The document provides information about human anatomy and physiology. It begins with an introduction and overview of topics to be covered, including anatomy, physiology, life characteristics, and human organization. It then provides interactive questions and answers about each topic in 3 sentences or less. Key terms are defined relating to body structures, functions, planes, directions, and specific body regions. The document uses a question and answer format to concisely summarize each anatomical and physiological concept.
This document provides information about human anatomy and physiology. It begins with an introduction that explains how to navigate through the document. It then covers topics like the definition of anatomy and physiology, characteristics of life, human organization from cells to organisms, homeostasis and feedback mechanisms, anatomical planes and directions, and specific body parts. For each topic, it provides a question mark that can be clicked to reveal more details and definitions for each term. Learners can click "BACK" to return to the previous screen or "NEXT" to move to the next topic.
The document provides detailed images and descriptions of bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton. In the axial skeleton, it depicts views of the skull, hyoid bone, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. In the appendicular skeleton, it shows the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges of the upper extremity as well as the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges of the lower extremity. Accompanying the images are brief descriptions of key features of each bone.
This document discusses various topics related to muscular physiology, including:
1. The roles of skeletal muscle in providing movement, heat, and posture.
2. The similarities between muscle and nerve excitability.
3. The unique structures of skeletal muscle fibers involved in contractility and excitability.
4. How the structure of myofilaments relates to their function in muscle contraction.
This document analyzes blood typing results for 4 patients based on their agglutination reactions to anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum. Mr. Green has type AB positive blood based on agglutinating to all three sera. The document also discusses how blood types are determined, similarities and differences between agglutinogens and agglutinins, situations where blood typing is used, and erythroblastosis fetalis. It emphasizes the importance of multiple blood samples to determine blood type accurately.
1. The document provides an in-depth look at the nervous system through recipes related to sensory receptors and special senses.
2. It details the various types of sensory receptors, including their locations, stimuli detected, and structures. It also examines the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, balance, and vision.
3. The recipes describe the key components and processes of each sensory system, such as olfactory receptors and pathways for smell, taste buds and neural pathways for taste, and the mechanism of hearing and visual pathway.
1. The document provides an in-depth look at the nervous system through recipes related to sensory receptors and special senses.
2. It details the various types of sensory receptors, including their locations, stimuli detected, and structures. It also examines the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, balance, and vision.
3. The recipes describe the key components and processes of each sensory system, such as olfactory receptors and pathways for smell, taste buds and neural pathways for taste, and the mechanism of hearing and visual pathway.
The document provides recipes and instructions for understanding the organization and functions of the nervous system. It includes sections on the organization of the nervous system, cells of the nervous system, nerve impulses, synapses, and a neuromuscular reflex lab analysis. The recipes use ingredients to represent different parts and divisions of the nervous system and provide directions on how they work together and transmit signals in the body.
The document provides an in-depth look at the endocrine system through recipes and tables. It discusses how the nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate hormones. The major glands of the endocrine system are described, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal body, and reproductive glands. Hormones are classified by function and structure. Steroid and nonsteroid hormones are defined. Finally, tables list the major hormones and the glands, targets, and principal actions of each.
This document provides information about human anatomy and physiology. It begins with an introduction that explains how to navigate through the document. It then covers topics like the definition of anatomy and physiology, characteristics of life, human organization from cells to organisms, homeostasis and feedback mechanisms, anatomical planes and directions, and specific body parts. For each topic, it provides a question mark that can be clicked to reveal more details and definitions for each term. Learners can click "BACK" to return to the previous screen or "NEXT" to move to the next topic.
The document provides detailed images and descriptions of bones in the axial and appendicular skeleton. In the axial skeleton, it depicts views of the skull, hyoid bone, cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. In the appendicular skeleton, it shows the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges of the upper extremity as well as the pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges of the lower extremity. Accompanying the images are brief descriptions of key features of each bone.
This document discusses various topics related to muscular physiology, including:
1. The roles of skeletal muscle in providing movement, heat, and posture.
2. The similarities between muscle and nerve excitability.
3. The unique structures of skeletal muscle fibers involved in contractility and excitability.
4. How the structure of myofilaments relates to their function in muscle contraction.
This document analyzes blood typing results for 4 patients based on their agglutination reactions to anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh serum. Mr. Green has type AB positive blood based on agglutinating to all three sera. The document also discusses how blood types are determined, similarities and differences between agglutinogens and agglutinins, situations where blood typing is used, and erythroblastosis fetalis. It emphasizes the importance of multiple blood samples to determine blood type accurately.
1. The document provides an in-depth look at the nervous system through recipes related to sensory receptors and special senses.
2. It details the various types of sensory receptors, including their locations, stimuli detected, and structures. It also examines the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, balance, and vision.
3. The recipes describe the key components and processes of each sensory system, such as olfactory receptors and pathways for smell, taste buds and neural pathways for taste, and the mechanism of hearing and visual pathway.
1. The document provides an in-depth look at the nervous system through recipes related to sensory receptors and special senses.
2. It details the various types of sensory receptors, including their locations, stimuli detected, and structures. It also examines the special senses of smell, taste, hearing, balance, and vision.
3. The recipes describe the key components and processes of each sensory system, such as olfactory receptors and pathways for smell, taste buds and neural pathways for taste, and the mechanism of hearing and visual pathway.
The document provides recipes and instructions for understanding the organization and functions of the nervous system. It includes sections on the organization of the nervous system, cells of the nervous system, nerve impulses, synapses, and a neuromuscular reflex lab analysis. The recipes use ingredients to represent different parts and divisions of the nervous system and provide directions on how they work together and transmit signals in the body.
The document provides an in-depth look at the endocrine system through recipes and tables. It discusses how the nervous and endocrine systems work together to regulate hormones. The major glands of the endocrine system are described, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal body, and reproductive glands. Hormones are classified by function and structure. Steroid and nonsteroid hormones are defined. Finally, tables list the major hormones and the glands, targets, and principal actions of each.
The document provides a quiz on lab safety with questions about identifying unsafe activities and correct lab procedures from an illustration. It also discusses comparing the lab techniques of two students, Luke and Duke, and identifying who is following safety rules. Additional questions ask about identifying items in the lab that should not be there, and comparing the lab techniques of Joe and Carl to determine who is doing it correctly.
The document provides information about anatomy and why it is important to study. It discusses the following key points:
1. There are several reasons to study anatomy, including to improve communication in health professions, understand normal body structures to compare them to abnormalities, and learn how body systems interact.
2. The goals of an anatomy course are to provide a common language, relate structure to function, and provide a baseline of knowledge for physiology.
3. Anatomy is studied on several levels, from gross/macroscopic anatomy of large structures to microscopic/histological anatomy of small structures.
4. Understanding normal anatomy allows one to recognize abnormalities.
Ch. 1 Human Anatomy Orientation and Body RegionsWesley McCammon
The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the levels of organization in the human body from atoms to organ systems. It then summarizes each of the major organ systems, including their structures and functions. Finally, it discusses homeostasis and introduces terminology used to describe anatomical positions, directions, and body planes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of body functions. It describes the different branches and levels of structural organization in the body from atoms and molecules to organ systems. Key body systems are introduced such as the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Concepts of homeostasis, anatomical position, directional terminology, body planes and sections, body cavities and membranes, and abdominal regions and quadrants are explained.
The document discusses several key concepts in anatomy and physiology:
1. Anatomy is the study of body structures that can be seen, while physiology studies body functions from cellular to systems levels.
2. Living things are organized from molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. They share DNA, proteins, and metabolism.
3. Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms help maintain stable internal environments despite outside changes. Key anatomical terms describe positions in the body.
This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology by defining key terms and concepts. It describes anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It also discusses pathology and pathophysiology. Additionally, it outlines the levels of structural organization in the body from chemical to cellular to tissue to organ to systems. The document also defines directional terms, planes, body cavities, regions, and homeostasis.
This document discusses key concepts in human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structure and physiology as the study of how the body functions. The document introduces homeostasis, which is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions. It also outlines several important anatomical directions and positions used to describe the body, such as anatomical position, superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, and proximal/distal. The major body cavities and abdominal quadrants are also defined.
Anatomy is the study of the body's structure and tells you where everything is located, while physiology is the study of the body's functions and tells you how everything works. Living things are organized into cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, maintain homeostasis through metabolic processes and responsiveness to stimuli, and exhibit biochemical unity through shared molecules like DNA, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The body is divided into sections like sagittal, transverse and coronal planes to describe locations in the anterior, posterior, superior, inferior and other directions.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
The document is a quiz about human anatomy and physiology. It contains questions about topics like homeostasis, organs, organelles, planes of the body, and the structural organization of the human body. The questions test knowledge of key anatomical and physiological concepts and terms.
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term...Dr Shahid Alam
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term, language of anatomy, Anatomy lecture BD Chaurasia, Snell Anatomy By Dr Shahid Alam
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
1. Introduction to Anatomy and PhysicologySUNY Ulster
This document introduces anatomy and physiology by defining key terms and outlining approaches to studying the form and structure and functions of the body. It describes microscopic vs macroscopic anatomy and regional vs systematic anatomy. It also defines the four anatomical planes of reference, directional terms, body cavities, levels of organization from cells to organ systems, and homeostasis as the maintenance of equilibrium in the body.
This document defines anatomy and its subdivisions, including gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and neuroanatomy. It describes regional anatomy which organizes the body into regions, and systemic anatomy which studies anatomy by body systems. Key terms are also defined, such as anatomical position, directions of movement, and body planes.
This document discusses anatomical terminology and concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of body parts and their relationships. Key anatomical positions and directional terms are described, such as superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The document also outlines the 11 organ systems, body cavities and membranes, planes used to divide the body, and various regions of the abdomen. Common medical imaging techniques like CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and X-rays are briefly explained.
This document contains a Jeopardy-style quiz about homeostasis, human anatomy, cells, and other biology topics. It includes questions about maintaining homeostasis, organelles, anatomical planes that divide the body, and the structural levels of the human body from the chemical to organism level. The responses provide brief explanations or identify the correct anatomical term.
The document provides a quiz on lab safety with questions about identifying unsafe activities and correct lab procedures from an illustration. It also discusses comparing the lab techniques of two students, Luke and Duke, and identifying who is following safety rules. Additional questions ask about identifying items in the lab that should not be there, and comparing the lab techniques of Joe and Carl to determine who is doing it correctly.
The document provides information about anatomy and why it is important to study. It discusses the following key points:
1. There are several reasons to study anatomy, including to improve communication in health professions, understand normal body structures to compare them to abnormalities, and learn how body systems interact.
2. The goals of an anatomy course are to provide a common language, relate structure to function, and provide a baseline of knowledge for physiology.
3. Anatomy is studied on several levels, from gross/macroscopic anatomy of large structures to microscopic/histological anatomy of small structures.
4. Understanding normal anatomy allows one to recognize abnormalities.
Ch. 1 Human Anatomy Orientation and Body RegionsWesley McCammon
The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy and physiology, and describes the levels of organization in the human body from atoms to organ systems. It then summarizes each of the major organ systems, including their structures and functions. Finally, it discusses homeostasis and introduces terminology used to describe anatomical positions, directions, and body planes.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the structure of the body and physiology as the study of body functions. It describes the different branches and levels of structural organization in the body from atoms and molecules to organ systems. Key body systems are introduced such as the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Concepts of homeostasis, anatomical position, directional terminology, body planes and sections, body cavities and membranes, and abdominal regions and quadrants are explained.
The document discusses several key concepts in anatomy and physiology:
1. Anatomy is the study of body structures that can be seen, while physiology studies body functions from cellular to systems levels.
2. Living things are organized from molecules to cells to tissues to organs to organ systems. They share DNA, proteins, and metabolism.
3. Homeostasis and feedback mechanisms help maintain stable internal environments despite outside changes. Key anatomical terms describe positions in the body.
This document provides an introduction to anatomy and physiology by defining key terms and concepts. It describes anatomy as the study of body structure and physiology as the study of body functions. It also discusses pathology and pathophysiology. Additionally, it outlines the levels of structural organization in the body from chemical to cellular to tissue to organ to systems. The document also defines directional terms, planes, body cavities, regions, and homeostasis.
This document discusses key concepts in human anatomy and physiology. It defines anatomy as the study of the body's structure and physiology as the study of how the body functions. The document introduces homeostasis, which is the body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions. It also outlines several important anatomical directions and positions used to describe the body, such as anatomical position, superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, and proximal/distal. The major body cavities and abdominal quadrants are also defined.
Anatomy is the study of the body's structure and tells you where everything is located, while physiology is the study of the body's functions and tells you how everything works. Living things are organized into cells, tissues, organs and organ systems, maintain homeostasis through metabolic processes and responsiveness to stimuli, and exhibit biochemical unity through shared molecules like DNA, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. The body is divided into sections like sagittal, transverse and coronal planes to describe locations in the anterior, posterior, superior, inferior and other directions.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
The document is a quiz about human anatomy and physiology. It contains questions about topics like homeostasis, organs, organelles, planes of the body, and the structural organization of the human body. The questions test knowledge of key anatomical and physiological concepts and terms.
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term...Dr Shahid Alam
Anatomic terminology, anatomical position, anatomical planes, anatomical term, language of anatomy, Anatomy lecture BD Chaurasia, Snell Anatomy By Dr Shahid Alam
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
1. Introduction to Anatomy and PhysicologySUNY Ulster
This document introduces anatomy and physiology by defining key terms and outlining approaches to studying the form and structure and functions of the body. It describes microscopic vs macroscopic anatomy and regional vs systematic anatomy. It also defines the four anatomical planes of reference, directional terms, body cavities, levels of organization from cells to organ systems, and homeostasis as the maintenance of equilibrium in the body.
This document defines anatomy and its subdivisions, including gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, and neuroanatomy. It describes regional anatomy which organizes the body into regions, and systemic anatomy which studies anatomy by body systems. Key terms are also defined, such as anatomical position, directions of movement, and body planes.
This document discusses anatomical terminology and concepts. It defines anatomy as the study of body parts and their relationships. Key anatomical positions and directional terms are described, such as superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior. The document also outlines the 11 organ systems, body cavities and membranes, planes used to divide the body, and various regions of the abdomen. Common medical imaging techniques like CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, and X-rays are briefly explained.
This document contains a Jeopardy-style quiz about homeostasis, human anatomy, cells, and other biology topics. It includes questions about maintaining homeostasis, organelles, anatomical planes that divide the body, and the structural levels of the human body from the chemical to organism level. The responses provide brief explanations or identify the correct anatomical term.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
1. Introduction
• Click on the question
marks to reveal the
answer.
Marchelle Davis • Click BACK to go to the
Courtney Zuber list of words
Nicole Coetzer • Click NEXT to go to the
next topic
Madison Hall
9. Respiration
Process that results in
absorption, transport, utilization,
or exchange or respiratory
gases between an organism
and its environment
BACK
10. Digestion
Process by which complex
food products are broken
down into simpler substances
BACK
11. Absorption
Process by which complex
food products are broken
down into simpler substances
BACK
12. Secretion
Production and delivery of
specialized substances for
diverse body functions
BACK
13. Excretion
Removal of waste products
produced during body
functions
BACK
16. Human Organization
Cell ?????
Tissue ?????
Organ ?????
Organ system ?????
Organism ?????
NEXT
17. Cell
The basic unit of structure and function in
living things
May serve a specific function within the
organism
Examples: blood cells, nervous cells, bone
cells, etc.
BACK
18. Tissue
Made up of cells that are similar in
structure and function and which work
together to preform a specific activity
Humans have 4 basic tissues:
connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve.
Examples: blood, nerves, bone, etc.
BACK
19. Organ
Made up of tissues that work together to
perform a specific activity
Examples - heart, brain, skin, etc.
BACK
20. Organ System
Groups of two or more tissues that work
together to perform a specific function for
the organism
The human body has 11 organ systems:
circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretor
y,
BACK
21. Organism
Entire living things that can carry out all basic
life processes. Meaning they can take in
materials, release energy from food, release
wastes, grow, respond to the
environment, and reproduce.
Usually made up of organ systems, but an
organism may be made up of only one cell
such as bacteria or protist.
Examples -
bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower, hum
an
BACK
22. Homeostasis
Homeostasis ?????
Endocrine System ?????
Positive Feedback ?????
Negative Feedback ?????
NEXT
23. Homeostasis
astate of balance inside the
body, where the body systems
work together to keep it
functioning normally
BACK
24. Endocrine System
Keeps the internal balance act going by
releasing chemicals called hormones.
The release of the hormones is controlled
by negative feedback mechanisms
BACK
25. Anatomical Planes
Directional planes- describe the locations of structures
relation to other structures or locations in the body
Anterior ?????
Posterior ?????
Distal ?????
Proximal ?????
Dorsal ?????
Ventral ?????
Superior ?????
Inferior ?????
Lateral ?????
medial ????? NEXT
26. Anterior
Toward the front of the body
Example: The nose is on the
anterior of the head
BACK
28. Distal
Away from the trunk or point of
attachment Example: The hand is
distal to the elbow.
BACK
29. Proximal
Toward an internal organ; away
from the outer wall (describes
relative position in a limb or other
appendage) Example: The joint is
proximal to the toenail.
BACK
30. Dorsal
Along (or toward) the vertebral
surface of the body Example: Her
scar is along the dorsal surface
BACK
32. Superior
Towardthe top of the body
Example: The shoulders are
superior to the hips
BACK
33. Inferior
Toward the bottom of the body
Example: The stomach is inferior
to the heart
BACK
34. Lateral
Toward the side; away from the
midsagittal plane Example: The
eyes are lateral to the nose.
BACK
35. Medial
Toward the midsagittal plane;
away from the side Example: The
eyes are medial to the ears.
BACK
36. Anatomical Planes
Body planes- a person standing in an upright position then
dissecting this person with vertical and horizontal planes
Lateral or Sagittal Plane ?????
Parasagittal Plane ?????
Midsagittal Plane ?????
Frontal or Coronal Plane ?????
Transverse Plane ?????
NEXT
37. Lateral or Sagittal Plane
Imagine a vertical plane that runs
through your body from front to
back or back to front. This plane
divides the body into right and left
regions
BACK
40. Frontal or Coronal Plane
Imagine a vertical plane that runs
through the center of your body
from side to side. This plane divides
the body into front (anterior) and
back (posterior) regions
BACK
41. Transverse Plane
Imagine a horizontal plane that runs
through the midsection of your
body. This plane divides the body
into upper (superior) and lower
(inferior) regions
BACK
45. Visceral
Toward an internal organ; away
from the outer wall (describes
positions inside a body cavity)
Example: This organ is covered
with the visceral layer of the
membrane
BACK
46. Parietal
Toward the wall; away from
internal structures Example: The
abdominal cavity is lined with
the parietal peritoneal
membrane.
BACK
47. Deep
Toward the inside of a part;
away from the surface
Example: The thigh muscles are
deep to the skin.
BACK
48. Superficial
Toward the surface of a part;
away from the inside Example:
The skin is a superficial organ.
BACK
49. Medullary
Refersto an inner region, or
medulla Example: The
medullary portion of the organ
contains nerve tissue.
BACK
50. Cortical
Refers to an outer region or
cortex. Example: The cortical
area produces hormones.
BACK
51. Ipsilateral
On the same side (of the body)
as Example: The left knee is
ipsilateral to the left ankle.
BACK
52. Contralateral
On the opposite side of the
body Example: The left knee is
contralateral to the right knee.
BACK
53. Body Organization
Ear ?????
Nose ?????
Mouth ?????
Neck ?????
Point of shoulder ?????
Armpit ?????
Breast ?????
Arm ?????
Back of elbow ?????
Front of elbow ?????
NEXT