Abnormalities and genetic disorders can be caused by hereditary factors including autosomal inheritance, X-linked inheritance, and defective chromosomes. They can also be produced by harmful genes or an uneven number of chromosomes. Gene mutations can be inherited from parents or acquired, and hereditary mutations exist in virtually all body cells and can be passed down between generations. Some examples of genetic disorders discussed include sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, Huntington's disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs disease, and diabetes.

1. Abnormalities is defined as an abnormal condition that
affect our gene systems and it is also can be called as genetic
disorders.
Abnormalities caused by hereditary factors are of three
types:
a) autosomal inheritance
b) X-linked inheritance
c) Defective chromosomes
 Abnormalities can be produced not only by uneven
number of chromosomes but also by harmful genes.

2. GENETIC DISORDERS

3. Mutations
 Gene mutations can be either inherited from a
parent or acquired. A hereditary mutation is a
mistake that is present in the DNA of virtually all
body cells. Hereditary mutations are also called
germ line mutations because the gene change
exists in the reproductive cells and can be passed
from generation to generation, from parent to
newborn. Moreover, the mutation is copied every
time body cells divide

4. Sickle Cell Anemia
 An inherited, chronic
disease in which the red
blood cells, normally
disc-shaped, become
crescent shaped. As a
result, they function
abnormally and cause
small blood clots. These
clots give rise to
recurrent painful
episodes called "sickle
cell pain crises".

5. Hemophilia
 Hemophilia is the oldest known hereditary bleeding
disorder.
 Caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome.
 There are about 20,000 hemophilia patients in the
United States.
 One can bleed to death with small cuts.
 The severity of hemophilia is related to the amount of
the clotting factor in the blood. About 70% of
hemophilia patients have less than one percent of the
normal amount and, thus, have severe hemophilia.

6. Huntington’s Disease
 Huntington's disease (HD)
is an inherited,
degenerative brain
disorder which results in
an eventual loss of both
mental and physical
control. The disease is
also known as
Huntington's chorea.
Chorea means "dance-like
movements" and refers to
the uncontrolled motions
often associated with the
disease.

7. Phenylketonuria or PKU
People with PKU cannot consume any product that
contains aspartame.
PKU is a metabolic disorder that results when the PKU
gene is inherited from both parents.
Caused by a deficiency of an enzyme which is necessary
for proper metabolism of an amino acid called
phenylalanine.

8. PKU
 Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and is found
in nearly all foods which contain protein, dairy
products, nuts, beans, tofu… etc.
 A low protein diet must be followed.
 Brain damage can result if the diet is not followed
causing mental retardation…and mousy body odor
(phenylacetic acid is in sweat).

9. Tay-Sachs disease
 Monogenic, autosomal recessive
 Central nervous system degrades, ultimately causing
death.
 Most common among people of Jewish, eastern
Europe descent.

10. Diabetes
 Disease in which the body does
not produce or properly use insulin.
 Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar,
starches, and other food into energy needed for daily
life.
 Genetic mutation can lead to Type 1 diabetes, but no
one sure if relative to a specific gene

11.  Warning signs
 Extreme thirst
 Blurry vision from time to time
 Frequent urination
 Unusual fatigue or drowsiness
 Unexplained weight loss
 Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure,
blindness, and amputation in adults, and can also lead
to heart disease.

12. Thanks for your attention
