This document provides an overview of research methodologies and scientific communication. It discusses primary and secondary sources, bibliographies, catalogues, citation styles, and tools for reference and citation management. The key aspects covered include defining primary and secondary sources, the purpose of bibliographies and how they differ from catalogues, the two main citation systems (numerical and author-date), and research management tools like EndNote, Mendeley and Zotero.
Lezione di Emma Lazzeri e Paolo Manghi (Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell’Informazione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) entro la Didattica sperimentale per dottorandi dell'Università di Pisa 2018-2019 - Modulo offerti dal LabCD
Paying Attention to that Archivist Behind the Curtain: An Investigation of Us...Angela Ossar
This presentation was part of session 104, "The Real Archives 2.0: Studies of Use, Views, and Potential of Web 2.0" at the Society of American Archivists 2009 conference in Austin, TX (August 13, 2009). The presentation was based on research I conducted as an MSLS student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the summer of 2007 (advisor: Dr. Cal Lee).
Lezione di Emma Lazzeri e Paolo Manghi (Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell’Informazione Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) entro la Didattica sperimentale per dottorandi dell'Università di Pisa 2018-2019 - Modulo offerti dal LabCD
Paying Attention to that Archivist Behind the Curtain: An Investigation of Us...Angela Ossar
This presentation was part of session 104, "The Real Archives 2.0: Studies of Use, Views, and Potential of Web 2.0" at the Society of American Archivists 2009 conference in Austin, TX (August 13, 2009). The presentation was based on research I conducted as an MSLS student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the summer of 2007 (advisor: Dr. Cal Lee).
Relating Research and Practice in Information LiteracySheila Webber
Panel by Sheila Webber (University of Sheffield), Ola Pilerot (University of Borås), Louise Limberg (University of Borås), Bill Johnston (Strathclyde University) presented at the European Conference on Information Literacy, Dubrovnik, October 2014.
Finding and managing engineering information … and the challenge of publishin...Thomas Hapke
Presentation at the Sino-German Summer School on "Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering for Industrial Biotechnology" at Hamburg University of Technology, September 28, 2015.
Presentation covering introduction to bibliometrics. Suggested audience: PGRs, early career researchers, academic staff wanting refresher, research support staff
Bibliometric Research Synthesis
bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis
In the seminar we propose and use a unique tool, developed in the R language, which follows a classic logical bibliometric workflow that we reconstruct. We have designed and produced an R-tool for comprehensive bibliometric analyses. R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques and is highly extensible. In addition to enabling statistical operations, it is an object-oriented and functional programming language; hence, you can automate your analyses and create new functions. It has an open-software nature, which means it is well supported by the user community and new functions are regularly contributed by users, many of whom are prominent statisticians. As it is programmed in R, the proposed tool is flexible, can be rapidly upgraded, and can be integrated with other statistical R-packages. It is therefore useful in a constantly changing field such as bibliometrics.
Comparison of methods – an unloved duty? Examples from an ongoing bibliometri...Andrea Scharnhorst
Andrea Scharnhorst, Rob Koopman, Shenghui Wang (2016) Comparison of methods – an unloved duty? Examples from an ongoing bibliometric study. Presentation given at eHumanities group, research meeting, Feb 11, 2016
Diffusion of Latent Semantic Analysis as a Research Tool: A Social Network An...Yasar Tonta
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a relatively new research tool with a wide range of applications in different
fields ranging from discourse analysis to cognitive science, from information retrieval to machine learning and
so on. In this paper, we chart the development and diffusion of LSA as a research tool using Social Network
Analysis (SNA) approach that reveals the social structure of a discipline in terms of collaboration among
scientists. Using Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS), we identified 65 papers with “Latent Semantic
Analysis” in their titles and 250 papers in their topics (but not in titles) between 1990 and 2008. We then
analyzed those papers using bibliometric and SNA techniques such as co-authorship and cluster analysis. It
appears that as the emphasis moves from the research tool (LSA) itself to its applications in different fields,
citations to papers with LSA in their titles tend to decrease. The productivity of authors fits Lotka’s Law while
the network of authors is quite loose. Networks of journals cited in papers with LSA in their titles and topics are
well connected.
Relating Research and Practice in Information LiteracySheila Webber
Panel by Sheila Webber (University of Sheffield), Ola Pilerot (University of Borås), Louise Limberg (University of Borås), Bill Johnston (Strathclyde University) presented at the European Conference on Information Literacy, Dubrovnik, October 2014.
Finding and managing engineering information … and the challenge of publishin...Thomas Hapke
Presentation at the Sino-German Summer School on "Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering for Industrial Biotechnology" at Hamburg University of Technology, September 28, 2015.
Presentation covering introduction to bibliometrics. Suggested audience: PGRs, early career researchers, academic staff wanting refresher, research support staff
Bibliometric Research Synthesis
bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis
In the seminar we propose and use a unique tool, developed in the R language, which follows a classic logical bibliometric workflow that we reconstruct. We have designed and produced an R-tool for comprehensive bibliometric analyses. R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques and is highly extensible. In addition to enabling statistical operations, it is an object-oriented and functional programming language; hence, you can automate your analyses and create new functions. It has an open-software nature, which means it is well supported by the user community and new functions are regularly contributed by users, many of whom are prominent statisticians. As it is programmed in R, the proposed tool is flexible, can be rapidly upgraded, and can be integrated with other statistical R-packages. It is therefore useful in a constantly changing field such as bibliometrics.
Comparison of methods – an unloved duty? Examples from an ongoing bibliometri...Andrea Scharnhorst
Andrea Scharnhorst, Rob Koopman, Shenghui Wang (2016) Comparison of methods – an unloved duty? Examples from an ongoing bibliometric study. Presentation given at eHumanities group, research meeting, Feb 11, 2016
Diffusion of Latent Semantic Analysis as a Research Tool: A Social Network An...Yasar Tonta
Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is a relatively new research tool with a wide range of applications in different
fields ranging from discourse analysis to cognitive science, from information retrieval to machine learning and
so on. In this paper, we chart the development and diffusion of LSA as a research tool using Social Network
Analysis (SNA) approach that reveals the social structure of a discipline in terms of collaboration among
scientists. Using Thomson Reuters’ Web of Science (WoS), we identified 65 papers with “Latent Semantic
Analysis” in their titles and 250 papers in their topics (but not in titles) between 1990 and 2008. We then
analyzed those papers using bibliometric and SNA techniques such as co-authorship and cluster analysis. It
appears that as the emphasis moves from the research tool (LSA) itself to its applications in different fields,
citations to papers with LSA in their titles tend to decrease. The productivity of authors fits Lotka’s Law while
the network of authors is quite loose. Networks of journals cited in papers with LSA in their titles and topics are
well connected.
Personal bibliography forming a public image of a scientist Birute Railiene
Information service experiences technological changes – expanding possibilities for data retrieving and storing, the process also involves rising remands from the users. Library services has to change to meet the changing need of users.
Bibliography – the basis of international intellectual cooperation (EC Richardson, 1939) – still
Personal bibliography – instrument to draw a historical portrait of a person, institution, field of science
Personal bibliography – a core for prosopography in a history of science
This presentation was provided by Twyla Gibson and Ann Campion Riley, both of the University of Missouri, during the NISO Virtual Conference, The Computer Campus: Integrating Information Systems and Services, held on August 15, 2018.
Calhoun future of metadata japanese librarians4Karen S Calhoun
Reports on the future of metadata in academic libraries and national research information infrastructures. A shorter version of this presentation was given at a September 8 post-conference of the OCLC Asia Pacific Regional Conference, Sept. 6-6, 2010, at Waseda University.
Scientific Interactions and Research Evaluation: From Bibliometrics to Altmet...Stefanie Haustein
Haustein, S. (2015). Scientific Interactions and Research Evaluation: From Bibliometrics to Altmetrics
Keynote at ISI2015 in Zadar, Croatia
http://isi2015.de/?session=keynote-c-i
Abstract. Since its creation 350 years ago, the scientific peer-reviewed journal has become the central and most important form of scholarly communication in the natural sciences and medicine. Although the digital revolution has facilitated and accelerated the publishing process by moving from print to online, it has not changed the scientific journal and scholarly communication as such. Today publications and citations in peer-reviewed journals are considered as indicators of scientific productivity and impact and used and misused in research evaluation. As scholarly communication is becoming more open and diverse and manuscripts, data, presentations and code are shared online, the altmetrics and open science movement demand the adaption of evaluation practices. Parallels are drawn between the early days of bibliometrics and current altmetrics research highlighting possibilities and limitations of various metrics and warning against adverse effects.
Origins of knowledge commons - open science in historical perspectiveprofessormadison
Presentation on knowledge commons, privacy, open science, and the Republic of Letters as part of the "Privacy as Knowledge Commons Governance" Conference, October 2018
Linked data for knowledge curation in humanities researchEnrico Daga
The identification and cataloguing of documentary evidence is an important part of empirical research in the humanities.
An increasing number of recent initiatives in the digital humanities have as a primary objective the curation of collections of digital artefacts augmented with fine-grained metadata, for example, mentioning the entities and their relations, often adopting the "Linked Data" paradigm. This talk is focused on exploring the potential of Linked Data to support humanities scholars in identifying, collecting, and curating documentary evidence. First, I will introduce the basic notions around Linked Data and place its emergence in the tradition of Knowledge Representation, an area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Second, I will show how Linked Data and AI techniques have been successfully applied in the Listening Experience Database project to support the retrieval and curation of documentary evidence. Finally, I will conclude the presentation by discussing the potential (and challenges) of adopting a "knowledge extraction" paradigm to automate the identification and cataloguing of metadata about documentary evidence in texts.
Paper 5 Information Sources and Services of BLIS KSOU 2015 Solved QP
Subscribe to Vision Academy YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
An information system to access contemporary archives of art: Cavalcaselle, V...Andrea Ferracani
The research project aims at the development of a digital library for handwritten
documents of artistic and literary culture in XIX and XX centuries. The goal is to provide access
to contemporary archives of documents related to well-known art historians: Giovan Battista
Cavalcaselle, Adolfo Venturi, Ugo Ojetti, Giulio Carlo Argan and Cesare Brandi.
Avant-Garde Cataloging: Pushing the Boundaries of Traditional Standards to Better Serve Arts Library Users
ALA Midwinter 2010/ACRL Arts Division virtual presentation, Saturday, January 16, 2010, 11am EST
Challenges, Choices, Collaboration
Door: Sheila Anderson (Professor of e-Research
Centre for e-Research
Department of Digital Humanities
King’s College London)
Metrics envelop number of subject domains, e.g., general relativity under physics, networking, mathematics, software analysis, etc. --- STATISTICS
Enumerated in the slides are the different metric fields in information science.
Intervento di Enrica Salvatori e Gianni Bergamaschi a "I santi internauti", Seminario permanente "I santi internauti" organizzato da Gruppo di ricerca RECEPT - Laboratorio di Storia Religioni e Antropologia - sez. ReCMed
In collaborazione con AISSCA - Associazione Italiana per lo Studio della Santità, dei Culti e dell'Agiografia
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Il 16 dicembre 2021 - 14:30 a Roma Tre Dip. di Studi Umanistici
Giovedì 16 dicembre 2021, 14.30-18.00, Aula Radiciotti e in streaming
Keynote inaugurale dei Seminari SISSCO Nuove frontiere della Public and Digital History (martedì 23 novembre 2021)
Dipartimento di Studi Linguistici e Culturali - UniMoRe - Modena
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
4. It all depends of course on the starting question
• Primary: source produced near time to the event or to
the historical context with which it is directly or
indirectly related;
• Secondary: source that deals with the event produced
at a distance from the event itself and/or not by its
actors/witnesses
• Scientific literature/historiography
Primary and secondary sources
(history)
6. The original
•Written source production
context — conservation context
— archive collection — archive
•Material source (also written)
….. production context —
conservation context — in situ/
collection-museum
•The minimum basic reference is
a place of preservation (with
different possible granularity)
(I. Newton, Propositions) Keines, MS 12,
King’s College Library, Cambridge University
7. •Stele of Valeria Procula
oppure
•CIL XI 6994
in both cases:
•La Spezia, Archaeological
Civic Museum "Ubaldo
Formentini", Castle of St.
George, VI room (Inv. F
1750)
Autonomous title
Reference to the edition
Material source
8. • authors/customers
• writers/manufacturer/workshop
• deliberating office/chancellor’s
office
• recipients
• first location/archiving
• conservation
• materiality
• date of manufacture, shipping,
preservation, placement,
celebration
Explain/consider the context
9. •replicates with valuable
integrative tools the facsimile
edition
•digital reproduction of the
archive collection (entire
digitized collections) with
metadata
•good value for money: an
increasingly adopted solution
from archives and libraries
•good image quality compared
to the past (microfilm)
•possibility to intervene on the
image for useful processing
•Reference: place of
preservation + (perma)Link
+ [date of consultation]
Facsimile edition
image + metadata
10. State Archive of Lucca (aSLu)
16-08-1050-Altopascio
(parchment)
http://
www.archiviodistatoinlucca.
beniculturali.it/ips/nodes/
799711?
open=%2FD%5B01%5D%2FD%5
B01%5DD%5B01%5D%2FD%5B0
1%5DD%5B01%5DD%5B001%5D
%2F&tab=Albero
•[consulted on 15-1-2019]
Facsimile edition
image + metadata
11. • Transmitted: source
handed down from the
manuscript tradition
—> The rules of the
archive sources are
valid with indication of
the correct metadata
to identify it
•Edited: critical edition
of the source (from the
seventeenth century) to
print —> The rules of
t h e b i b l i o g r a p h i c
citation are valid
Transmitted source,
edited source
La Divina Commedia di Alfonso d'Aragona re di
Napoli : manoscritto Yates Thompson 36 Londra,
British Library commentario, a cura di Milvia
Bollati, Modena, F.C. Panini, 2006
12. Rules similar to the
traditional edition with
technical specifications
(optional) and link +
[date of reference] + DOI
Digital critical edition
Codice Pelavicino. Edizione digitale, a cura di E.
Salvatori, E. Riccardini, L. Balletto, R. Rosselli del Turco,
C. Alzetta, C. Di Pietro, C. Mannari, R. Masotti, A.
Miaschi, 2014 <http://pelavicino.labcd.unipi.it>
[consulted on AAAA/MM/GG] DOI
10.13131/978-88-902289-0-2
14. The state of the art
Before starting a research work, starting
from the thesis, it is necessary to take the
point of the situation (the so-called state of
the art), that is to examine what has been
published in various forms on the subject of
its own research literature review
No one starts from scratch!
18. Personal information manager (PIM)
The management of information useful for drafting
scientific texts (thesis, article, monograph, etc.) is a
special case of PIM (N. De Bellis, Gestire l’informazione
bibliografica (e non): Update 2013 [slide])
Need to organize the documentation found on the topic
of research so that it is readily available and usable/
citable cataloging of books and collected articles
that form the “personal library”
19. The bibliographic research
Production of more and more data in the current
“information society” need to organize this growing
amount of data for their availability
There are several tools to order and make available the
existing documentary heritage:
• catalogues (OPAC)
• bibliographies
20. The catalogue
The catalogue is the tool whereby users come into contact
with the documentary (or with part of) heritage of the
library or system library, but also of an archive or museum
The catalogue consists of an “ordered and organic set” of
bibliographical records linked together by a network of
bonds (sindetic structure) catalog as language
• The records in the catalogues describing an object
(book, website, archival document, painting, etc.) are
metadata, data about data...
21. The bibliographies
“Bibliographies are lists of bibliographical records,
organized according to a slightly different homogeneous
criteria (alphabetical, chronological, disciplinary and
other), but created according to non-standardized
citational practices and styles that vary according to the
national tradition, or that follow the indications and
requests of the publishers”
• (F. Venuda, La citazione bibliografica nei percorsi di
ricerca: dalla galassia Gutemberg alla rivoluzione
digitale, p. 184)
22. Catalogues vs bibliographies?
The bibliography is a different tool from the catalogue of
one or more libraries; In fact, it gives an exhaustive
account of the existing editorial production on a given
theme, historical period, genre, etc., and may not be
updated after its publication
In reality, for some time now, boundaries between
catalogue and bibliography are more and more blurred (the
OPAC SBN, for example, is often used as a national
bibliography)
• In order not to get lost in this “sea” there are
bibliographies of bibliographies
23. Why are bibliographies necessary?
Need to prove that a research work is based on what
already exists in the matter and from there it started
citation of the material read or consulted to
“build” his own search path
• Need to correctly cite existing scientific literature
(ways and citational styles)
24. Scientific communication
The formal process of scientific
communication is due to the need for
scholars and researchers to contribute
to knowledge and, at the same time,
to lay the basis for their academic
career and reputation
From Starr Hoffman’s blog (<https://
geekyartistlibrarian.wordpress.com/
2013/03/05/the-digital-humanities-
transforming-scholarly-communication/>)
25. What is scientific communication?
Scientific communication can be defined as “the system
through which research and other scholarly writings are
created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the
scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The
system includes both formal means of communication,
such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and
i n f o r m a l c h a n n e l s , s u c h a s e l e c t r o n i c
listservs” (Association of College & Research Libraries,
“Principles and strategies for the reform of scholarly
communication 1,” 2003)
26. The birth of scientific communication
Traditionally, its debut can be
traced back to a period prior
to the birth of modern
science itself, that is when
the mechanical type printing
spread
• The circulation of printed
paper allowed a wider
circulation of ideas
“scientific revolution” of
the seventeenth century
27. Levels of scientific communication
The three levels of scientific communication are:
1. among scholars of the same disciplinary field
2. between scholars from different fields
3. to the audience of non-experts
28. The elements of scientific
communication
The essential elements of scientific communication are:
• scientific disciplines
• scholars
• means of dissemination
• audience
29. Stakeholder
The stakeholders of scientific communication are:
• scholars (researchers/scientists and students)
• publishers
• libraries
• …
30. Means of dissemination
Scholars can spread their work in many ways and through
various channels:
• publishing in magazines and books (printed and electronic)
• storing within digital institutional archives
• using mailing lists and online communities
• creating new sites for dissemination
31. The publication cycle
From The University of Winnipeg Library
Pages (<https://library.uwinnipeg.ca/scholarly-
communication/index.html>)
32. The origin of scientific
communication
American sociologist Robert K. Merton – the founder of
the sociology of science – analyzed the existing
relationship between scientific research, technological
innovation and social organization, and defined
science as a social institution
• Merton delineated the rules of the behavior of
scholars/scientists: “priority rule”, “recognition”,
“peer review”, “citation”
33. What is a scientific work?
A scientific work is a
generally published
contribution within a
“ w e l l - r e s p e c t e d ” /
scholarly journal, that is
a scientific journal
based on the peer
evaluation system
34. The peer review
Peer review is a process of critical evaluation of the work of a
scholar carried out by specialists in the field to verify its
suitability for scientific publication in specialised journals or, in
the case of projects, the financing
Peer review has existed since the 17th century, but since the
mid-twentieth century some limits of the system have
emerged:
• high cost of the process
• risk of subjective or distorted judgments
35. Peer review
PERSPECTIVE
When a contribution (article, essay) is
assessed by peers to be published in a
scientific office (journal, book)
In this case the reviewer does not
have any kind of information,
sometimes not even the name of the
author
• It can be:
• single-blind peer-review
• double-blind peer-review
RETROSPECTIVE
Quando un contributo viene valutato ai
fini di una procedura di valutazione
della qualità della ricerca
In this case the subject of the
evaluation is already published and
known to the peer community
The reviewer has much information
related to the impact of the article,
the reputation of the author in the
scientific community etc.
It can only be single blind
36. Peer review limits
Today we talk about open peer review, but there is no
clarity or consensus on the real meaning
• Some argue that the peer review process is in crisis. At
the moment, however, it remains the only system that
works...
37. • The scientist engages in his work to reach the priority of
the discovery
• The scientist is driven to make public the results of the
discovery in the shortest time possible and is obliged to
demonstrate the originality of his thought, however,
showing the contribution of the work of other scholars
to his discovery through the citation
• The more a scientific work is cited by others the more
the scientist increases his reputation
The transmission of knowledge
38. The “power” of the citation
The citation becomes the “condition of access to the
scientific community”
In modern science there is a competition for the priority rule;
to get the publication of the results of his own research (and,
therefore, the priority) it is necessary to submit to peer
review
• According to Merton the scholars are required to cite those
who preceded them and to be cited, even for the
institution to which they belong birth of the modern
theory of citations and bibliometry
39. The basis of bibliometry:
the citation
There are different types and purposes according to the
disciplinary sectors
The gradual development of the habit to cite, in the writings,
the own works or of other scholars has inevitably led to the
use of the citation data and, consequently, to evaluate a
work in relation to the number of quotations obtained
• With the increase in the amount of scientific production
the citation becomes “the current currency in the trade of
the official scientific communication. Small coin cut (the
mention is cheap), but with a big symbolic purchasing
power”
40. The citation
3 English terms: quotation, citation, invocation
1 Italian term:
• quotation = faithful transcription of words, phrases or
parts of works by other authors in the text you are writing
(bibliographic) citation = bibliographical information
identifying the resource used, that is, a description, concise
and as far as possible transcribed in a normalized and
coherent form that represents and allows to identify the
resource from which the words, the phrases, the parts of
text, but also the ideas and concepts used or remembered in
the work have been drawn
• (F. Venuda, La citazione bibliografica nei percorsi di ricerca cit.)
41. Bibliographic citations
Direct and indirect citation
The works consulted and quoted in a direct or indirect way
in the drafting of a text, must be identified by means of
bibliographical references, also defined indications or
bibliographic citations
• (F. Venuda, La citazione bibliografica nei percorsi di ricerca cit.)
43. The main citation systems
Two main citation styles:
1. Numerical or standard system (British standard
system): it is used mainly in humanities and in Italy; it
is based on the presence of notes and bibliography
2. Author-date system (Harvard system, o APA - American
Psychological Association - system): it is used mainly in
science and economics and in Anglo-American area; it is
based on the indication of author and publication data
in round brackets in the text
44. Numerical or standard system
Numerical or standard system (British standard system):
use of footnote-numbered notes containing references/
bibliographic citations (in-text citation) and a final
bibliography (end-text citation)
45. Author-date system
Author-date system: use of the author’s surname and
publication date in round brackets (in-text citation) and of
a final list of the only references cited (end-text citation)
46. Chicago style (A)
Chicago style A: numerical system/standard
In the final bibliography it is ordered under the surname of the
author, while in the notes the “ordering element” is missing
(after the number of the note follow, in direct order, first and
last name of the author or directly the title)
If the citations in note are complete, the final bibliography
might in theory be lacking
• The presence of a complete final bibliography may involve the
adoption, also in note, of the form adopted in the final
bibliography or the use of abbreviations from the first citation
in note
47. Chicago style (A)
Notes
Books
Author, Title: Subtitle (Translated title), Editor, Reprint/Edition,
Title series, editor, number, (Publisher place: publisher, date),
Pagine, [Notes].
Parts of books
Author, "Title: Subtitle" (Translated title), part, in Title book
containing, Editor, Reprint/Edition, Title series, editor, number,
(Publisher place: publisher, date), Pages, [Notes].
Journal articles
Autore, "Article title" (Translated title), Journal title volume,
number (year): pages, [Notes].
48. Chicago style (A)
Bibliography
Books
Author. Title: Subtitle (Translated title). Editor. Reprint/Edition.
Title series, editor, number. Publisher place: publisher, date. [Notes].
Parts of books
Author. "Title: Subtitle" (Translated title). Part In Title document
containing, Editor. Reprint/Edition. Title series, editor, number.
Pages. Luogo: editore, data. [Notes].
Journal articles
Author. "Article title." Journal title volume, number (year): pages.
[Notes].