Front & elliot axle

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
Session: AXLE SYSTEMS
11/24/2020 16MT407 - Theory of Automobile Engineering 1
MODULE 2

SESSION OBJECTIVES
 On the completion of this session, the students might
be able to understand,
 Construction & Function of Axle systems in Vehicle

Topics
 Axle
 Type of Axle in vehicle
 Rear Axle
 Front Axle
 Stub Axle

AXLE
AXLE:
 Central shaft for rotating wheel
or gear.
 On wheeled vehicles –axle may
fixed with wheels
 Bearings & Bushings are provided
at the mounting points where the
axle is supported.
 Those are sits inside the central
hole in the wheel to allow the
wheel or gear to rotate around
the axle

AXLE
TYPE OF AXLE:
 REAR AXLE
 FRONT AXLE
 STUB AXLE

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle :
 Mounted at the rear of the car
 Axle shafts are engaged to the side
gears of the differential and drive
rear wheel
 Axle shafts are positioned in and
protected by a rear axle housing.
 The housing completely encloses the
differential & the rear axles
 Protecting them external affecting
factors – Dust, water, and damages

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle : Function
 Act as a beam to support the weight
of the vehicle
 Act as an axis of the vehicle
 Transmits the power to the wheel
 Act as a housing & Support for the
final drive, differential and axle shaft

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle Drive :
 Parts of the drive line
units.
 Helps to absorb the drive
line torque & Braking
 Whenever brake applied
suddenly in vehicle, the
shock to the transmission
is cushioned by propeller
shaft which twist slightly
and then untwist.

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle Drive : Types
 Hotchkiss Drive
 Torque tube drive

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle Drive : HotchKiss
Drive
 Simplest type of rear axle
drive.
 Mostly used in cars and trucks
 It used an open propeller shaft
with two universal joints and a
slip joint to connect Gear box
& Rear axle.
 Universal joint allow it to
operate at different angles
 Different drive length are
achieved by slip joint.

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle Drive : HotchKiss
Drive
 It can with stand the below
loads
 Weight of the vehicle.
 Driving Thrust.
 Braking Thrust.
 Torque Reaction.

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle Drive : Torque Tube
 Oldest Method of rear axle
drive.
 Solid propeller shaft is
completely enclosed in large
diameter hollow tube called
torque tube.
 One Universal joint at
transmission end of the
propeller shaft.
 Which allows the complete
assembly to Move up & Down
to change length
 It is achieved by a slip joint

REAR AXLE
Rear Axle Drive : Torque Tube
 Braking & Acceleration load
can absorb by Torque tube
 It has only one universal joint
 Disadvantage : During sudden
braking Front end of propeller
shaft is bend.

TYPE OF REAR AXLE
Rear Axle :
 Differs from Front Axle
 No joints at its outer ends.
 Its Housing is Banjo Type or
Split Type.
Front Axle
Rear Axle
Types of Rear Axle:
 Semi Floating Axle
 Full Floating Axle
 Three Quarter floating Axle

TYPE OF REAR AXLE
Rear Axle :Split Casing
 Axle casing is made in two halves and then
bolted together for assembly.
 Disadvantage : If any fault means, whole of
the real axle to be removed as a unit and
then disassembled.
 Now obsolete

TYPE OF REAR AXLE
Rear Axle :Banjo Casing
 One piece type, shaped like banjo
 Complete differential unit is carried in a
separate carrier which is bolted to the axle
casing.
 Banjo comes with two half shafts at sides.
 Half shafts can be directly taken out from
the sides and of differential assembly
removed by opening by bolts.

TYPE OF REAR AXLE
Semi Floating Rear Axle:
 Axle shafts taken care the complete
load act on the vehicle.
 Bearing of the wheel hub are fitted on
the half shafts inside the axle tube.
 The wheels are fitted at the two ends
of the axle by means of a key and lock
nut
 The whole load of the vehicle is first
transmitted to suspension springs,
then to axle tube, rear axle, Wheel and
then ground.

TYPE OF REAR AXLE
Semi Floating Rear Axle:
Disadvantage
 Not bear the driving torque
 Not to take the vehicle load
 Not to take cornering load, when the
vehicle is turning
 Axle breakage, leads to vehicle fall on
one side.
 Not suits for SUV & Pick up trucks
 Three wheelers, Small carrier vehicles
used this type.

TYPE OF REAR AXLE
Full Floating Rear Axle:
 Wheel hub is fixed on the axle tube or
case with the help of two roller
bearings
 The axle shaft is introduced inside the
axle tube
 The end of the axle shaft is bolted to
the wheel hub.
 The complete load act on the vehicle
taken by the axle tube
 Without removing the wheel hub, the
axle shaft can be removed by
removing the bolts.

TYPE OF REAR AXLE
Three quarter Floating Rear Axle:
 Load is partly borne by the axle tube
 Remaining load is borne by axle itself
 The axle is fitted inside the axle tube
 One end of bearing is fitted on the
wheel Hub
 Where as the other on the axle tube
 Takes care of Driving & Cornering
Torque
 Small & Medium vehicles are used

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Function
 Takes Weight of the front
vehicle
 Provides steering Action
 Spring transmits
cushions effects to the
vehicle
 Controls the ride through
shock absorber.
 It transmits power to the
front wheels in case of
Front/Four wheel drive.
 It carries both Hub &
Wheels

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Construction
 Made by drop forging
steel having 0.4%
carbon or 1-3% Nickel
steel
 Front portion of beam
formed by I cross section
 It’s support bending load
due to load of vehicle
 As well as torque by
braking the wheels
 Axle Eye beam portion
has Circular/Elliptical
cross section
Axle
beam
Eye

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Construction
 Downward Sweep front
portion makes the
chassis height low
 At the end of the axle,
Steering Spindle and
steering Knuckle
assemblies are pinned to
permit the wheel to be
turned by steering gear.
 Steering Knuckle
supports the steering
components &
Suspension
steering Knuckle

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Components
 Axle Beam
 Stub Axle
 Swivel Pin
 Track Rod

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Axle Beam
 Major part made by good
carbon steel & Low
Nickel Steel
 I or H type center
portion is used in Axle &
it’s made by drop forging
process
 With the help of
suspension spring
transmit the vehicle
weight to front wheel
 Axle are hinged with stub
axle

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Axle Beam
 Spring pads reduces the swing
or sway of the vehicle, while it
turns.

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Swivel Pin
 Made by good quality cases
hardened steel
 Secure the stub axle with axle
beam

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Track Rod
 The two stub axle arms of the front
axle are connected with ends of a
track rod through Knuckle or Ball
joints known as track rod ends
Ball joint - Unit

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Track Rod
 Lengthening the rod – Toe – in
is increase
 Shortening the rod – Toe – in is
decrease

FRONT AXLE
Front Axle: Pull & Push Rod or
Drag Link
 Also called Drag Link.
 Connected between the steering
arm of the front axle and drop
arm of the steering assemble
 It has tubular cross section
 Spring loaded ball joint provided
at each end
 One or Two end of steering arm
of the stub axle is connected
with one end of drag link &
other one is connected with
steering drop arm.

FRONT AXLE
So How the power delivered in Front Wheel drive?
FWD – Front Axle :
 Power is delivered through
a drive shaft which is
attached via constant
velocity joint.
 Allows the wheels to
articulate when steering,
without affecting the
delivery of power.

FRONT AXLE
 Front wheel drive cars uses the
interesting phenomenon called
Torque steering.
 Unequal Type drive shaft
results in unequal drive axle
shaft angle to the drive
wheels
 During acceleration this will
results in a steering of the
vehicle.
 This phenomena is called
torque steer.

FRONT AXLE
 Front wheel drive cars uses the
interesting phenomenon called
Torque steering.
 By using the intermediate
shaft both the drive axle’s are
the same angle & the torque
steer effect is reduced.

FRONT AXLE
FWD – Front Axle : CV Joints
 Commonly seen in Four wheel
drive & All wheel drive vehicle.
 Mounted in each end of drive
shaft for transmitting power to
rotating wheels.
 Whenever the vehicle goes
over the Bumps, It will allow
the drive shaft Move up &
Down.
Rzeppa CV Joint

FRONT AXLE
FWD – Front Axle : Types of
CV Joints
 Rzeppa Style Constant
velocity joint
 Tripod/Plunge type
Constant Velocity Joint

FRONT AXLE
FWD – Front Axle : Types of CV
Joints
Rzeppa Style CV Joint:
 It is used on the wheel hub side
of the drive shaft.
 Also called outer joint.
 The Rzeppa CV Joint allows a
much greater range of motion
than a typical U – Joint or a
Tripod Joint.

FRONT AXLE
Joints
Tripod or Plunge Style CV:
 Also called tulip.
 Drive shaft connects three
legged spider end with
bearings.
 Torque transfers from the
transmission to the tulip & then
to the bearing and spider
 Mainly used on the
transmission side of the drive
shaft.

FRONT AXLE
Joints
Tripod or Plunge Style CV:
 It’s Designed to allow the drive
shaft to move up & down, as
well as in & out to
accommodate the elliptical arc
of the drive shaft as the wheel
travel over the bumps.

LIVE AXLE
LIVE AXLE: FWD
 Modern front wheel drive cars
typically combine the
transmission and front axle into
a single unit called transaxle.
 The drive axle is a split axle
with differential and universal
joints between the two half
axle.
 Half axle connects to the wheel
by using Constant velocity
joint.
 It’s give free motion to wheel
during vehicle motion & turning

LIVE AXLE
LIVE AXLE: RWD
 Engine turns a drive shaft which
transmits rotational force to a drive
axle at the rear of the vehicle.
 Modern rear wheel drive vehicle uses
a split axle with a differential.
 One half axle connects the
differential with left rear wheel
 Similarly a second half - shaft does
the same.

DEAD AXLE
Dead Axle:
 Lazy Axle.
 Axle do not rotate.
 Also a not a part of drive train.
 Rear axle of front wheel drive &
Front axle of rear wheel drive called
as Dead Axle.
 It helps the trucks & Trailers for load
bearing purpose.
 Pusher axle in rear wheel drive –
Located in front of drive axle.
 Tag axle in front wheel drive –
Located behind the drive axle.

STUB AXLE
Stub Axle:
 Stub Axle are connected to front axle
by King Pins.
 Front wheels are mounted on stub
axle arrangement for steering
 King pins is fitted in the front axle
beam eye
 King pin is located & locked there by
a taper cotter pin.

STUB AXLE
Stub Axle: Types
 Elliot Type
 Reversed Elliot
 Lamoine
 Reversed Lamoine

STUB AXLE
Stub Axle: Elliot Type
 Attached to the front axle by placing it in the Yoke end with a king pin and
cotter pin to point together.

STUB AXLE
Stub Axle: Reversed Elliot Type
 In reverse Elliot type stub axle the arrangement is reversed
 It is commonly used in all automobiles like trucks

STUB AXLE
Stub Axle: Lamoine Type
 Instead of Yoke type hinge a L – Shaped spindle is used
 Commonly can seen in tractors

STUB AXLE
Stub Axle: Lamoine Type
 It is a Reversed position of Lamoine type
 But Not followed in now a days

END

Front & elliot axle

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Front & elliot axle