Sickle cell anemia is a genetic blood disorder caused by abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells. It was first discovered in 1910 by Dr. James Herrick in a patient presenting with anemia and pain episodes. The genetic mutation causes hemoglobin to form stiff, sickle shapes that can block blood vessels. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, requiring both parents to carry the gene. Those most commonly affected are those with ancestry from sub-Saharan Africa, South America, Central America, Saudi Arabia, India, and Mediterranean countries. Symptoms include anemia crises, pain episodes, infections, and organ damage. Treatment focuses on pain management, antibiotics, hydration, folic acid, and hydroxy
A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down.
With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia) and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
Infections, pain and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease.
Treatments include medication, blood transfusions and rarely a bone-marrow transplant
As long as knowledge on inherence, diagnosis and preventive measures are limited to very few people, it is difficult to control the spread of the genetic anomaly in our population. Apart from lack of comprehensive knowledge, The findings in this study showed a high level of general awareness about the existence of SCD but comprehensive knowledge about the cause and prevention was low and associated with vast misconceptions. A large percentage did not see its importance in influencing their marital decisions. Perhaps simple interventions that worked in the western countries can also work in India.
A group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down.
With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anaemia) and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
Infections, pain and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease.
Treatments include medication, blood transfusions and rarely a bone-marrow transplant
As long as knowledge on inherence, diagnosis and preventive measures are limited to very few people, it is difficult to control the spread of the genetic anomaly in our population. Apart from lack of comprehensive knowledge, The findings in this study showed a high level of general awareness about the existence of SCD but comprehensive knowledge about the cause and prevention was low and associated with vast misconceptions. A large percentage did not see its importance in influencing their marital decisions. Perhaps simple interventions that worked in the western countries can also work in India.
Sickle cell Anemia is known as being a fatal hereditary form of anemia, it is recognized by its abnormal red blood cells having a crescent shape due to the effect of hemoglobin S found in the cells.
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In the United States approximately 1 in every 375 African Americans are born with Sickle Cell Disease each year.
Sickle Cell Anemia is most common among people whose ancestors came from sub-Saharan Africa; Spanish-speaking regions in the Western Hemisphere (South America, the Caribbean, and Central America); Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy.
Sickle Cell Anemia occurs more often among people from parts of the world where Malaria is common.
Interesting Fact: People who have the sickle cell trait, (gene) are less likely to have severe forms of Malaria.
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Sickle cell Anemia: A worldwide popular blood disorder, basically a inheritable disease. This document provides you with basic introduction to blood, Anemia its general considerations, signs and symptoms and lastly about Sickle cell Anemia in detail.
Sickle cell Anemia is known as being a fatal hereditary form of anemia, it is recognized by its abnormal red blood cells having a crescent shape due to the effect of hemoglobin S found in the cells.
Post, Blog and Get Paid,
http://cashpaydaily.net
In the United States approximately 1 in every 375 African Americans are born with Sickle Cell Disease each year.
Sickle Cell Anemia is most common among people whose ancestors came from sub-Saharan Africa; Spanish-speaking regions in the Western Hemisphere (South America, the Caribbean, and Central America); Saudi Arabia; India; and Mediterranean countries such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy.
Sickle Cell Anemia occurs more often among people from parts of the world where Malaria is common.
Interesting Fact: People who have the sickle cell trait, (gene) are less likely to have severe forms of Malaria.
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http://freedomofsuccess.com
A complete 8-Step 'Money Getting' Formula ($297 Value) In this High-Value Video Training Series, I'll learn the most effective ways to build a successful online business and the Core 'Must Have' principals to Effective Entrepreneurship in today’s market. These videos outline your BIGGEST money making principals all in one place Watch Video Here http://freedomofsuccess.com
Sickle cell Anemia: A worldwide popular blood disorder, basically a inheritable disease. This document provides you with basic introduction to blood, Anemia its general considerations, signs and symptoms and lastly about Sickle cell Anemia in detail.
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Sickle Cell disease: is a genetic disorder that affects erythrocytes (RBC) causing them
to become sickle or crescent shaped.
The effects of this condition due to an abnormality of the hemoglobin molecules found
in erythrocytes.
Sickle cell anemia is a serious disease in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood
cells. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a "C."
Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the
center. They move easily through your blood vessels. Red blood cells contain the
protein hemoglobin. This iron-rich protein gives blood its red color and carries oxygen
from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Sickle cell Anemia is known as being a fatal hereditary form of anemia, it is recognized
by its abnormal red blood cells having a crescent shape due to the effect of hemoglobin
S found in the cells.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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1. DISEASE PRESENTATION
SICKLE CELL ANAMIA
Is a genetic blood condition or disorder that occurs when a patient has abnormal
haemoglobin on their red blood cell called Haemoglobin S (normal haemoglobin type
is A) As a lifelong genetic condition inherited by both parents AS or sickle cell trait
their children.
Discovery information
The disease was first discovered in 1910 by an American physician James. B
Herrick. A young man named Walter Clement Noel from the island of Grenada, a
dental student studying in Chicago went to see Dr James Herrick with complaints of
pain episodes and symptoms of anaemia. The name sickle cell came from middle
age where the curved sword called Sickle was used in farm field for wheat harvest. It
is the origin of the word sickle.
Physiology or mechanism: Sickle cell disease is genetic condition that involves
defects in the shape and function of haemoglobin in the blood this increases the
likelihood of blockages in the blood vessels and disrupted blood flow, which can
result in serious complication. The genetic mutation that results in sickle
haemoglobin involves a substitution of thymine for adenine on sixth codon of genetic
sequence on haemoglobin beta chain. This genetic alteration changes the physical
properties of the haemoglobin cells changing their shape to the characteristics sickle
shape and the physical properties such as solubility and stability. It accounts for
changes in function and the common complications of disease.
Genetic inheritance pattern
This situation that follows an autosomal recessive pattern affect males and females
equally and both parents must carry a gene mutation even they are asymptomatic,
for the child to be affected. When both parents carry a single gene mutation known
as sickle cell trait, there is 25% chance that the disease will be develop,25% chance
that the child will be unaffected and 50% that they will posses a gene mutation as an
asymptomatic carrier.
Affected and concerned areas
African- American are most commonly affected with this disease. According to
research 1 in12 African or American carry the sickle cell trait. In addition, Middle
Easter, Asia, Caribbean, and East Mediterranean patients are at risk as well. Africa
is mainly affected particularly Western Africa.
The role of haemoglobin
Haemoglobin is an essential cellular component of red blood cells that play role of
transporting oxygen in the blood to the bodily tissues where it required. The red
blood cell called erythrocyte is a cell without nucleuslike a disc with enough room to
carry oxygen. Sickle cell haemoglobin differs in physical shape from the normal
haemoglobin with a curved sickle -shaped rather a flat shaped cell disc. The shape
alters the properties of cell, causing them to become mor rigid and less flexible. As a
2. result of this the cells are more likely to haemolyse and cause blockages in the blood
vessels that disrupt the flow of blood.
Pathology
When there is insufficient oxygen in the vascular system Haemoglobin S becomes
very sensitive to low oxygen level. When a red blood cell to change it’ s shape from
round, smooth shape to a stiff, sickle-shaped, and sticky shape banana or curved.
This abnormal haemoglobin becomes considerably more insoluble. This change of
shape in the red blood cell leads it to occlude circulation within the vessels, which
can lead to various types of sickle cell crises (vascular -occlusive, spleen
sequestration, destruction of red cell and aplastic crisis)
Symptoms
Many patients with sickle cell anaemia will have symptoms of anaemia but will not
manifest major signs and symptoms until a sickling cell episode occurs. Factors that
can cause sickle cell crisis include significant blood loos, illness climbing or flying to
high altitudes, stress, dehydration, fever, strenuous exercises or extreme cold
temperatures. Sickle cell crises vary among patients, some of them experiencing
random episodes with others experience them frequently. Sickle cell anaemia is
typically discovered in the young paediatric patient age 4- 6 months (because of
disappearance of fetal haemoglobin). Those patients will present with swelling of
hands and feet (hand-foot syndrome or Dactylitis), fever, infection, be extremely
fussy. Patients who have sickle cell anaemia are at risk for following complications:
acute chest syndrome, stroke, splenomegaly, infection, leg ulcers (mainly older
children), anaemia and vision changes, gallstones, and organs failure or damage.
Diagnostic is established by blood test which will show the increase and massive
presence of curved cell in the screening test also family ‘s history can show the link
and more genetic information about other members.
Treatment
Medication used to treat sickle cell anaemia is Hydroxyurea which helps make fetal
haemoglobin. It decreases sickling episodes and the need of blood transfusion, pain
relieving medication and folic acid, increase blood circulation. However, low white
blood cell count as side effect of Hydroxyurea. Bone marrow transplant as well but
very risky operation. More preventives with health care service to prevent crises and
infection by educating parents and patients about all risk specially infection and
anaemia, moreover people should get advice from qualified healthcare worker or
blood test before having children or avoid marriage if you are aware about the sickle
cell family. Prevent is better than cure, there is no cure for it scientist still working on
it as a genetic disorder it may take more time to found the solution for it.
BIBLIOGRAGHY
http:www.sicklecellanemia quiz.com registernurse.com
http:www.nhs.uk> sicklecelldisease.com
