The document discusses fractures, including their definition, incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, healing process, clinical manifestations, classification, diagnostic evaluation, and management. Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can be caused by trauma or weakened bone. Evaluation involves history, exam, and imaging like x-rays. Treatment focuses on reduction, immobilization, and rehabilitation to heal the fracture and restore function.
fracture is the breakdown in the continutity of the bone alignment this has many types as the fracure this topic include its definition , etiology, pathophysiology, clinical menisfestation, diagnosis and its treatment which can be used by nursing students for taking care of the patient suffering from fracture and for learning for their examination and knowledge purpose
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. OUTLINES
• Introduction of Fracture.
• Definition of Fracture.
• Incidence of Fracture.
• Etiology & Risk factors of Fracture.
• Pathophysiology of Fracture.
• Process of Bone Healing.
• Clinical manifestations of Fracture.
• Classification of Fracture.
• Diagnostic Evaluation of Fracture.
• Management of Fracture.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Any one who has experienced a broken bone
or a ligament strain can appreciate the
challenges facing a client who is recovering
from musculoskeletal trauma or overuse .
• Activity restrictions and assistive devices
both complicate & facilitate the healing
process.
4. DEFINITION
• A Fracture is any disruption in the
normal continuity of a bone. When
fracture occurs, surrounding soft
tissues are often damaged as well.
5. INCIDENCE
• Trauma is the leading cause of death in the
USA for those b/w the ages of 1 and 37, and
the 4th leading cause of death for all age
groups.
• Fractures account for high traumatic injuries.
They can create significant changes in one’s
quality of life by causing activity restricts,
disability & economic loss.
• The total incidence rate of fractures is 53.4
per 1000 per year in women, and 24.9 per
1000 per year in men.
• Rate of hip and wrist fractures tended to be
higher in women.
6. ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
Mechanical overload of bone:
– When more stress is placed on the bone
than it can absorb.
Metabolic bone disease:
– In the diseases like osteoporosis the bone
may fracture with even minor trauma
because of its weakening by pre-existing
disorder.
7. Direct force:
– It may occur when a moving object strikes the
body area over the bone.
Indirect force:
– It may occur when a powerful muscle
contraction pulls against the bone .
Biological conditions:
Pre-disposition to fracture results from
biological conditions such as :
– Osteopenia (caused by steroid use or Cushing’s
syndrome).
– Osteogenesis Imperfecta (a congenital bone
disease characterized by defective collagen
production by osteoblasts).
8. Neoplasms:
– It also weaken the bone and contribute to
fracture (pathological fracture).
– It can be due to benign or malignant tumour.
Post menopausal estrogen loss:
– Release of estrogen stops after menopause , it
can make bone weaken.
Malnutrition:
– Due to protein malnutrition the strength and
stiffness of bone become lower, which lead to
decreased bone mass and increased risk for
fracture
9. High risk recreation or employment
related activities:
– Skateboarding, rock climbing, etc.
Domestic violence:
– Victims of domestic violence are also among
people treated for traumatic injuries.
Road traffic accidents:
– Due to high traffic and high speed vehicle,
road condtions, etc.
10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Bone formation
& reabsorption
Bone balance
(remodeling)
Perforation or
fracture
of trabecular plates
Degree of
mineralization
Collagen structure
& bone proteins
Loss of micro
-architecture
Abilty to
Repair damage
Crystal size
& structure
Marrow & fat
composition
Bone quality
Growth
(modeling)
Bone
volume
Bone
Shape
Bone
strength
Falls Soft-tissue
padding
Force of impact FRACTURE
11. BONE HEALING
• Few tissues in human body that heal through
regeneration rather than formation of scar.
• Bone is one of these tissues.
• Fracture repair mechanism is same as bone
formation during normal growth.
• Fracture healing may not occur in expected
time (delayed union) or may not occur at all
(non- union).
12. • The ossification process is arrested by causes :
– Inadequate reduction & immobilization,
– Excessive movement of the fracture
fragments,
– Infection,
– Poor nutrition,
– Systemic disease.
• Healing time for fractures increases with age.
13. • Electrical stimulation and pulsed
electromagnetic fields (PEMF’s) can be used
to stimulate bone healing in some situations of
non-union or delayed union. The electric
current acts by modifying cell mechanisms,
causing bone remodeling.
14. Fracture healing occurs in 5 stages:
1.Hematoma / inflammatory stage (1-3 day):
It includes the bleeding at fractured ends of
the bone with subsequent hematoma
formation.
2.Fibrocartilage formation (3 days –2 weeks):
It includes the organization of hematoma into
fibrous network.
3.Callus formation (3 weeks- 6 months):
It includes the invasion of osteoblasts,
lengthening of collagen strands, and
deposition of calcium. The new bone built up
as osteoclasts destroy dead bone.
15. 4. Ossification (3 weeks – 6 months):
A permanent callus of rigid bone crosses the
fracture gap b/w the periosteum and cortex
to join the fragments.
5.Consolidation & Remodeling (6 weeks-1
year):
Unnecessary callus is reabsorbed or chiseled
away from the healing bone. The process of
bone resorption and the deposition along
stress lines allows bone to withstand the
loads applied to it.
18. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
OF FRACTURE
The physical assessment may reveal any of
the following clinical manifestations:
Deformity
( due to fracture limb shortening, rotational
deformity , or angulation may be shown).
Swelling
(edema may appear as a result of accumulation
of serous fluid at fracture site &
extravasation of blood into surroundings ).
19. bruising / Ecchymosis
(develops from subcutaneous bleeding).
Muscle spasm
( involuntary spasm acts as a natural splint to
decrease further motion of fracture
fragments ).
Pain.
Tenderness.
Loss of function
( paralysis may be due to nerve damage ).
20. Abnormal mobility & crepitus
(due to motion in the middle of bone or by
fracture fragments rubbing together to
create sounds).
Neurovascular changes
(due to damage to peripheral nerves or to
associated vascular structures . Client may
complain of numbness and tingling or have
no palpable pulse distal to fracture).
Shock
(Bony fragments may lacerate blood
vessels. Frank or occult hemorrhage can
lead to shock).
22. (A)The simplest classification method is
based on weather the fracture is
closed or open to environment:
1. Closed Fracture:
Has intact skin over the site of injury.
23.
24. 2. Open fracture:
• Characterized by a break in skin over the
bone injury.
• Tissue damage can be extensive with open
fractures, which are graded according to
their severity:
Grade 1st : the wound is smaller than 1 cm;
contamination is minimal.
Grade 2nd : wound is larger than 1 cm;
contamination is moderate.
Grade 3rd : wound exceeds 6 to 8 cm ;there
is extensive damage to soft tissues, nerves,
tendons; and there is high degree of
contamination.
25. (B) Fractures are also described as
stable & unstable:
1. Stable fracture:
When a piece of the periosteum is intact
across the fracture and either external or
internal fixation has rendered the fragments
stationary.
EX: Transverse, Spiral, or Greenstick.
26. 2. Unstable Fracture:
It is grossly displaced during injury and is a
site of a poor fixation.
Ex: Comminuted or Oblique.
27. (C) Fracture have many descriptors. In
fact more than 150 types of
fractures are labeled according to
various classification methods.
the classification of fractures are as
follows:
a) On the basis of
appearance:
1. Burst:
It is characterized by
multiple pieces of bone ;
often occurs at bone ends
or in vertebrae
39. b) On the basis of general description:
1. Avulsion fracture:
Bone fragments are torn away from body of
bone at site of attachment of a ligament or
tendon.
40. 2. Compression fracture:
Bone buckles and eventually cracks as a
result of unusual loading force applied to its
longitudinal axis
43. c) On the basis of anatomic location:
1. Colle’s fracture:
Fracture within last inch of distal radius ;
distal fragment is displaced in a position of
dorsal and medial deviation.
44. 2. Pott’s fracture:
Fracture of distal fibula, seriously disrupting
tibio-fibular articulation ; a piece of medial
malleolus may be chipped off as a result of
rupture of internal lateral ligament.
45. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• History collection.
• Physical examination.
• X-ray ( commonly taken before and after the
fracture reduction and then periodically
during bone healing).
• CT scan ( an advantage of other structures
like blood vessels and abnormalities like
hematoma can be seen)
46. MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:
The goal of medical management include
prompt and thorough assessment of client
to discover all injuries, reduction and
stabilization of fracture with
immobilization , observation for
complications and eventual remobilization &
rehabilitation.
48. Fracture immobilization:
• Casting or splinting.
• Traction.
• External fixation.
• Internal fixation
Open fractures:
• Surgical debridement and irrigation.
• Tetanus and diphtheria immunization.
• Prophylactic antibiotic therapy.
• Immobilization.
49. Fracture reduction:
1. Closed reduction:
It is a non- surgical , manual realignment of
bone fragments to their previous anatomic
position.
Under local or general anesthesia.
After the reduction , traction or casting or
external fixation or splints or orthoses
(braces) used to immobilize the part to
maintain alignment until the healing occurs.
50. 2. Open reduction:
It is a correction of bone alignment through a
surgical incision.
It usually includes the internal fixation of the
fracture with use of wires, screws, pins, plates,
intra-medullary rods (or nails).
If Open Reduction with Internal Fixation
(ORIF) is used for Intra-articular fracture
(involving joints surfaces), early initiation of
ROM of joint is indicated. ORIF facilitates early
ambulation , which decreases the risk of
complications related to prolonged immobility ,
and promotes fracture healing with gradually
increasing increments of stress placed upon the
affected joint and soft tissue structures.
51. 3. Traction:
It is the application of a pulling force to an
injured or diseased part of the body or an
extremity while counter pulls in the oposite
direction. Its purpose are :
– to prevent or reduce muscle spasm.
– To immobilize a joint or part of body.
– To reduce a fracture or dislocation.
– To treat a pathologic joint condition.
52. The main two types of tractions are skin &
skeletal traction:
o Skin Traction is used for short term
treatment (48-72 hrs) until skeletal traction
or surgery is possible.
53. o Skeletal traction It is generally placed for
longer periods than skin traction, is used to
align injured bones & joints or to treat joint
contractures and congenital hip dysplasia.
To apply this traction , the doctor surgically
inserts the pin or wire into the bone, either
partially or completely, to align and immobilize
the injured body part. Weight for skeletal
traction ranges from 5- 45 lbs (2.3- 20.4 kg).
54.
55.
56. o Cervical traction includes a metal brace
which is placed around the client’s neck . The
brace is then attached to a body harness or
weights, which are used to help correct the
affected area.
It is performed under general anesthesia.
57.
58.
59. Fracture Immobilization:
Cast:
It is a temporary immobilization device. It is
a common treatment following closed
reduction .
Cast materials are natural (POP), synthetic
acrylic, fiber-glass free polymer, or a hybrid
of materials.
60.
61. The types of cast are :
Sugar Tong splint:
– It is used for acute wrist injuries or injuries may
result in significant swelling.
62. Body jacket cast or
brace: It is often used
for immobilization and
support for stable spine
injuries of thoracic or
lumbar spine.
Applied around chest &
abdomen and extends
from above the nipple line
to pubis.
63. Hip Spica cast :It is used
for treatment of femoral
fractures.
65. External Fixation:
It is a metallic device composed of metal pins
that are inserted into the bone and attached
to external rods to stabilize the fracture
while it heals.
it is used to apply traction to compress
fracture fragments:
Indications are:
– Simple fractures (open/close).
– Complex fractures.
– Bony defects.
– Pseudo-arthritis.
66.
67. Internal fixation:
These devices (pins, plates, intra-medullary rods,
and metal, screws) are surgically inserted at time
of realignment.
Biologically insert metal devices such as stainless
steel, vitallium, or titanium are used to realign and
maintain bony fragments. Proper alignment is
evaluated by X-rays study at regular intervals.
68.
69. Drug therapy:
Central and peripheral muscle relaxants may
be advised to relieve pain and muscle spasm
Ex: Carisoprodol, Cyclobenzaprine,
methocaramol.
Immunization with tetanus& diphtheria, or
tetanus immunoglobulin for patients with open
fracture.
Antibiotics (Cephalosporins).
70. Nutritional Therapy:
For better reparative process, client
should take:
– Ample protein ( 1gm/kg body weight)
– Vitamins (B,C, D)
– Minerals for soft tissue and bone healing
(Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium).
Adequate fluid & high fiber diet with
fruits and vegetables to prevent
constipation.
Advice to avoid overeating , to prevent
from abdominal pressure and cramping.
71. Surgery:
Surgical debridement and irrigation can be
done in which the surgeon removes
damaged tissues from body to promote
healing. Along with this procedure the
ascetic washing of the wound / fracture is
to be done to irrigate the contamination.
This combination of procedure is called as
Irrigation & Debridement ( I& D), mainly
done in case of open fracture.
72. NURSING MANAGEMENT:
Assessment:
– History taking.
– Assess the client & perform physical
examination.
– Record subjective and objective data.
73. Nursing Diagnosis with intervention:
1. Pain related to fracture as evidenced by
pain scale.
Goal- To reduce pain.
Interventions-
– Assess for pain intensity.
– Assess for fracture that decrease pain
tolerance.
– Reduce or eliminate the increased pain
experience.
– Stress and anxiety has to be monitored and
reduced.
– Administer analgesics as evidenced by doctor.
74. 2. Stress and anxiety related to treatment
regimen as evidenced by verbally expressed
feelings.
Goal- To reduce stress.
Interventions-
– Assist the person to reduce his present
level of anxiety.
– Provide resources and comfort.
– Decrease sensory stimulation.
– Reduce or eliminate problematic coping
mechanism.
75. 3. Disturbed body image related to amputation
as evidenced by low self esteem .
Goal- To improve self esteem.
Interventions-
– Establish a trusting nurse and client
relationship.
– Promote social interaction.
– Initiate health teaching.
76. 4. Activity intolerance related to immobilization
as evidenced by decreased activity.
Goal- To improve activity intolerance.
Interventions-
– Assess the knowledge of activity level.
– Monitor the individual’s response to
activity.
– Promote ambulation with or without
assistive devices.
– Provide sufficient support to ensure safety
and present feeling.
78. CONCLUSION
A Fracture is any disruption in the normal
continuity of a bone. When fracture
occurs, surrounding soft tissues are
often damaged as well.
It is a problem which needs immediate
collaborative care and management, if
the management is being delayed than
the complications can be lead…..
79. REFRENCES
• Lewis, Heitkemper, et al. (2011) A
Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing ,
Elsevier India pvt. Ltd. 1599-1612.
• Black J.M., et al. A Textbook of Medical
Surgical Nursing , Reed Elsevier India
pvt. Ltd. 8(1), 507- 524.
• http://
www.bmj,com/content/349/bmj.g6015