instruction and learning environment .
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1- Children Need to Move
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2- Improved Eye Hand Coordination.
It is visual motor integration skills begin to develop during
infancy.
This coordination is not sophisticated during infancy, it
reaches to the point of independence during the preschool years and
continues to improve through middle childhood.
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3- Improved Body Coordination:
Elementary school children Show increased body coordination
in high energy activities such as running , climbing etc. but they may
fall easily. So the teacher must be vigilant and ensure safety.
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4- Improved Perceptual Abilities:
The improved perceptual abilities during pre and elementary
school years help the children to interact with the physical and social
world in the effective way.
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5- Improve Gross and Fine Motor Skills:
Pre and elementary school children continue to develop
improved gross motor skills through age 7 and beyond. This results
in refined fine motor skills for children which help them to
manipulate sharp objects etc. with greater precision. The
development of fine motor skills is helpful in different skills such as
writing, painting etc.
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Activities in Schools
1. Preschool and Kindergarton
2. Elementary Level
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