The document provides a comprehensive overview of fractures, including definitions, causes, types, signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. It categorizes fractures into various types such as simple, compound, open, closed, and others while detailing the symptoms and diagnosis methods. Additionally, it outlines emergency and medical management treatments, including cast immobilization, traction, and fixation methods, as well as potential complications.

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Prepared by:
Arpana Bhusal
BNS
FRACTURE

2. DEFINITION
A fracture means that a bone is broken or
cracked.
A fracture is a structural break in the normal
continuity of bone.
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3. CAUSES
Direct force:
When the bone breaks at the place where
force is applied . Example , severe blow.
Indirect force:
When a bone breaks at another place and not
where the force was applied. Example , fall.
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4. Cont…..
Force of muscular action:
Voilent condition of group of muscles may pull
pieces of bone away from the point where the
muscle is attached . Example , fracture of knee.
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5. Cont…….
 Force of ligement:
Twisting of a joint can cause its ligament to
pull so hard at the joint that causes fracture.
Example fracture of lower leg bone.
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6. Types of fracture
 Simple fracture:
 It break of the bone into two clean margin.
 Compound and complicated fracture:
 It break of the bone in more than one part
and teaming of the body of the body part.
Eg blood vessels, muscle nd other parts of
organ.
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7. Cont…..
Green stick fracture:
It break of the bone on only one side.
Open fracture:
It extends through the skin and membrane.
Closed fracture:
The broken ends of the bone do not cut open the
skin and show on the out side.
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8. Cont…..
Transverse fracture:
The fracture is straight across the bone.
Spiral fracture:
A fracture twisting around the shaft of the bone.
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9. Cont…..
Pathologic fracture:
It is a fracture which is occurred due to disease
condition. Such as cancer and osteoporosis.
Complete fracture:
Fracture line involves entire cross- section of
the bone , and bone fragements are usually
displaced.
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10. Cont…..
Incomplete fracture :
Fracture involves only a portion of the cross-
section of the bone . One side breaks; the other
usually just bends.
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11. Sing and symptoms of fracture
• Acute pain
• Loss of function
• Deformity
• Shortening of the extermity
• Abnormal mobility 11

12. Cont……
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Localized edema
• Numbness
• Injured muscle, blood vessels, nerves.
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13. diagnosis
• History collection
• Physical examination
• X-ray
o Anterior
o Posterior and
o Lateral view
• CT Scan
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14. Management
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT:
Check circulation , breathing and airway of the
patient and also maintain it .
Check vital sign.
Immediately after injury , immobilize the body
part while the patient have to move.
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15. Cont….
We should splint the fracture.
To support the fracture site.
In an upper extermities injury , the arm may be
bandaged to the chest or an injured forearm may
be placed in a sling.
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16. Cont…..
Cover the wound of an open fracture with a
sterile dressing to prevent contaminating of
deeper tissue.
Medical management:
The general aim of early fracture management is
to control bleeding , provide pain relief , prevent
further injury etc.
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17. Types of treatment
Cast immobilization:
A plaster or cast is the most common type of
fracture because most broken bones can heal
successfully.
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18. Cont…..
Functional cast:
A fracture allow limited or controlled
movement of nearby joints. This treatment is
desirable for some but not all fracture.
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19. Cont….
Traction :
Traction is usually used to bones by a gentle,
steady pulling action. The pulling force may be
transmitted to the bone through skin tapes or a
metal pin through a bone.
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20. Cont……
External fixation:
In this type of treatment , pins , are placed into
the broken bone above and below the fracture
sites.
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21. Cont……
Internal fixation:
In this type of treatment , an Orthopedist must
perform surgery on the bone. During this
operation , the bone fragment are first
repositioned into their normal alignment by
attaching metal plates.
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22. complication
Loss of muscle strength.
Infection
Shock
Bone problem.
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23. THANK YOU