This document describes the implementation of a double-layer structure on an octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) to improve its performance at 5.8 GHz. The double-layer consists of two double positive (DPS) substrates placed above the OMYA. Simulation and experimental results show that the double-layer configuration increases the gain of the OMYA by 2.5 dB compared to without the double-layer. The measured bandwidth of the OMYA with double-layer is 14.6%, indicating the double-layer can increase both the gain and bandwidth of the OMYA.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Design of a wideband strip helical antenna for 5G applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents the design of wideband strip helical antenna for 5G application. The strip helical antenna is designed for 5G and wideband applications that provide a wide bandwidth and circular polarization. The helical antenna is planned on at 5.8 GHz frequency by using teflon material. The new designed strip is printed on a substrate then rolled into a helix shape to achieve circular polarization without an impedance matching and that the proposed antenna can be used for potential applications in wideband wireless communication. A wideband bandwidth of 2.41 GHz with a resonant frequency at 5.8 GHz is achieved by the helical antenna on the teflon substrate. The presented antenna on teflon substrate has achieved a gain of 11.2 dB. The antenna design parameters and the simulated results are achieved using the commercial software CST. The proposed antenna can be used for various wireless applications such as wideband, ultra wideband, 5G and wireless applications.
Bandwidth enhancement and miniaturization of circular-shaped microstrip anten...IJECEIAES
In this paper, circular-shaped microstrip antenna was simulated, fabricated, and measured accordingly. As the novelty, to enhance bandwidth and reduce antenna size, beleved half-cut microstrip structure is proposed. Further, this proposed antenna structure will be applied to multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna 2´2. Therefore, this research was investigated conventional circular shape antenna (CCSA), circular shaped beleved antenna (CSBA), and MIMO circular shaped beleved antenna (MIMO-CBSA) as Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3, respectively. An FR4 substrate with er= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan d=0.0265 was used. The simulation has been conducted using Advanced Design System (ADS). The antenna CCSA/CSBA/ MIMO-CBSA achieve 1.831GHz/2.265 GHz/2.256 GHz, -15.13dB/-17.37dB/-17.25 dB, 1.42/1.31/1.33, and 1.474/2.332/2.322 for center frequency, reflection coefficient, VSWR, and bandwidth, respectively. This antenna has a size 63x90 mm and 51.5x90 mm for CCSA (Model 1) and CSBA (Model 2), respectively. After the structure of MIMO 2´2 was applied, the size of antenna MIMO-CBSA (Model 3) became 180 mm x 180 mm with a mutual coupling (S21)=-26.18 dB and mutual coupling (S31)=-26.41 dB. The result showed that proposed antenna CSBA (Model 2) has wider-bandwidth of 58,2% and smaller-size of 18.2%. Furthermore, after CSBA (Model 2) structure was applied to MIMO 2´2 (Model 3) and the MIMO antenna obtain good mutual coupling (<-15dB). Moreover, the measured results are good agreement with the simulated results. In conclusion, all of these advantages make it particularly valuable in multistandard antenna applications design such as GSM950, WCDMA1800, LTE2300, and WLAN2400.
Ultra-Wideband Monostatic Antenna for behind the Wall Detection IJECEIAES
This article introduces an ultra-wideband (UWB) shifted arc antenna, designed using Rogers RT-5880 Duroid substrate for the human detection behind the wall. The frequency for this proposed antenna ranges from 2.8 - 15.6GHz with the gain of around 6.05dB. A high gain for antenna has been achieved by the implementation of defected ground structure (DGS) method to make it a suitable configuration for through wall detection applications. For the verification of through wall detection configuration, a simulation-based experiment using ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology has been conducted. The results showed that proposed single antenna can act as a monostatic transceiver in order to detect human skin behind the concrete wall. Later, the reflections received from the target have been analyzed to detect and identify the antenna, wall and target for distance calculation.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
16 15032 hight order ijeecs 1570310229 (manuscript)(edit)nooriasukmaningtyas
The excitation of the higher-order mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ3 in rectangular dielectric resonator designed was explored to enhance the antenna gain and detailed elaboration is presented in this paper. The antenna was fed by a 50Ω microstrip line through an aperture cut in the ground plane. Besides avoiding spurious radiation, this feeding technique gives flexibility in controlling the amount of coupling in order to reduce the Q-factor in the higher-order mode RDRA. A design was developed and subsequently simulated using Ansoft HFSS ver 16.0 by utilizing Duroid 5880 dielectric substrate with a thickness (ts) of 0.254 mm, a permittivity (εs) of 2.2 and a loss tangent (δ) of 0.001 at 15 GHz. The higher-order mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ3 RDRA achieved the measured gain at 9.76 dBi and the measured impedance bandwidth as much 2.5 GHz which is 4.7% more compared to the fundamental mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ1. The result should be considered suitable for 5G applications.
Design & Simulation of E-Shaped Micro Strip Patch Antenna for GPS ApplicationIJERA Editor
Micro strip antennas are widely used in many applications due to their low Profile, low cost and ease of fabrication. In some applications it is desired to have a dual band or multiband characteristics. This paper presents the design and simulation of E-shape micro strip patch antenna with wideband operating frequency for wireless application. The shape will provide the broad bandwidth which is required in various application like remote sensing, biomedical application, mobile radio, satellite communication etc. The antenna design is an improvement from previous research and it is simulated using HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) version 13.0 software. GPS provides specially coded satellite signals that can be processed with a GPS receiver enabling the receiver to compute position, velocity and time. Coaxial feed or probe feed technique is used. Parametric study was included to determine affect of design towards the antenna performance. Radiation performance of the designed antenna is simulated using the HFSS software version 13.0. The performance of the designed antenna was analyzed in term of bandwidth, gain, return loss, VSWR, and radiation pattern. The design was optimized to meet the best possible result. Substrate used was air which has a dielectric constant of 1.0006. The results show the wideband antenna is able to operate from 8.80 GHz to 13.49 GHz frequency band with optimum frequency at 8.73 GHz. Due to the compact area occupied. The pro-posed antenna is promising to be embedded within the different portable devices employing GPS applications.
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
This paper is presented a microstrip antenna with a zig-zag feeder for wireless communication, it has a wideband frequency spectrum (2-14) GHz. The proposed antenna is designed with a zig zag feed line which gave a wideband frequency and acceptable gain (7.448-5.928) dB, this antenna has zig zag slots printed in the ground plane on a lower side of the dielectric substrate, a certain form tuning stub is used to increase the matching between the feeder in the top layer of the substrate and ground plane in the bottom, this stub has an elliptical slot to performance matching input impedance with the feed line. The feeding technique used to feed this antenna is a strip feed line of 50 Ω. Different types of techniques are used to enhance the bandwidth of this antenna to get a wideband suitable for the requirements of the UWB antenna such as adjust the feed point position of the feed line with a tuning stub. All the radiation properties of the presented antenna are tested such as bandwidth, radiation pattern, and, gain.
Design of a wideband strip helical antenna for 5G applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents the design of wideband strip helical antenna for 5G application. The strip helical antenna is designed for 5G and wideband applications that provide a wide bandwidth and circular polarization. The helical antenna is planned on at 5.8 GHz frequency by using teflon material. The new designed strip is printed on a substrate then rolled into a helix shape to achieve circular polarization without an impedance matching and that the proposed antenna can be used for potential applications in wideband wireless communication. A wideband bandwidth of 2.41 GHz with a resonant frequency at 5.8 GHz is achieved by the helical antenna on the teflon substrate. The presented antenna on teflon substrate has achieved a gain of 11.2 dB. The antenna design parameters and the simulated results are achieved using the commercial software CST. The proposed antenna can be used for various wireless applications such as wideband, ultra wideband, 5G and wireless applications.
Bandwidth enhancement and miniaturization of circular-shaped microstrip anten...IJECEIAES
In this paper, circular-shaped microstrip antenna was simulated, fabricated, and measured accordingly. As the novelty, to enhance bandwidth and reduce antenna size, beleved half-cut microstrip structure is proposed. Further, this proposed antenna structure will be applied to multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna 2´2. Therefore, this research was investigated conventional circular shape antenna (CCSA), circular shaped beleved antenna (CSBA), and MIMO circular shaped beleved antenna (MIMO-CBSA) as Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3, respectively. An FR4 substrate with er= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan d=0.0265 was used. The simulation has been conducted using Advanced Design System (ADS). The antenna CCSA/CSBA/ MIMO-CBSA achieve 1.831GHz/2.265 GHz/2.256 GHz, -15.13dB/-17.37dB/-17.25 dB, 1.42/1.31/1.33, and 1.474/2.332/2.322 for center frequency, reflection coefficient, VSWR, and bandwidth, respectively. This antenna has a size 63x90 mm and 51.5x90 mm for CCSA (Model 1) and CSBA (Model 2), respectively. After the structure of MIMO 2´2 was applied, the size of antenna MIMO-CBSA (Model 3) became 180 mm x 180 mm with a mutual coupling (S21)=-26.18 dB and mutual coupling (S31)=-26.41 dB. The result showed that proposed antenna CSBA (Model 2) has wider-bandwidth of 58,2% and smaller-size of 18.2%. Furthermore, after CSBA (Model 2) structure was applied to MIMO 2´2 (Model 3) and the MIMO antenna obtain good mutual coupling (<-15dB). Moreover, the measured results are good agreement with the simulated results. In conclusion, all of these advantages make it particularly valuable in multistandard antenna applications design such as GSM950, WCDMA1800, LTE2300, and WLAN2400.
Ultra-Wideband Monostatic Antenna for behind the Wall Detection IJECEIAES
This article introduces an ultra-wideband (UWB) shifted arc antenna, designed using Rogers RT-5880 Duroid substrate for the human detection behind the wall. The frequency for this proposed antenna ranges from 2.8 - 15.6GHz with the gain of around 6.05dB. A high gain for antenna has been achieved by the implementation of defected ground structure (DGS) method to make it a suitable configuration for through wall detection applications. For the verification of through wall detection configuration, a simulation-based experiment using ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology has been conducted. The results showed that proposed single antenna can act as a monostatic transceiver in order to detect human skin behind the concrete wall. Later, the reflections received from the target have been analyzed to detect and identify the antenna, wall and target for distance calculation.
Performance analysis of beam divergence propagation through rainwater and sno...journalBEEI
In the present work the future communication requirements need to fulfill with high data rate, FSO (free space optic) with it is tremendous potential is the solution. This research observed the effectiveness analysis of FSO systems by modifying one of the most important FSO parameters beam divergence, under the most affected weather attenuating condition Rainwater and snow pack. The simulation is obtained and analyzed under single channels CSRZ-FSO (carrier-suppressed return-to-zero/free space optical) systems having capacity of 40 Gbps between two transceivers with variable distance. The connection is presently under 5 meteorological turbulences (light rain, medium rain, wet snow, heavy rain and dry snow). The results show the heavy rain and dry snow have a very high attenuation carried out in terms of Q-factor. this result led us to conclude that small divergence offers significant performance improvement for FSO link and this performance decrease every time the beam divergence increase, Therefore, to build inexpensive and reliable transmission media, we go with new method that still in the experiment area called hybrid RF/FSO (radio frequency/free space optical) that compatible with atmospherically status.
16 15032 hight order ijeecs 1570310229 (manuscript)(edit)nooriasukmaningtyas
The excitation of the higher-order mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ3 in rectangular dielectric resonator designed was explored to enhance the antenna gain and detailed elaboration is presented in this paper. The antenna was fed by a 50Ω microstrip line through an aperture cut in the ground plane. Besides avoiding spurious radiation, this feeding technique gives flexibility in controlling the amount of coupling in order to reduce the Q-factor in the higher-order mode RDRA. A design was developed and subsequently simulated using Ansoft HFSS ver 16.0 by utilizing Duroid 5880 dielectric substrate with a thickness (ts) of 0.254 mm, a permittivity (εs) of 2.2 and a loss tangent (δ) of 0.001 at 15 GHz. The higher-order mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ3 RDRA achieved the measured gain at 9.76 dBi and the measured impedance bandwidth as much 2.5 GHz which is 4.7% more compared to the fundamental mode, 〖〖TE〗^y〗_1δ1. The result should be considered suitable for 5G applications.
Gain enhancement of dielectric resonator antenna for millimeter wave applicat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with enhanced gain operating on the higher
order mode (푇퐸훿15
푥 ) is presented. The dielectric resonator antenna with dielectric constant 휀푟 of 10 and
loss tangent of 0.002 is used. The DRA is fed by microstrip line through an aperture slot. The proposed
antenna is designed at 26 GHz and achieved a gain of 7.9 dBi with corresponding simulated radiation
efficiency of 93%. The impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz from 25.1 GHz to 26.6 GHz has been achieved.
The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation patterns, and efficiency of the antenna are studied.
Simulations are performed using CST microwave studio, and their results are presented.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
Observing that cooperative scheme benefits to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, we focus on system performance analysis of downlink. However, spectrum efficiency is still high priority to be addressed in existing systems and hence this paper presents full-duplex enabling in NOMA systems. Other challenge needs be considered related to channel state information (CSI). In particular, we derive closedform expressions of outage probability for such NOMA systems under the presence of CSI imperfection. Furthermore, to fully exploit practical environment, we provide system model associated with Nakagami-m fading. The Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the exactness of considered systems.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability
Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Comparative analysis of feeding techniques for cylindrical surrounding patch ...IJECEIAES
In this research work, a cylindrical surrounding patch antenna (CSPA) with improved performance parameters based on inset feed method compared to other feed techniques has been proposed for 1.8 GHz applications. The designed and simulated CSPA is a rotary version of an initially designed rectangular planar patch antenna (RPPA). The RPPA is mounted on a cylindrical surface with radius (r) 10 mm which is an increased curvature for better -10 dB S-parameter (S 11 ), impedance band width (BW), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, and gain. The copper radiating patch has been conformed on the surface of the grounded flexible polyimide substrate with relative permittivity (ε r ) 3.5 and thickness (h) 1.6 mm at normalized input impedance of 50 Ω. Results for the RPPA and the proposed CSPA have been compared with existing designs in terms of antenna size, resonant frequency (f r ), return loss (S 11 ), and gain while taking cognizance of the feeding techniques. The S 11 , BW, VSWR, and gain are-12.784 dB, 28 MHz, 1.8, and 4.81 dBi respectively for the rectangular planar patch antenna and -35.571 dB, 66 MHz, 1.5, and 3.74 dBi, respectively for the cylindrical surrounding patch antenna.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Packaging Technique for Gain Improvement of Multi resonance CPW-fed Antenna f...IJECEIAES
A suitable technique for gain improvement of multi-resonance CPW-fed antenna for satellite application at Ku-, K- and Ka-bands for user terminals is presented in this paper. New concept of stacking numerous layers with different dielectric material has been also presented. The conventional antenna design consists of a CPW-fed patch antenna with modified CPW elements printed on Rogers TMM4 substrate. In order to improve the antenna performance in term of gain and bandwidth, we propose two different configurations. The first one consists of designing a stacked structure by adding on the top of the single antenna an additional layer with parasitic elements. The dielectric added consists in Rogers RO3010 substrate with a high permittivity of 10.2. The proposed antenna is formed by two layers separated by an air gap; this new configuration provides major reduction on antenna beam width and allows gain enhancement. The second one implement the design of 2×1 and 4×1 series feed antenna arrays based on the conventional CPW-fed antenna. These array configurations are used to achieve higher gain in comparison with stacked solution. Finally we combined both techniques yielding the stacked 4×1 series feed antenna array. Fabricated CPW-fed antenna and the achieved results demonstrate the performance of presented techniques for gain improvements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band applicationjournalBEEI
In this paper, a multiband stack series array antenna is designed in order to attain solutions for the future 28 GHz Ka-band application. Double layer substrate Technology is utilized to accomplish multiple resonant frequencies with higher data transfer capacities due to high bandwidth. The designed antenna is dependent on twofold layer consisting patches and resonators in different layers stacked together. The designed multiband antennas can resonate at single band of
(28 GHz), dual band of (28 and 30 GHz) and triple band of (24.18, 26 and 28.453). The results achieved in the simulation are later fabricated and tested. The test result illustrates that the antennas have wide bandwidth, high gain and even higher efficiencies. All the proposed antenna configurations have demonstrated a decent possibility for 5G millimeter wave (mmwave) application.
Different Multilayer Substrate Approaches to Improve Array Antenna Characteri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to investigate deeply in multi-layer substrate technique as a way of improving the characteristics of patch array antenna for electronic scanning radar application. The basic array antenna consists of 8 patches mounted on a FR-4 substrate and operating at 3 GHz frequency. The feeding technique is microstrip technology. This structure has some disadvantages as a poor gain and a narrow bandwidth. In fact, the obtained gain value does not exceed 7 dB which could be explained by the lossy nature of the FR4 substrate. On the other side, the narrow bandwidth is caused by the microstrip limitations. For this reason, the technique of multi-layer substrate is proposed in this paper. Many approaches are investigated and the distance between the layers is studied. The design and simulations of each approach are performed under the tool Advanced Design System of Keysight Company. A comparison between simulation results of all approaches including simulation results of the basic array antenna will be analyzed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
New Miniature Planar Microstrip Antenna Using DGS for ISM ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to use defected ground structures (DGS) in order to miniaturize a
microstrip patch antenna. The DGS structure is integrated in the ground plane to improve the performance
of the planar antenna, and shifted the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz, with a
miniaturization up to 83%. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using the CST MWstudio,
mounted on an FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant 4.4, a loss tangent tan (ɸ)=0.025,
thickness of 1.6 mm with the whole area of 34X34 mm2.The proposed antenna is suitable for ISM
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications at 2.5 GHz with S11 ≤(-10) dB. The antenna is fed by
50ohm input impedance and it has good performances in terms of matching input impedance and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested.Simulation and measurement results are in good
agreement.
Gain enhancement of dielectric resonator antenna for millimeter wave applicat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with enhanced gain operating on the higher
order mode (푇퐸훿15
푥 ) is presented. The dielectric resonator antenna with dielectric constant 휀푟 of 10 and
loss tangent of 0.002 is used. The DRA is fed by microstrip line through an aperture slot. The proposed
antenna is designed at 26 GHz and achieved a gain of 7.9 dBi with corresponding simulated radiation
efficiency of 93%. The impedance bandwidth of 1.5 GHz from 25.1 GHz to 26.6 GHz has been achieved.
The reflection coefficient, antenna gain, radiation patterns, and efficiency of the antenna are studied.
Simulations are performed using CST microwave studio, and their results are presented.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
Observing that cooperative scheme benefits to non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, we focus on system performance analysis of downlink. However, spectrum efficiency is still high priority to be addressed in existing systems and hence this paper presents full-duplex enabling in NOMA systems. Other challenge needs be considered related to channel state information (CSI). In particular, we derive closedform expressions of outage probability for such NOMA systems under the presence of CSI imperfection. Furthermore, to fully exploit practical environment, we provide system model associated with Nakagami-m fading. The Monte-Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the exactness of considered systems.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability
Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Comparative analysis of feeding techniques for cylindrical surrounding patch ...IJECEIAES
In this research work, a cylindrical surrounding patch antenna (CSPA) with improved performance parameters based on inset feed method compared to other feed techniques has been proposed for 1.8 GHz applications. The designed and simulated CSPA is a rotary version of an initially designed rectangular planar patch antenna (RPPA). The RPPA is mounted on a cylindrical surface with radius (r) 10 mm which is an increased curvature for better -10 dB S-parameter (S 11 ), impedance band width (BW), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, and gain. The copper radiating patch has been conformed on the surface of the grounded flexible polyimide substrate with relative permittivity (ε r ) 3.5 and thickness (h) 1.6 mm at normalized input impedance of 50 Ω. Results for the RPPA and the proposed CSPA have been compared with existing designs in terms of antenna size, resonant frequency (f r ), return loss (S 11 ), and gain while taking cognizance of the feeding techniques. The S 11 , BW, VSWR, and gain are-12.784 dB, 28 MHz, 1.8, and 4.81 dBi respectively for the rectangular planar patch antenna and -35.571 dB, 66 MHz, 1.5, and 3.74 dBi, respectively for the cylindrical surrounding patch antenna.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Packaging Technique for Gain Improvement of Multi resonance CPW-fed Antenna f...IJECEIAES
A suitable technique for gain improvement of multi-resonance CPW-fed antenna for satellite application at Ku-, K- and Ka-bands for user terminals is presented in this paper. New concept of stacking numerous layers with different dielectric material has been also presented. The conventional antenna design consists of a CPW-fed patch antenna with modified CPW elements printed on Rogers TMM4 substrate. In order to improve the antenna performance in term of gain and bandwidth, we propose two different configurations. The first one consists of designing a stacked structure by adding on the top of the single antenna an additional layer with parasitic elements. The dielectric added consists in Rogers RO3010 substrate with a high permittivity of 10.2. The proposed antenna is formed by two layers separated by an air gap; this new configuration provides major reduction on antenna beam width and allows gain enhancement. The second one implement the design of 2×1 and 4×1 series feed antenna arrays based on the conventional CPW-fed antenna. These array configurations are used to achieve higher gain in comparison with stacked solution. Finally we combined both techniques yielding the stacked 4×1 series feed antenna array. Fabricated CPW-fed antenna and the achieved results demonstrate the performance of presented techniques for gain improvements.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band applicationjournalBEEI
In this paper, a multiband stack series array antenna is designed in order to attain solutions for the future 28 GHz Ka-band application. Double layer substrate Technology is utilized to accomplish multiple resonant frequencies with higher data transfer capacities due to high bandwidth. The designed antenna is dependent on twofold layer consisting patches and resonators in different layers stacked together. The designed multiband antennas can resonate at single band of
(28 GHz), dual band of (28 and 30 GHz) and triple band of (24.18, 26 and 28.453). The results achieved in the simulation are later fabricated and tested. The test result illustrates that the antennas have wide bandwidth, high gain and even higher efficiencies. All the proposed antenna configurations have demonstrated a decent possibility for 5G millimeter wave (mmwave) application.
Different Multilayer Substrate Approaches to Improve Array Antenna Characteri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to investigate deeply in multi-layer substrate technique as a way of improving the characteristics of patch array antenna for electronic scanning radar application. The basic array antenna consists of 8 patches mounted on a FR-4 substrate and operating at 3 GHz frequency. The feeding technique is microstrip technology. This structure has some disadvantages as a poor gain and a narrow bandwidth. In fact, the obtained gain value does not exceed 7 dB which could be explained by the lossy nature of the FR4 substrate. On the other side, the narrow bandwidth is caused by the microstrip limitations. For this reason, the technique of multi-layer substrate is proposed in this paper. Many approaches are investigated and the distance between the layers is studied. The design and simulations of each approach are performed under the tool Advanced Design System of Keysight Company. A comparison between simulation results of all approaches including simulation results of the basic array antenna will be analyzed.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
New Miniature Planar Microstrip Antenna Using DGS for ISM ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to use defected ground structures (DGS) in order to miniaturize a
microstrip patch antenna. The DGS structure is integrated in the ground plane to improve the performance
of the planar antenna, and shifted the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz, with a
miniaturization up to 83%. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using the CST MWstudio,
mounted on an FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant 4.4, a loss tangent tan (ɸ)=0.025,
thickness of 1.6 mm with the whole area of 34X34 mm2.The proposed antenna is suitable for ISM
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications at 2.5 GHz with S11 ≤(-10) dB. The antenna is fed by
50ohm input impedance and it has good performances in terms of matching input impedance and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested.Simulation and measurement results are in good
agreement.
Microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure for biomedical applic...journalBEEI
Proper narrowband antenna design for wearable devices in the biomedical application is a significant field of research interest. In this work, defected ground structure-based microstrip patch antenna has been proposed that can work for narrowband applications. The proposed antenna works exactly for a single channel of ISM band. The resonant frequency of the antenna is 2.45 GHz with a return loss of around -30 dB. The -10dB impedance bandwidth of the antenna is 20 MHz (2.442-2.462 GHz), which is the bandwidth of channel 9 in ISM band. The antenna has achieved a high gain of 7.04 dBi with an increase of 17.63% antenna efficiency in terms of realized gain by using defected ground structure. Three linear vector arrays of arrangement 1 2, 1 4 and 1 8 have been designed to validate the proposed antenna performances as an array. The proposed antenna is light weighted, low cost, easy to fabricate and with better performances that makes it suitable for biomedical WLAN applications.
A novel multi-resonant and wideband fractal antenna for telecommunication ap...IJECEIAES
This letter presents the design, simulation, and measurement of a novel multiband fractal circular antenna for wireless applications. In the antenna design, we used a circular antenna where we took a ring. Then, in the first iteration, we added a new ring divided into two of the same size. For the second iteration, we added a ring of the same size after dividing it into two halves. In the third iteration, we added the third ring of the same size after dividing it into four. Due to the resonator defection, we were able to reduce the size of the starting antenna from 60×70×2 mm3 to 50×50×1.6 mm3 , to get the frequency of 2.48 GHz, and we generated new bandwidths with a high gain that reaches 5.02 dB. The proposed antenna radiation characteristics, such as the impedance matching, the gain, the radiation pattern, and the surface current distribution are presented and discussed. We find that the simulated and measured results are in acceptable agreement and affirm the good performance of the proposed antenna. The results obtained affirm that the proposed fractal antenna is a better candidate for integration into wireless communication circuits.
Modified e-slotted patch antenna for WLAN/Wi-Max satellite applicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A low profile modified e-slotted microstrip antenna is proposed for multiple wireless communication applications. The performance of antenna is measured in terms of return loss, current distribution. The effect of variation of height of substrate on antenna impedance bandwidth is also studied. The antenna with overall size 30×50×.8m.m.3 resonates at eight frequencies which covers some important applications like GPS, wireless local area network (WLAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), Satellite communication etc. The proposed antenna structure offers great advantages due to compact size, simple structure and multiple applications. The multi band antenna was designed and optimized using ansoft HFSS v13 simulator. The simulated result is good agreement with measured result.
Dual-band aperture coupled antenna with harmonic suppression capabilityTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The paper presents an aperture-coupled dual-band linearly-polarized antenna with harmonic suppression capability, operating at frequency 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz. In purpose of improving the directivity of antenna at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz and 5.00 GHz, a modified inverted π-shaped slot-etched patch on the lower layer of the stacked antenna is introduced alongside the 50 Ω feed line. The harmonic suppression capability is achieved by the introduction of U-slot and asymmetrical left-right-handed stub at the transmission feed line, suppressing unwanted harmonic signals from 6.00 GHz up to 10.00 GHz. The final design of the antenna has produced very good reflection coefficient of -18.87 dB at 2.45 GHz and -19.57 dB at 5.00 GHz with third and higher order harmonic suppression up to -4 dB.
In this paper microstrip patch antenna is designed for 2.4GHz frequency. For the antenna miniaturization and bandwidth improvement H-shaped DGS on microstrip patch antenna (MSA) is used. The design of DGS has been analyzed for different dimensions of H-slot and achieved optimized dimensions.The simulation process has been done through Finite Element Machine (FEM) based software High Frequency Structure Simulator ( HFSS) software. The properties of antenna such as reflection co-efficient, bandwidth and gain are determined and compared with the properties of single element square patch antenna.Further proposed antennas performance is studied for different size of defect on the same patch antenna. Proposed antenna finds its application in wireless LAN protocols such as Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11 and in 2.4GHz ISM Band.
Design and Optimization of a High Gain Multiband Patch Antenna for Millimeter...IJECEIAES
This paper presents an enhanced Quadri-band microstrip patch antenna, using defective slots in the ground plane, designed to operate in the millimeter wave band, formulated using cavity model and simulated by an EM-simulator, based on finite element method: HFSSv15 (High Frequency Structure Simulator). The proposed antenna incorporates two symmetric patterns of “U” shaped slots with an “I” shaped slot engraved in the middle of the ground plane. The resulting antenna has four frequency bands; the first resonant frequency is located in the Ka band, at about 27Ghz, the second at nearly 35Ghz, the third at 41Ghz and the last one at 51GHz. Those resonant frequencies could be shifted by tuning the slots dimensions introduced if the ground plane of the proposed antenna
Wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna design with double H s...journalBEEI
This paper presents the design of wideband frequency reconfigurable metamaterial antenna with double H slots. The design is based on the idea of composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH-TL) technique. Bandwidth enhancement was achieved by utilizing series left-handed capacitor CL transmission line parameter. The design has several outstanding advantages which include efficient bandwidth to cover many lower Application bands with multi frequency operation characteristics. A comprehensive analysis and simulation were done by using computer simulation technology (CST) software to determine the performance and efficiency of the proposed antenna. From the result obtained, the antenna aquired bandwidth range which covered (2.3-5.2) GHz which is equivalent to 77% fractional bandwidth. The wideband antenna was reconfigured by using frequency reconfiguration technique. From the reconfiguration results, the antenna can be switch from wideband to two single bands which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz and to dual band which resonate at 2.4 GHz and 4.2 GHz. The realized peak gain at 2.4 GHz is 2.28 dBi and 2.58 dBi for E and H field respectively. The maximum efficiency of 96% was obtained. The antenna can be use for WLAN, proposed lower 5G band and cognitive radio system for frequency sencing.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
Similar to Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antenna (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
Deep neural networks have accomplished enormous progress in tackling many problems. More specifically, convolutional neural network (CNN) is a category of deep networks that have been a dominant technique in computer vision tasks. Despite that these deep neural networks are highly effective; the ideal structure is still an issue that needs a lot of investigation. Deep Convolutional Neural Network model is usually designed manually by trials and repeated tests which enormously constrain its application. Many hyper-parameters of the CNN can affect the model performance. These parameters are depth of the network, numbers of convolutional layers, and numbers of kernels with their sizes. Therefore, it may be a huge challenge to design an appropriate CNN model that uses optimized hyper-parameters and reduces the reliance on manual involvement and domain expertise. In this paper, a design architecture method for CNNs is proposed by utilization of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to learn the optimal CNN hyper-parameters values. In the experiment, we used Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database of handwritten digit recognition. The experiments showed that our proposed approach can find an architecture that is competitive to the state-of-the-art models with a testing error of 0.87%.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
This study aims to develop Moodle-based LMS with customized learning content and modified user interface to facilitate pedagogical processes during covid-19 pandemic and investigate how teachers of socially disadvantaged schools perceived usability and technology acceptance. Co-design process was conducted with two activities: 1) need assessment phase using an online survey and interview session with the teachers and 2) the development phase of the LMS. The system was evaluated by 30 teachers from socially disadvantaged schools for relevance to their distance learning activities. We employed computer software usability questionnaire (CSUQ) to measure perceived usability and the technology acceptance model (TAM) with insertion of 3 original variables (i.e., perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use) and 5 external variables (i.e., attitude toward the system, perceived interaction, self-efficacy, user interface design, and course design). The average CSUQ rating exceeded 5.0 of 7 point-scale, indicated that teachers agreed that the information quality, interaction quality, and user interface quality were clear and easy to understand. TAM results concluded that the LMS design was judged to be usable, interactive, and well-developed. Teachers reported an effective user interface that allows effective teaching operations and lead to the system adoption in immediate time.
Understanding the role of individual learner in adaptive and personalized e-l...journalBEEI
Dynamic learning environment has emerged as a powerful platform in a modern e-learning system. The learning situation that constantly changing has forced the learning platform to adapt and personalize its learning resources for students. Evidence suggested that adaptation and personalization of e-learning systems (APLS) can be achieved by utilizing learner modeling, domain modeling, and instructional modeling. In the literature of APLS, questions have been raised about the role of individual characteristics that are relevant for adaptation. With several options, a new problem has been raised where the attributes of students in APLS often overlap and are not related between studies. Therefore, this study proposed a list of learner model attributes in dynamic learning to support adaptation and personalization. The study was conducted by exploring concepts from the literature selected based on the best criteria. Then, we described the results of important concepts in student modeling and provided definitions and examples of data values that researchers have used. Besides, we also discussed the implementation of the selected learner model in providing adaptation in dynamic learning.
Prototype mobile contactless transaction system in traditional markets to sup...journalBEEI
One way to prevent and reduce the spread of the covid-19 pandemic is through physical distancing program. This research aims to develop a prototype contactless transaction system using digital payment mechanisms and QR code technology that will be applied in traditional markets. The method used in the development of electronic market systems is a prototype approach. The application of QR code and digital payments are used as a solution to minimize money exchange contacts that are common in traditional markets. The results showed that the system built was able to accelerate and facilitate the buying and selling transaction process in traditional market environment. Alpha testing shows that all functional systems are running well. Meanwhile, beta testing shows that the user can very well accept the system that was built. The results of the study also show acceptance of the usefulness of the system being built, as well as the optimism of its users to be able to take advantage of this system both technologically and functionally, so its can be a part of the digital transformation of the traditional market to the electronic market and has become one of the solutions in reducing the spread of the current covid-19 pandemic.
Wireless HART stack using multiprocessor technique with laxity algorithmjournalBEEI
The use of a real-time operating system is required for the demarcation of industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) stacks (RTOS). In the industrial world, a vast number of sensors are utilised to gather various types of data. The data gathered by the sensors cannot be prioritised ahead of time. Because all of the information is equally essential. As a result, a protocol stack is employed to guarantee that data is acquired and processed fairly. In IWSN, the protocol stack is implemented using RTOS. The data collected from IWSN sensor nodes is processed using non-preemptive scheduling and the protocol stack, and then sent in parallel to the IWSN's central controller. The real-time operating system (RTOS) is a process that occurs between hardware and software. Packets must be sent at a certain time. It's possible that some packets may collide during transmission. We're going to undertake this project to get around this collision. As a prototype, this project is divided into two parts. The first uses RTOS and the LPC2148 as a master node, while the second serves as a standard data collection node to which sensors are attached. Any controller may be used in the second part, depending on the situation. Wireless HART allows two nodes to communicate with each other.
The calculation of the field of an antenna located near the human headjournalBEEI
In this work, a numerical calculation was carried out in one of the universal programs for automatic electro-dynamic design. The calculation is aimed at obtaining numerical values for specific absorbed power (SAR). It is the SAR value that can be used to determine the effect of the antenna of a wireless device on biological objects; the dipole parameters will be selected for GSM1800. Investigation of the influence of distance to a cell phone on radiation shows that absorbed in the head of a person the effect of electromagnetic radiation on the brain decreases by three times this is a very important result the SAR value has decreased by almost three times it is acceptable results.
Exact secure outage probability performance of uplinkdownlink multiple access...journalBEEI
In this paper, we study uplink-downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems by considering the secure performance at the physical layer. In the considered system model, the base station acts a relay to allow two users at the left side communicate with two users at the right side. By considering imperfect channel state information (CSI), the secure performance need be studied since an eavesdropper wants to overhear signals processed at the downlink. To provide secure performance metric, we derive exact expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and and evaluating the impacts of main parameters on SOP metric. The important finding is that we can achieve the higher secrecy performance at high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Moreover, the numerical results demonstrate that the SOP tends to a constant at high SNR. Finally, our results show that the power allocation factors, target rates are main factors affecting to the secrecy performance of considered uplink-downlink NOMA systems.
Design of a dual-band antenna for energy harvesting applicationjournalBEEI
This report presents an investigation on how to improve the current dual-band antenna to enhance the better result of the antenna parameters for energy harvesting application. Besides that, to develop a new design and validate the antenna frequencies that will operate at 2.4 GHz and 5.4 GHz. At 5.4 GHz, more data can be transmitted compare to 2.4 GHz. However, 2.4 GHz has long distance of radiation, so it can be used when far away from the antenna module compare to 5 GHz that has short distance in radiation. The development of this project includes the scope of designing and testing of antenna using computer simulation technology (CST) 2018 software and vector network analyzer (VNA) equipment. In the process of designing, fundamental parameters of antenna are being measured and validated, in purpose to identify the better antenna performance.
Transforming data-centric eXtensible markup language into relational database...journalBEEI
eXtensible markup language (XML) appeared internationally as the format for data representation over the web. Yet, most organizations are still utilising relational databases as their database solutions. As such, it is crucial to provide seamless integration via effective transformation between these database infrastructures. In this paper, we propose XML-REG to bridge these two technologies based on node-based and path-based approaches. The node-based approach is good to annotate each positional node uniquely, while the path-based approach provides summarised path information to join the nodes. On top of that, a new range labelling is also proposed to annotate nodes uniquely by ensuring the structural relationships are maintained between nodes. If a new node is to be added to the document, re-labelling is not required as the new label will be assigned to the node via the new proposed labelling scheme. Experimental evaluations indicated that the performance of XML-REG exceeded XMap, XRecursive, XAncestor and Mini-XML concerning storing time, query retrieval time and scalability. This research produces a core framework for XML to relational databases (RDB) mapping, which could be adopted in various industries.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Noise resistance territorial intensity-based optical flow using inverse confi...journalBEEI
This paper presents the use of the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function with the territorial intensity-based optical flow to prove the effectiveness in noise resistance environment. In general, the image’s motion vector is coded by the technique called optical flow where the sequences of the image are used to determine the motion vector. But, the accuracy rate of the motion vector is reduced when the source of image sequences is interfered by noises. This work proved that the inverse confidential technique on bilateral function can increase the percentage of accuracy in the motion vector determination by the territorial intensity-based optical flow under the noisy environment. We performed the testing with several kinds of non-Gaussian noises at several patterns of standard image sequences by analyzing the result of the motion vector in a form of the error vector magnitude (EVM) and compared it with several noise resistance techniques in territorial intensity-based optical flow method.
Modeling climate phenomenon with software grids analysis and display system i...journalBEEI
This study aims to model climate change based on rainfall, air temperature, pressure, humidity and wind with grADS software and create a global warming module. This research uses 3D model, define, design, and develop. The results of the modeling of the five climate elements consist of the annual average temperature in Indonesia in 2009-2015 which is between 29oC to 30.1oC, the horizontal distribution of the annual average pressure in Indonesia in 2009-2018 is between 800 mBar to 1000 mBar, the horizontal distribution the average annual humidity in Indonesia in 2009 and 2011 ranged between 27-57, in 2012-2015, 2017 and 2018 it ranged between 30-60, during the East Monsoon, the wind circulation moved from northern Indonesia to the southern region Indonesia. During the west monsoon, the wind circulation moves from the southern part of Indonesia to the northern part of Indonesia. The global warming module for SMA/MA produced is feasible to use, this is in accordance with the value given by the validate of 69 which is in the appropriate category and the response of teachers and students through a 91% questionnaire.
An approach of re-organizing input dataset to enhance the quality of emotion ...journalBEEI
The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach of re-organizing input data to recognize emotion based on short signal segments and increase the quality of emotional recognition using physiological signals. MIT's long physiological signal set was divided into two new datasets, with shorter and overlapped segments. Three different classification methods (support vector machine, random forest, and multilayer perceptron) were implemented to identify eight emotional states based on statistical features of each segment in these two datasets. By re-organizing the input dataset, the quality of recognition results was enhanced. The random forest shows the best classification result among three implemented classification methods, with an accuracy of 97.72% for eight emotional states, on the overlapped dataset. This approach shows that, by re-organizing the input dataset, the high accuracy of recognition results can be achieved without the use of EEG and ECG signals.
Parking detection system using background subtraction and HSV color segmentationjournalBEEI
Manual system vehicle parking makes finding vacant parking lots difficult, so it has to check directly to the vacant space. If many people do parking, then the time needed for it is very much or requires many people to handle it. This research develops a real-time parking system to detect parking. The system is designed using the HSV color segmentation method in determining the background image. In addition, the detection process uses the background subtraction method. Applying these two methods requires image preprocessing using several methods such as grayscaling, blurring (low-pass filter). In addition, it is followed by a thresholding and filtering process to get the best image in the detection process. In the process, there is a determination of the ROI to determine the focus area of the object identified as empty parking. The parking detection process produces the best average accuracy of 95.76%. The minimum threshold value of 255 pixels is 0.4. This value is the best value from 33 test data in several criteria, such as the time of capture, composition and color of the vehicle, the shape of the shadow of the object’s environment, and the intensity of light. This parking detection system can be implemented in real-time to determine the position of an empty place.
Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
The universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) has distinct benefits in that it supports a wide range of quality of service (QoS) criteria that users require in order to fulfill their requirements. The transmission of video and audio in real-time applications places a high demand on the cellular network, therefore QoS is a major problem in these applications. The ability to provide QoS in the UMTS backbone network necessitates an active QoS mechanism in order to maintain the necessary level of convenience on UMTS networks. For UMTS networks, investigation models for end-to-end QoS, total transmitted and received data, packet loss, and throughput providing techniques are run and assessed and the simulation results are examined. According to the results, appropriate QoS adaption allows for specific voice and video transmission. Finally, by analyzing existing QoS parameters, the QoS performance of 4G/UMTS networks may be improved.
A multi-task learning based hybrid prediction algorithm for privacy preservin...journalBEEI
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Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antenna
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2021, pp. 3289~3296
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i6.3193 3289
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip
yagi antenna
Kamelia Quzwain1
, Alyani Ismail2
, Yudiansyah3
, Nadia Media Rizka4
,
Aisyah Novfitri5
, Lia Hafiza6
1,3,4,5,6
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Institut Teknologi Telkom Jakarta, Indonesia
2
Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 31, 2021
Revised Sep 23, 2021
Accepted Oct 29, 2021
A double-layer loaded on the octagon microstrip yagi antenna (OMYA) at 5.8
GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) Band is investigated in this
paper. The double-layer consist of two double positive (DPS) substrates. The
OMYA is overlaid with a double-layer configuration were simulated,
fabricated and measured. A good agreement was observed between the
computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna. According to
comparison results, it shows that 2.5 dB improvement of the OMYA gain can
be obtained by applying the double-layer on the top of the OMYA.
Meanwhile, the bandwidth of the measured OMYA with the double-layer is
14.6%. It indicates that the double-layer can be used to increase the OMYA
performance in term of gain and bandwidth.
Keywords:
ISM band
Microstrip antenna
Multilayer
Photonic crystal
Yagi antenna This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Kamelia Quzwain
Department of Telecommunication Engineering
Institut Teknologi Telkom Jakarta
Daan Mogot KM.11, Cengkareng, West Jakarta 11710, Indonesia
Email: kamelia@ittelkom-jkt.ac.id
1. INTRODUCTION
Frequency of 5.8 GHz is one of unlicensed frequencies which is used in low rate applications, for
instance, sensor and radar [1]-[3]. Antennas play a vital role in wireless communication system. Microstrip
patch antennas (MPAs) have some attractive advantages, such as easy fabrication, simplicity in design and
lightweight. However, MPAs are associated with low gain [4]-[7]. Multilayer structure concept can be used
to increase the gain of MPAs [8]-[11]. In addition, Yagi-Uda concept can be employed to tackle this
limitation [12]. Several MPA-based Yagi-Uda concept have been introduced in [13]-[15].
In 2007, Dejean et al [13] reported a high gain microstrip Yagi antenna in order to improve the
performance of the first microstrip Yagi antenna. The gain of their antenna is 10.7 dB with a size of 112 x
112 mm2
. Octagon microstip yagi antenna (OMYA) was introduced by Quzwain et al in [14]. Four octagon
patches were successfully applied as driven elements to increase the performance in terms of bandwidth and
gain without increasing the size of the antenna. This antenna is able to produce a gain of 11 dB with the
surface size of 70 mm x 75 mm. As reported in literature [15], microstrip Yagi-Uda antenna can be
constructed in a stacked-multilayer in order to minimize the size of the antenna. A gain of about 11 dB can be
achieved through this design.
On the other side, numerous researchers in [16]-[18] were attracted to increase the gain of MPA by
placing double positive (DPS) substrate above the MPA as a superstrate layer. An extra gain can be achieved
by choosing the thicknesses of the DPS substrate and the superstrate layers properly. An interesting method
2. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2021 : 3289 – 3296
3290
to obtain more gain was introduced in [19] where the octagon fractal microstrip yagi antenna (OFMYA) is
overlaid with a combined double negative (DNG) and DPS substrates as superstrate layer. To date, no
previous experimental study has provided information on OMYA using double-layer. This paper introduces
the OMYA using a doble-layer in order to improve the OMYA performance. Data for this investigations
were collected based on simulation and experimental results. The paper is structured as; section 2 begins by
giving an explanation of the proposed antenna design, the third section is concerned with the imulation and
measurement results of the proposed antenna, the final section summarises the main findings of this research.
2. ANTENNA DESIGN CONFIGURATION
This Section explains the configuration of the proposed antenna design. The proposed antenna here
is formed by one OMYA and two covers which are placed above the OMYA. The first stage is to consider
the specifications of the proposed antenna based on its application as tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1. Antenna design parameters
Antenna Parameters Values
Frequency Range 5.725 GHz–5.875 GHz
Centre Frequency 5.8 GHz
Bandwidth (BW) 150 MHz
VSWR ≤ 2.0
Radiation Pattern Broadside Directional
The proposed antenna in this paper comprises two double positive (DPS) substrates in which acts as
superstrate layer. Figure 1 shows the OMYA structure which was first demonstrated experimentally by
Quzwain et al [14]. The antenna was designed by using the same design rules as used in the conventional
microstrip Yagi Uda antenna which is composed of a reflector element, a driven element and some director
elements. Detailed explanations of the OMYA design can be found in [14]. The OMYA was fabricated on
rogers 5880 with thickness of 1.575 mm. The antenna consists of two reflector elements (Rt & Rb), one driven
element (DR), two bottom director elements (D1b & D2b) and two top director elements (D1t & D2t).
Side View
X
Z
Y
Ground Plane
Substrate (εr)
Front View
X
Y
Z
D1b
D1t D2t
D2b
Rt
Substrate (εr)
S
g
Mt
Mt
Wd
h
Rb
Rb
D1b D2b
DR
DR
Wd
WR
Wf
y0
Lf
LP
Wd
WP SD
Figure 1. The OMYA geometry in [14]
A periodic structure of two or more DPS materials can be used to increase the gain. This
arrangement is also called one-dimensional photonic crystal (1-D PCs) [20], [21]. It is the simplest structure
among the three types of photonic crystal (PCs) in which comprises more than one DPS Material which is
separated by air gap (h3) in periodic arrangement of z-axis as illustrated in Figure 2. This concept involves
the addition of two high dielectric permittivity substrates on the top of the MPA [22], [23]. As shown in
Figure 2, two additional substrates with dielectric permittivity of εr2 and thickness of t are placed above the
3. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antenna (Kamelia Quzwain)
3291
antenna at height of h2. The separation distance between two superstrate layers is h3. Multiple superstrates
method can be used to produce a narrow-beam radiation pattern when [24]:
𝑛0ℎ2
𝜆0
√1 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑝
(𝑛0)2 = 0.05 (1)
and
𝑛1𝑡
𝜆0
√1 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑝
(𝑛1)2 = 0.25 (2)
Where θP is beam angle and the refraction of air (n0) equals to one and the refraction of superstrate (n1) can
be determined as.
𝑛1 = √ε1μ1 (3)
Two Arlon AD1000 materials with εr of 10.2 and thickness of 2.5 mm were used as DPS layer. A
number of optimizations was done through CST Microwave Studio software in order to achieve the best
result for gain based on h2 and h3 variation. The simulated gain results was observed in order to explore the
relationship between the gain and the air gaps (h2 and h3).
Figure 2. The designed OMYA with double DPS layer geometry
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In order to achieve a high gain and wide bandwidth, the OMYA was calculated and optimized by
Quzwain et al in [14]. They explained that the side length of octagon-shaped (Wd) and gap between parasitic
elements (g) give influence on gain and bandwidth of the OMYA. The first observation is the influence of
placing single layer above the OMYA in order to examine the effect of the first air gap thickness (h2) and
superstrate thickness (hss) on gain. In this stage, the single-superstrate was moved vertically to the top with
different superstrate thickness. The variation of the gain with respect to the first air gap thickness (h2) for
different superstrate thickness (hss) is shown in Figure 3. In this simulation result, it shows that a maximum
gain of 12.42 dB can be obtained through this design where the optimum hss for the maximum gain is 2.54
mm at h2 of 31 mm.
It is also clearly seen that the gain moves downward as the hss value decreases. The graph also
shows that the gain rise slightly between h2 of 25 mm and h2 of 31 mm and then decreases slightly. From this
simulation result, it can be summarized that the gain of the OMYA can be enhanced up to 1.22 dB by adding
single-layer configuration above the OMYA. Additionally, it proves that a thick superstrate is capable of
4. ISSN: 2302-9285
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3292
increasing the gain. Placing double-layer above the OMYA is the final stage in antenna design. In this stage,
two crucial factors influencing the gain frequency characteristics; h2 and h3. In order to further investigate the
effect of h2 and h3 air gaps on the gain, this stage explores the gain variations with changing the h2 value for
different the h3 value and keeping dielectric permittivity of the second superstrate (εr-2SS) equals to the
dielectric permittivity of the first one (εr-1SS). Usually the superstrate is placed half-wavelength (λ0/2) above
the antenna [25] to enhance the gain. Therefore, the starting point of h2 and hSS from the radiating patch of the
OMYA is around 25 mm. Then, the first air gap height of h2 was optimized by varying the value of h2 in
order to achieve the maximum gain. On the other side, the thickness of second air gap (h3) was also
optimized by moving the position of the second superstrate in y-axis which is started at h3 of 1 mm.
Figure 3. Gain variation versus the first air gap thickness (h2) for different superstrate thickness (hss)
Figure 4 depicts the simulated results for this experiment. From this figure, it can be observed that
the gain values for h3 of 3 mm which are shown in black solid line are higher than other lines. A maximum
gain of 13.7 dB can be obtained at h2 of 27 mm, hence there is an extra gain of 1.28 dB after placing another
superstrate above the first superstrate which is separated by air gap. It indicates that the OMYA with double-
layer is able to enhance the gain up to 2.5 dB compared to the OMYA without double-layer. It means that
double superstrate concept can be used to enhance the gain of the OMYA due to the ability to focus the
radiated electromagnetic energy and increase the gain of the OMYA.
Figure 4. Gain variation with changing the first air gap height (h2) for different the second air gap height
(h3)
It can be noted that there is a limit on the values of h2 and h3. The gain will be suppressed if the h2
and h3 values become too large. As a result, the h2 and h3 values for the antenna in this research are 27 mm
and 3 mm, respectively. The simulated S11 of the OMYA with double DPS layer having h2 of 27 mm and h3
of 3 mm is plotted in Figure 5. This plot shows that the antenna works in a frequency band from 5.48 GHz to
5. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antenna (Kamelia Quzwain)
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6.32 GHz with a center frequency of 5.8 GHz and a wide bandwidth of 840 MHz or 14.5% in fractional
bandwidth.
Figure 6 portrays the simulated radiation patterns 3-Dimensional of the optimized OMYA with
double-layer at 5.8 GHz. Through observing this figure, the OMYA with double-layer has capability to
achieve a maximum gain up to 13.7 dB with the main lobe direction occurs in in E-Plane of 16°. It is
interesting to note that the gain of the OMYA with double-layer is 2.5 dB higher compared to the OMYA
without double-layer in [14], thus it gives evidence that double-layer can be used to enhance the gain. Table 2
summarize the optimized parameters of the OMYA with double-layer.
Table 2. The optimized parameters
Antenna Parameters Dimension (mm)
Air gap (h2) 27
Air gap (h3) 3
Superstrate Thickness (hss) 2.5
Substrate Thickness (h) 1.575
Total height of the proposed antenna (Ht) 39
Total width of the proposed antenna (Wt) 70
Figure 5. The simulated S11 of the OMYA with double-layer Figure 6. The simulated radiation patterns of
OMYA with double-layer
The antenna prototype is shown in Figure 7. It can be seen that two high dielectric permittivity
substrates are placed on the top of the OMYA and fixed using 4 plastic spacers at its 4 corners with plastic
nuts. The two fabricated antennas was measured in order to validate the simulation models. An anechoic
chamber at UTHM EMC Center – Batu Pahat was used to conduct the radiation pattern and gain
measurements. Meanwhile, Anritsu 37347D vector network analyzer (VNA) was used to measure S11.
Figure 7. The prototype of the OMYA with double DPS layer
6. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2021 : 3289 – 3296
3294
Figure 8 plots the computed S11 of the proposed antenna in comparison with the measured S11 result
over frequency range from 4 GHz to 7 GHz. Black solid line corresponds to the measured S11 has value
below -10 dB in a frequency band from 5.45 GHz to 6.6 GHz, thus it has a fractional bandwidth of around
19.8% which is equal to a bandwidth of 1148 MHz. It is obviously seen that there is a discrepancy between
the simulated and measured S11 at upper frequency (fu) which the measured fu is shifted to 6.6 GHz. Hence, a
deviation of 980 MHz occurs at the upper frequency. It may be due to the amount of solder, the
environmental factors such as noise and temperature of the room during measurement. Overall, the measured
bandwidth of the fabricated antenna is wider than its simulated result by 35%.
Figure 8. The simulated and measured S11
The experimental results for the radiation patterns are plotted in Figure 9. Black solid and dotted
lines denote the measured and simulated radiation patterns, respectively. Figure 9 provides far field
directivity of the antenna. With respect to Figure 9 (a), it shows the E-Plane of the antenna prototype has
maximum radiation at an angle of about 10° from broadside direction. On the other side, Figure 9 (b) shows
the H-Plane of the proposed antenna. It can be observed that there is a small shift between the computed and
the experimental results which is caused by fabrication imperfections, for instance, inaccuracy in placing the
superstrate, etching process and connector soldering.
According to the measurement results, it was found that the antenna has a gain of 13 dB. It indicates
that a good agreement was achieved between the computed and measured results of the gain for this antenna,
although the measured gain is about 0.7 dB lower than the simulated gain. It can be well observed from the
results that the directive gain of the antenna can be enhanced by using double-layer with a proper choice of
air gap thicknesses of h2 and h3 due to double-layer concept is able to concentrate the radiated waves in a
small angle. However, it is obviously seen that there is a discrepancy between the simulated and measured
S11 and radiation patterns as shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9, respectively. It may be caused by fabrication
imperfections and the environmental factors such as noise and temperature of the room during measurement.
All the simulation and experimental results are summarized in Table 3.
(a) (b)
Figure 9. Far field directivity (a) E-field and (b) H-field
7. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Implementation of double-layer loaded on octagon microstrip yagi antenna (Kamelia Quzwain)
3295
Table 3. Comparison results of S11, BW, and gain
Antenna Parameters
Centre Freq.
(GHz)
BW
(MHz)
BW
(%)
S11
(dB)
Gain
(dB)
Simulated OMYA
without double-layer (OMYA)
5.8
812 14 -23 11.2
Simulated OMYA
with double-layer
850 14.6 -20.62 13.7
Fabricated OMYA
with double-layer
1148 19.8 -20 13
4. CONCLUSION
The OMYA is overlaid with double-layer was simulated, fabricated and measured in order to
explore the influence of the double-layer on the OMYA performance. According to the simulation and
measurement results, it shows that the double-layer is able to enhance the OMYA performance in term of
gain and BW. The simulation result shows that the maximum fractional bandwidth of the OMYA without
double-layer increased by 0.6% compared to the OMYA is overlaid with double-layer. One interesting
finding is the bandwidth of the measured OMYA prototype is considerably larger than the simulated design.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the bandwidth and gain of the OMYA can be increased by placing
double-layer above the OMYA.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to Ministry of Higher Education and
Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) for financing this research.
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