This document proposes a personalized wireless sensor network communication model for automating electric power distribution. It involves using sensor networks to monitor parameters like voltage, current, temperature across the distribution system. Sensors would be grouped into clusters and use a virtual MIMO scheme within clusters to reduce errors from transients. Between clusters, a location-aware GEAR routing protocol would be used to route data to monitoring stations efficiently. This decentralized approach could automate operations faster than current centralized SCADA systems while reducing power consumption. It could also help detect electricity theft by strategically placing sensor nodes along transmission lines.
A Survey of Routing Protocols for Structural Health MonitoringIJEEE
Wireless sensor networks have emerged in recent years as a promising technology that can impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. Various routing protocols are used to define communication among sensor nodes of the wireless sensor network for purpose of disseminating information. These routing protocols can be designed to improve the network performance in terms of energy consumption, delay and security issues. This paper discusses the requirements of routing protocol for Structural health monitoring and presents summary of various routing protocols used for WSNs for Structural health monitoring.
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
sensors are what we experience the most in our life. they are even working in our body in different aspects. they may be as eyes, ears, skin, tongue etc. when we combine them they make a network. it may be a human sensor network. but i have shared something interesting about wireless sensor networks.
This presentation discuss about the possible signal processing applications for the future smart grid. Later I will discuss about the basics of digital signal processing techniques widely applied in smart grid applications.
A Survey of Routing Protocols for Structural Health MonitoringIJEEE
Wireless sensor networks have emerged in recent years as a promising technology that can impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. Various routing protocols are used to define communication among sensor nodes of the wireless sensor network for purpose of disseminating information. These routing protocols can be designed to improve the network performance in terms of energy consumption, delay and security issues. This paper discusses the requirements of routing protocol for Structural health monitoring and presents summary of various routing protocols used for WSNs for Structural health monitoring.
Smart Grid
Why do we need Smart Grid?
What is Smart Grid?
Smart Grid conceptual model
Wide Area Monitoring systems
What is WAMs
WAMS Architecture
Applications of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)
Concluding Remarks
As the world’s electricity systems face a number of challenges
such as
New dynamics of future demand and supply
Ageing infrastructure
Complex interconnected grids
Integration of large number of renewable generation sources
Need to lower carbon emissions
New type of loads such as Electric Vehicles
sensors are what we experience the most in our life. they are even working in our body in different aspects. they may be as eyes, ears, skin, tongue etc. when we combine them they make a network. it may be a human sensor network. but i have shared something interesting about wireless sensor networks.
This presentation discuss about the possible signal processing applications for the future smart grid. Later I will discuss about the basics of digital signal processing techniques widely applied in smart grid applications.
These slides present various communications and measurement technology applied for smart grid. Later of the class I will present the same at advance level.
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The wireless sensor node can only be equipped with a
limited power source. In some application scenarios,
replenishment of power resources might be impossible. Sensor
node lifetime, therefore, shows a strong dependence on battery
lifetime. Hence, power conservation and power management take
on additional importance. The main task of a sensor node in a
sensor field is to detect events, perform quick local data
processing, and then transmit the data. Power consumption can
hence be divided into three domains: sensing, communication,
and data processing. One of the most commonly used Power
management techniques is to allow a node to follow sleep-wake
up-sample-compute-communicate cycle. Based on the amount of
the battery availability, by adopting the proper information
dissemenitation schemes, the network life time can be extended.
This process relies on hardware support for implementing sleep
states, permits the power consumption of a node to be reduced by
many orders of magnitude.
A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids U...Power System Operation
Current differential protection relays are widely applied
to the protection of electrical plant due to their simplicity,
sensitivity and stability for internal and external faults. The proposed
idea has the feature of unit protection relays to protect large
power transmission grids based on phasor measurement units. The
principle of the protection scheme depends on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus during fault conditions
inside a system protection center to detect the nearest bus to
the fault. Then the absolute differences of positive sequence current
angles are compared for all lines connecting to this bus to
detect the faulted line. The new technique depends on synchronized
phasor measuring technology with high speed communication
system and time transfer GPS system. The simulation of the interconnecting
system is applied on 500 kV Egyptian network using
Matlab Simulink. The new technique can successfully distinguish
between internal and external faults for interconnected lines. The
new protection scheme works as unit protection system for long
transmission lines. The time of fault detection is estimated by 5
msec for all fault conditions and the relay is evaluated as a back
up relay based on the communication speed for data transferring.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
These slides present various communications and measurement technology applied for smart grid. Later of the class I will present the same at advance level.
Application for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unitApplication for phasor measurement unit
The wireless sensor node can only be equipped with a
limited power source. In some application scenarios,
replenishment of power resources might be impossible. Sensor
node lifetime, therefore, shows a strong dependence on battery
lifetime. Hence, power conservation and power management take
on additional importance. The main task of a sensor node in a
sensor field is to detect events, perform quick local data
processing, and then transmit the data. Power consumption can
hence be divided into three domains: sensing, communication,
and data processing. One of the most commonly used Power
management techniques is to allow a node to follow sleep-wake
up-sample-compute-communicate cycle. Based on the amount of
the battery availability, by adopting the proper information
dissemenitation schemes, the network life time can be extended.
This process relies on hardware support for implementing sleep
states, permits the power consumption of a node to be reduced by
many orders of magnitude.
A Novel Back Up Wide Area Protection Technique for Power Transmission Grids U...Power System Operation
Current differential protection relays are widely applied
to the protection of electrical plant due to their simplicity,
sensitivity and stability for internal and external faults. The proposed
idea has the feature of unit protection relays to protect large
power transmission grids based on phasor measurement units. The
principle of the protection scheme depends on comparing positive
sequence voltage magnitudes at each bus during fault conditions
inside a system protection center to detect the nearest bus to
the fault. Then the absolute differences of positive sequence current
angles are compared for all lines connecting to this bus to
detect the faulted line. The new technique depends on synchronized
phasor measuring technology with high speed communication
system and time transfer GPS system. The simulation of the interconnecting
system is applied on 500 kV Egyptian network using
Matlab Simulink. The new technique can successfully distinguish
between internal and external faults for interconnected lines. The
new protection scheme works as unit protection system for long
transmission lines. The time of fault detection is estimated by 5
msec for all fault conditions and the relay is evaluated as a back
up relay based on the communication speed for data transferring.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Designing an Energy Efficient Clustering in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Net...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC) works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing system.
DESIGNING AN ENERGY EFFICIENT CLUSTERING IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS SENSOR NET...IJCNCJournal
Designing an energy-efficient scheme in a Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network (HWSN) is a critical
issue that degrades the network performance. Recharging and providing security to the sensor devices is
very difficult in an unattended environment once the energy is drained off. A Clustering scheme is an
important and suitable approach to increase energy efficiency and transmitting secured data which in turn
enhances the performance in the network. The proposed algorithm Energy Efficient Clustering (EEC)
works for optimum energy utilization in sensor nodes. The algorithm is proposed by combining the
rotation-based clustering and energy-saving mechanism for avoiding the node failure and prolonging the
network lifetime. This shows MAC layer scheduling is based on optimum energy utilization depending on
the residual energy. In the proposed work, a densely populated network is partitioned into clusters and all
the cluster heads are formed at a time and selected on rotation based on considering the highest energy of
the sensor nodes. Other cluster members are accommodated in a cluster based on Basic Cost Maximum
flow (BCMF) to allow the cluster head for transmitting the secured data. Carrier Sense Multiple Access
(CSMA), a contention window based protocol is used at the MAC layer for collision detection and to
provide channel access prioritization to HWSN of different traffic classes with reduction in End to End
delay, energy consumption, and improved throughput and Packet delivery ratio(PDR) and allowing the
cluster head for transmission without depleting the energy. Simulation parameters of the proposed system
such as Throughput, Energy, and Packet Delivery Ratio are obtained and compared with the existing
system.
This paper modifies the LAEEBA protocol to enhance the performance of the protocol. Eight sensor nodes are deployed on a human body; having equal power and computation capabilities. Sink node is placed at waist. Different nodes are used to measure various activities like Glucose level etc. In the LAEEBA protocol all the nodes are active at every time, but the total usage period of few nodes is very less depending upon the disease covered. This leads to the wastage of the energy. This work uses the Sleep state to save the energy. The sink node will remain active all the times and the other node are in the sleep state. The node which gets selected for the transmission will change its state to the active state; other nodes will remain in the sleep state. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is better than the existing technique. The comparison is done by using the PDR, E2E Delay and throughput. The delay gets decreased and the throughput gets increased. The PDR in the proposed algorithm is greater than the existing algorithm so the proposed algorithm is better than the existing algorithm.
A Review Paper on Power Consumption Improvements in WSNIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor network (WSN) is a network of low-cost, low-power, multifunctional, small
size sensor nodes which are densely deployed inside a physical environment to collect, process and transmit the
information to sink node. As Sensor nodes are generally battery-powered, it is necessary to balance between
power consumption and energy storage capacity to sustain sensor node's operational life. Therefore one of the
important challenge in WSN is to improve power consumption efficiently to prolong network lifetime by
minimizing the amount of data transmissions throughout the network and maximizing node's low power
residence time. In this paper, two energy optimization techniques, Cluster-Based energy efficient routing
(CBER) scheme and extension to IEEE 802.15.4 standard by dynamic rate adaption and control for energy
reduction (DRACER) protocol for wireless sensor networks has been reviewed. CBER technique increases
network lifetime by reducing Hot Spot problem and end-to-end energy consumption using multi-hop wireless
routing whereas DRACER protocol reduces network latency and average power consumption by minimizing
network overhead using automatic data rate selection process. So, both of these techniques, if utilized in
combination, it is possible to achieve very high energy efficiency in WSN
Energy efficient routing in wireless sensor network based on mobile sink guid...IJECEIAES
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the minimization of usage of energy in the sensor nodes is a key task. Three salient functions are performed by WSNs’ sensor nodes namely data sensing, transmitting and relaying. Routing technique is one of the methods to enhance the sensor nodes battery lifetime. Energy optimization is done by using one of the heuristic routing methods for data sensing and transmission. To enhance the energy optimization mainly concentrated on data relaying. In this work stochastic hill climbing is adapted. The proposed solution for data relaying utilizes geographical routing and mobile sink technique. The sink collects the data from cluster heads and movement of the sink is routed by stochastic hill climbing. Experimentation is done on the network simulator 2 Platform. The existing routing techniques like threshold sensitive energy efficient sensor network, energy-efficient low duty cycle, and adaptive clustering protocol are compared with the obtained results of chosen algorithm. The proposed work shows promising results with respect to lifetime, average energy of nodes and packet delivery ratio.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
Qos group based optimal retransmission medium access protocol for wireless se...IJCNCJournal
This paper presents, a Group Based Optimal Retransmission Medium Access (GORMA) Protocol is
designed that combines protocol of Collision Avoidance (CA) and energy management for low-cost, shortrange,
low-data rate and low-energy sensor nodes applications in environment monitoring, agriculture,
industrial plants etc. In this paper, the GORMA protocol focuses on efficient MAC protocol to provide
autonomous Quality of Service (QoS) to the sensor nodes in one-hop QoS retransmission group and two
QoS groups in WSNs where the source nodes do not have receiver circuits. Hence, they can only transmit
data to a sink node, but cannot receive any control signals from the sink node. The proposed protocol
GORMA provides QoS to the nodes which work independently on predefined time by allowing them to
transmit each packet an optimal number of times within a given period. Our simulation results shows that
the performance of GORMA protocol, which maximize the delivery probability of one-hop QoS group and
two QoS groups and minimize the energy consumption.
The efficacy and challenges of scada and smart grid integrationFaizal Faizi
To initiate a 2 way communication between the load center's and the substation so they can monitor the electricity distribution at real time • To detect faults at their onset so that a resultant blackouts can be prevented • To regulate the energy consumption of utilities based on energy availability
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
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A personalized Wireless Sensor Network Communication Model for computerization of Electric Power Distribution
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 7, Issue 2 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 41-44
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
A personalized Wireless Sensor Network Communication Model
for computerization of Electric Power Distribution
S.V.Saravanan, Dr.C.Sharmeela, Dr.Chandan Majumdar
Research Scholar, ECE Dept, Allahabad University,
EEE Dept, Anna University, Chennai,
ECE Dept, Allahabad University,
Abstract: :Automation of electric power distribution in a l o a d p o i n t b y p r o v i d i n g reliable
manner and cost-efficient can be accomplished by complete automation of the central control centre which
coordinates the operation of several area centers while ensuring security of supply against loss of
generation, transmission capacity, maintaining the voltage, current and frequency of the system within
specified limits, temperature, pressure, and oil level of the transformers is required. Currently, automation is
done with the help of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Intelligent Electronic Devices
(IEDs). A novel method is proposed in this paper about communication among the sensors. In this paper the
cooperative wireless sensor network architecture for communication of the monitored signals and the
employment of a virtual MIMO model, which would considerably reduce errors due to transient surge of
charges and other interferences were discussed. Further, the paper proposes the use of a location aware
protocol, GEAR, which is suitable for the sensor network architecture, as compared to the currently used
protocols. The appropriate placement of sensors and adoption of additional signaling schemes can also prevent
theft of electrical power, which is not a new problem in many areas.
Key words: Geographic and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR), Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA), Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs).
I. Introduction
The application of sensor networks is becoming ever-present, and this paper introduces a new area of
application of the sensor nets viz. in the automation of electrical power distribution. The automation of power
distribution can be made well-organized in terms of energy utilization, speed, and bandwidth necessities from
beginning to end to the application of sensor nets. The efficient elements that achieve security control and
monitoring of the various signals are the sensor networks. The essential fault analysis system should provide
results of a complete system-wide analysis of an event to the system dispatchers and safety engineers
within seconds of the event happening. This may not be feasible with the existing SCADA technology. Wei
Ye et al. [4] mention that the major drawback of current SCADA systems is that they are static, inflexible,
and often have a centralized architecture. Further, there may be increased operational risks [8] associated with
an inconsistent level of staff operational competency. In that case, the human intervention in decision making
has to be minimized. In the proposed communication model, the processing of data signals by a single
control centre (master) processor is decentralized, and the processing of information may be done in a
distributed manner. Each sensor node may have a battery for its operation. The nodes are asleep, and unless
there is a significant change in the measured parameters, only then they transmit. This avoids redundant
transmission and hence saves a considerable amount of power and complex wiring to link all these sensors
to the control equipment is eliminated through low power wireless transmission. The bandwidth requirement
is least since the transmissions are mostly limited and are done only when necessary. The process of
communication among the sensors is divided into the following phases: The long-haul transmission of signals
to the monitoring (HMI) stations by strategic placement of the sensor clusters and implementing the location-
based GEAR protocol and the communication of signals within clusters of the sensors that are in
close proximity to each other on a virtual MIMO basis.
The paper proposes the use of a location-based routing protocol called GEAR (Geographic and
Energy Aware Routing) that implements energy efficient geographic packet forwarding techniques. The
GEAR protocol is energy efficient on its own, and it would make possible faster communication. The
location of sensors can be obtained by means of a hardware system (GPS) or by irregular beaconing. Since
in the electric distribution network the sensors are rather static, the location information need not be
transmitted frequently. This reduces the overhead in routing, as compared to other sensor networks
scenarios. The broadcasting of information sensed by the sensors or a question that is sent by the base station
is a primary need in the automation of power distribution. The broadcasting of data is done in a faster manner
by use of the GEAR protocol. The assumption made [2] is that the energy consumed for processing is far
2. A personalized Wireless Sensor Network Communication Model for computerization of Electric
www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
less than the energy required for transmission or reception. Therefore, with the aim of achieving an energy
efficient routing, the number of transmissions and the transmission power are minimized considerably.
II. Current Scenario
The substation automation and integration can be broken down into five levels:
The uppermost level is the utility enterprise level that consists of software that is integrated with
the entire system.
The middle levels implement the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs),which integrates using data
concentrators, and substation automation applications.
The lowest level is the power system equipment, such as transformers and circuit breakers.
The single processor of the data concentrator, or similar equipment, aggregates the readings of a number of
sensors. The readings may be current, voltage level, or frequency readings from the IEDs [6], circuit breaker
status, winding temperature, and oil level in the transformers, etc. Apart from this at the power station water
level, volume of flow, fuel consumption, and many other data are monitored. A microcontroller-based static
relay may take switching decisions. In this process, there may be protocol translations [3] to identify data
from the various IEDs. The IEDs are all connected through high-speed LANs to the data concentrator. In other
words, there is one processor to process and combined readings from a number of sensors. Then, the RTUs
(Remote Terminal Unit)may transmit information carrying signals to the SCADA centers or control signals to
the appropriate equipment based on the information available. Kezunovic et al. [7] explain that the system
level monitoring of CB status can be monitored and analyzed by CBMAs. There is constant monitoring of
signals at SCADA master centers with the help of human machine interface. For a large interconnected power
system, the tasks of operation, coordination, supervision, and protection become complex, and the automation
system faces the following problems:
Generated active and reactive power of each station in the group.
Net active power and reactive power transfer from the group.
Voltage and frequency from selected points.
Extensive m o n i t o r i n g o f n e t w o r k o p e r a t i o n s , l o a d d i s p a t c h i n g , a n d l o a d
frequency control operations should be done.
The complexity of these operations is too much.
Power consumption by the controlling-processing unit has to be minimized.
III. Proposed Model for communication
This paper e x p l a i n s a sensor network-based approach for communication of the control
signals, as fine as the data swap. The sensor nodes in the transmission network are grouped to form
clusters among themselves & communicate th eir readings with in themselves. Each sensor in the cluster
communicates with every other sensor in the cluster or in its surrounding area. This transmission is performed
only when there is a change in the recorded readings. This approach minimizes the transmission power
considerably, and hence, the lifetime of sensors is increased. One or two of the sensors may assume the
cluster-head position and mergethe data sent from other sensors to process it. In case of any fault detection,
the appropriate decision may be made at the sensor level itself. When the overall system is measured, the
various sensors along the electrical transmission path have set the locations. The sensors broadcast the
information they receive from fault locations progressively to the SCADA monitoring/data logging
centers or to the preservation team, as required. This long-haul transmission could be done using the GEAR
protocol for routing, which takes into consideration the proximity of the next node to be considered
for transmission to the destination, as well as the remaining energy of the nodes along the path. Since the site
of sensors is already known and almost static, the use of a location aware protocol. Also, an optimal
database required for comparison of values can be maintained in the sensor clusters themselves on a
cooperative basis.
IV. Decentralized Result Making
The protection schemes applied for preventing the communication of transient overshoots, they may
be avoided by the proposed virtual MIMO scheme. The sensor nodes that are in closeness at a particular
unit level are grouped into clusters. One or two nodes among the clustered architecture may assume
the position of cluster-head. Each node broadcasts the information it has locally using a time division
multiple access scheme. Thus, all nodes have information from all other nodes in the cluster. The comparison
of values is done in each node, and decisions are made. The database of each sensor node can be updated
simply, since dispensation involves only evaluation of measured values with certain verge values.
3. A personalized Wireless Sensor Network Communication Model for computerization of Electric
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Fig.1: Virtual MIMO Transmission among the Sensors
Fig.1 shows a typical sensor network scenario in the automation of electrical power distribution. The
communications of various sensors among themselves in a virtual MIMO basis, processes the information, and
later transmit the information to a cluster-head. The cluster-head will now be able to differentiate signals due
to transient voltages by comparing the reported signals from multiple nodes. The choice of cluster- heads
may be based on a probabilistic approach, and the nodes may take turns attractive the cluster-head. The failure
of any node in the cluster can then be immediately reported, and appropriate action can be taken.
V. Data Reporting
In sensor network architecture, GEAR uses energy aware and geographically conversant
neighbor selection heuristics to route a packet to the target region. In case of failure of any of the nodes in
the optimal path, there is a hole around where the packets are to be sent, and the new cost factor has to be
incorporated henceforth while deciding the next node for transmission. The clusters are placed tactically
along the lines so that the data reaches the target gradually. The cluster-head decide the next transmission
node based on the GEAR protocol learned cost and forward the data to the target cluster by cluster.
This has the following advantages:
1. The transmission power is significantly condensed because the clusters are not too distant away from
each other.
2. The clusters can cross check the information and aid in the scattered dispensation.
Fig.2 illustrates the implementation of GEAR protocol in sensor network architecture with clusters of
sensors. The next node is chosen based on its proximity to the destination and the remaining energy level of
the node. This avoids continuous depletion of node energy and, hence, increases the lifetime of the nodes.
Fig.2: Location and Energy Aware Route Selection to Transmit Information
VI. Detection of Power Theft
The electrical power theft can be detected by insertion of sensor nodes deliberately along the
transmission path. Any excessive changes in the electrical parameters can be instantly reported to the
suitable target so that necessary action pursues. Fig.3 shows the placement of sensor clusters along the
transmission path. The sensors continuously monitor the power levels, current, and voltage.. The placement of
sensors along the transmission path has to be strategic. Placement of sensor clusters too close to each
other along the transmission path would lead to needless redundancy. At the same time, if the distance
between clusters is too far, that would lead to decreased potential of theft detection.
4. A personalized Wireless Sensor Network Communication Model for computerization of Electric
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Fig. 3: Electricity Theft Detection Using Sensor Networks
VII. Future Works
The design of sensor nodes that would meet the requirements would be the prime area of research.
They should be suitable for the harsh environment in the electrical transmission network. The processors need
to be integrated with the transducers. This integration needs careful design of equipment, taking into
consideration the parameters to be measured and the processes to be executed.
The protocols employed should address how to take advantage of the more powerful SCADA
processes. The data management protocols should specify how to describe, collects, and manipulate
different types of sensor data. The need for protocol translation can be eliminated by converting the measured
data in all sensors to the same format at the node level. The designing of proper frame formats and
incorporating the GEAR protocol for routing is another issue to be considered.
The strategic placement of sensors to enable theft detection may differ from place to place. That has to be
carefully worked out. Further, the medium access contention has also to be taken care of in the intra-
cluster communication.
VIII. Conclusion
The proposed communication model attempts to bring about a reasonable change in the power distribution
and automation sector with the introduction of sensor networks. A fault developing in the transmission line
or any other component may lead to grave spoil to equipment, and it tends to weaken the entire system. The
proposed communication model has the following advantages:
Decentralized result-making allows the SCADA system to be more flexible.
The application of sensor networks avoids multifaceted wiring, as compared to high speed LANs and
Ethernet.
The dispersed processing of information speeds up the control operations and prevents lethal
damages to equipment.
Geographic routing improves the performance of the system, even in case of failure of some sensor
nodes.
The bandwidth requirements are considerably reduced.
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