It Contains information about fourth Generation. The history of wireless communication till fourth generation. It contains details about multiplexing TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, OFDM.
Deep Mehta presented information on the history and development of wireless communication technologies. The document discussed the four generations of wireless technology: 1G was analog and provided speeds up to 9.6 Kbps; 2G introduced digital networks like GSM and provided speeds up to 14.4 Kbps; 3G supported broadband data up to 2 Mbps; and 4G is expected to provide speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps using OFDM technology. The document also examined the working of different multiple access technologies and how 4G will enable new mobile applications and enterprise benefits like high-speed connectivity.
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
This document provides an overview of third generation (3G) mobile communication systems. It discusses the motivation for 3G, including increasing demand for high-speed wireless data and multimedia services. Key aspects of 3G systems covered include the vision of supporting a wide range of new services with data rates up to 2 Mbps, the evolution from 2G systems, spectrum allocation, and potential applications. The document also summarizes wireless data service usage trends and the network architectures of different 3G technologies such as UMTS, CDMA2000, and GPRS.
This document summarizes the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G. It describes the key technologies and standards for each generation including 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks with text messaging, 2.5G networks adding low-speed data, and 3G supporting broadband multimedia. It also discusses some of the technical challenges faced and different approaches taken in the US and Europe during this evolution.
1) The 1st generation (1G) of mobile networks in the 1980s used analog signals and had disadvantages like poor voice quality and limited capacity.
2) The 2nd generation (2G) digital networks beginning in 1991 had benefits like encrypted calls and new data services like texting. Technologies included GSM, CDMA, and TDMA.
3) Improvements like 2.5G's GPRS and 2.75G's EDGE enabled faster data rates and limited web browsing between 2G and 3G.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
Detailed presentation on Wireless Communication Technologies.
The communication technology has evolved to provide lower latency network, faster and efficient data services.
The document summarizes 4G wireless network technology. 4G networks will provide transmission speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps using only packet-switched networks. Key objectives of 4G include high network capacity, seamless connectivity across networks, and support for multimedia applications requiring transmission of high-quality video and audio. 4G will rely on technologies like OFDMA and MIMO to achieve these goals and deliver an "all-IP" experience to users.
The document discusses 4G technology and its key components. 4G aims to provide high data rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility users and 1 Gbps for low mobility users. It will offer services like video streaming at high quality. Key technologies enabling 4G include OFDMA modulation, MIMO, smart antennas, SDR, and IPv6 mobility. Groups like 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WiMAX are working to develop 4G standards and targets are to deploy it by 2011 with data rates and services beyond those of 3G networks.
Deep Mehta presented information on the history and development of wireless communication technologies. The document discussed the four generations of wireless technology: 1G was analog and provided speeds up to 9.6 Kbps; 2G introduced digital networks like GSM and provided speeds up to 14.4 Kbps; 3G supported broadband data up to 2 Mbps; and 4G is expected to provide speeds from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps using OFDM technology. The document also examined the working of different multiple access technologies and how 4G will enable new mobile applications and enterprise benefits like high-speed connectivity.
4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of 3G, provides mobile broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with wireless modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
This document provides an overview of third generation (3G) mobile communication systems. It discusses the motivation for 3G, including increasing demand for high-speed wireless data and multimedia services. Key aspects of 3G systems covered include the vision of supporting a wide range of new services with data rates up to 2 Mbps, the evolution from 2G systems, spectrum allocation, and potential applications. The document also summarizes wireless data service usage trends and the network architectures of different 3G technologies such as UMTS, CDMA2000, and GPRS.
This document summarizes the evolution of cellular networks from 1G to 4G. It describes the key technologies and standards for each generation including 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks with text messaging, 2.5G networks adding low-speed data, and 3G supporting broadband multimedia. It also discusses some of the technical challenges faced and different approaches taken in the US and Europe during this evolution.
1) The 1st generation (1G) of mobile networks in the 1980s used analog signals and had disadvantages like poor voice quality and limited capacity.
2) The 2nd generation (2G) digital networks beginning in 1991 had benefits like encrypted calls and new data services like texting. Technologies included GSM, CDMA, and TDMA.
3) Improvements like 2.5G's GPRS and 2.75G's EDGE enabled faster data rates and limited web browsing between 2G and 3G.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
Detailed presentation on Wireless Communication Technologies.
The communication technology has evolved to provide lower latency network, faster and efficient data services.
The document summarizes 4G wireless network technology. 4G networks will provide transmission speeds from 100Mbps to 1Gbps using only packet-switched networks. Key objectives of 4G include high network capacity, seamless connectivity across networks, and support for multimedia applications requiring transmission of high-quality video and audio. 4G will rely on technologies like OFDMA and MIMO to achieve these goals and deliver an "all-IP" experience to users.
The document discusses 4G technology and its key components. 4G aims to provide high data rates of 100 Mbps for high mobility users and 1 Gbps for low mobility users. It will offer services like video streaming at high quality. Key technologies enabling 4G include OFDMA modulation, MIMO, smart antennas, SDR, and IPv6 mobility. Groups like 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WiMAX are working to develop 4G standards and targets are to deploy it by 2011 with data rates and services beyond those of 3G networks.
4G networks will integrate existing mobile technologies using advanced technologies like IPv6 addressing. They will offer higher speeds and bandwidth to support multimedia services. However, challenges remain around accessing different networks, managing terminal mobility across networks, and performing efficient handovers between networks and cells. Overcoming these challenges is important for fully realizing 4G's capabilities.
4G technology will provide faster wireless internet speeds of up to 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1 Gbps for stationary users. It will utilize a fully packetized network for optimized data transmission. 4G will offer broadband internet access for remote locations without existing internet infrastructure. It will also enhance mobile gaming experiences by allowing low-latency multiplayer gaming on the go or outdoors. 4G networks will incorporate various wireless technologies like Bluetooth, WiFi, and ad-hoc mesh networking for flexible internet connectivity.
The document provides an overview of wireless network generations from 0G to 4G. It discusses the key technologies and improvements of each generation including 0G (analog mobile radio), 1G (first generation of cellular networks), 2G (digital networks like GSM), 2.5G (GPRS), 3G (added data capabilities), and 4G (high-speed mobile internet). The 4G section describes technologies like OFDMA and MIMO that enable higher speeds and bandwidth. Applications of 4G include mobile broadband internet access, video calling, mobile TV, and cloud services.
The document discusses the need for 4G technology to provide high data rates, seamless connectivity between networks, and quality of service for multimedia applications. It describes how 4G aims to achieve data rates between 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps for both stationary and mobile devices using technologies like OFDM modulation, MIMO, smart antennas, and an all-IP network. The document outlines the expected evolution from 3G to 4G technologies by 2011 as groups work to achieve the key 4G components and deployment goals.
LTE is a 4G mobile communication technology developed by 3GPP to meet ITU standards for 4G. It uses OFDMA and SCFDMA techniques for data transfer and aims to increase network capacity and speed while reducing latency. LTE is classified as FDD, which uses paired frequencies for simultaneous upload and download, or TDD, which uses time-division multiplexing on a single frequency. LTE Advanced was later developed to better meet 4G specifications. While LTE provides faster speeds than previous technologies, drawbacks include high costs to transition networks and increased battery consumption.
Wireless communication and its standardsM.k. Praveen
The document discusses wireless communication standards and cellular technology. It provides an agenda covering topics like wireless communication, cellular technology, standards evolution, modulation and multiplexing techniques, and cellular standards like GSM and CDMA. It also discusses frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and the differences between the 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands used in cellular networks.
The document discusses 3G networking protocols used between the air interface and UTRAN in 3G networks. It examines key concepts like connection establishment, base station handover, and network timing synchronization which are required to provide continuous high quality mobile voice and data services. It then provides an overview of 3GPP protocols used across interfaces like Iub, Iu and Iur to manage functions between network elements like the Node B, RNC and core network. These multiple protocol stacks support control and user plane functions over the ATM-based transport network in 3G.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on 3G cellular telephony. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G to 3G networks, highlighting technologies like WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It covers applications of 3G like mobile TV and video calling. Advantages include improved voice quality and broadband data access. Challenges include a lack of killer apps and issues with global standards. The future may include 4G networks and technologies like WiMAX and greater spectral efficiency.
1) LTE utilizes technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO to improve data rates and spectral efficiency over previous standards. It employs an all-IP architecture with eNodeB base stations that connect directly to the EPC core instead of a central controller.
2) While LTE meets many 4G requirements, its peak rates are still below the standard's definition and it retains some circuit-switched elements.
3) Future enhancements like LTE-Advanced aim to fully comply with 4G through higher data rates and further network improvements.
1) Wireless communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog cellular to 4G broadband cellular networks, with each generation providing improved data capabilities.
2) Future wireless networks are moving to an all-IP architecture using a combination of technologies like WiFi, WWAN, and WLAN to provide higher speeds and capacity.
3) Key drivers for beyond 4G networks include meeting increasing demand for multimedia services, improving spectrum efficiency, and supporting data rates of 100Mbps for outdoor use and 1Gbps for indoor use.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
1G mobile networks used analog signals and FDMA technology which resulted in inefficient spectrum usage. 2G introduced GSM, using digital TDMA technology for improved capacity and security. Key aspects of 2G included encryption, SMS messaging, and SIM cards which enabled roaming and secure authentication. The core network components of 2G like HLR, VLR, and MSC enabled location management and call routing.
The document provides an overview of the Aircel company and its core business activities, which include 2G, 3G, and wireless broadband services. It then discusses the basic architecture of GSM networks, including key components like the base station subsystem (BSS), mobile station (MS), SIM card, and their functions. The BSS is responsible for radio network management and consists of base station controllers (BSC), base transceiver stations (BTS), and transcoder units. The SIM card identifies subscribers and supports authentication, while the MSISDN and IMSI are subscriber identification numbers.
The document discusses 3G vs 4G mobile technology. It provides an overview of 1G and 2G networks, and then defines 3G as the third generation of wireless technology focused on faster services like voice, fax and internet. It outlines some key differences between 1G, 2G and 3G. The document then discusses benefits and issues with 3G, before defining 4G as the successor to 3G focused on being entirely packet-switched with higher bandwidth up to 100Mbps. Key features of 4G networks are listed such as being IP-based and supporting new multimedia services. Challenges to deploying 4G like accessing different networks and providing terminal mobility are also summarized.
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. 1G networks used analog signals and standards like NMT, AMPS, and TACS. 2G introduced digital cellular and standards like GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 2.5G provided upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA2000 1x to support higher data rates. 3G networks supported broadband data and included W-CDMA and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide fully integrated IP services with speeds over 100 Mbps.
PPT about 4G technology which I made for my college purpose.
PPT displays Evolution, Architecture, Working Procedure, Advantages and Disadvantages of 4T Technology.
Background images: Google Image Search
This document discusses multiple access techniques for mobile communications, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It provides details on how each technique works, such as FDMA assigning each subscriber a specific frequency channel to avoid interference, TDMA giving each user a short time slot to transmit within to share a frequency channel, and CDMA using special codes to allow numerous signals to occupy a single channel simultaneously while maintaining privacy. The document also summarizes the key steps in generating a CDMA signal, including analog to digital conversion, voice compression, encoding, channelization, and conversion to a radio frequency for transmission.
The document discusses multiplexing and multiple access techniques. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDM separates a shared transmission medium into different frequency channels. TDM allows multiple signals to share the same transmission medium by dividing the signal into different time slots. CDM uses unique codes to distinguish between signals transmitted over the same shared band. CDMA is a multiple access scheme that uses spread spectrum technology and pseudo-random codes.
4G networks will integrate existing mobile technologies using advanced technologies like IPv6 addressing. They will offer higher speeds and bandwidth to support multimedia services. However, challenges remain around accessing different networks, managing terminal mobility across networks, and performing efficient handovers between networks and cells. Overcoming these challenges is important for fully realizing 4G's capabilities.
4G technology will provide faster wireless internet speeds of up to 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1 Gbps for stationary users. It will utilize a fully packetized network for optimized data transmission. 4G will offer broadband internet access for remote locations without existing internet infrastructure. It will also enhance mobile gaming experiences by allowing low-latency multiplayer gaming on the go or outdoors. 4G networks will incorporate various wireless technologies like Bluetooth, WiFi, and ad-hoc mesh networking for flexible internet connectivity.
The document provides an overview of wireless network generations from 0G to 4G. It discusses the key technologies and improvements of each generation including 0G (analog mobile radio), 1G (first generation of cellular networks), 2G (digital networks like GSM), 2.5G (GPRS), 3G (added data capabilities), and 4G (high-speed mobile internet). The 4G section describes technologies like OFDMA and MIMO that enable higher speeds and bandwidth. Applications of 4G include mobile broadband internet access, video calling, mobile TV, and cloud services.
The document discusses the need for 4G technology to provide high data rates, seamless connectivity between networks, and quality of service for multimedia applications. It describes how 4G aims to achieve data rates between 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps for both stationary and mobile devices using technologies like OFDM modulation, MIMO, smart antennas, and an all-IP network. The document outlines the expected evolution from 3G to 4G technologies by 2011 as groups work to achieve the key 4G components and deployment goals.
LTE is a 4G mobile communication technology developed by 3GPP to meet ITU standards for 4G. It uses OFDMA and SCFDMA techniques for data transfer and aims to increase network capacity and speed while reducing latency. LTE is classified as FDD, which uses paired frequencies for simultaneous upload and download, or TDD, which uses time-division multiplexing on a single frequency. LTE Advanced was later developed to better meet 4G specifications. While LTE provides faster speeds than previous technologies, drawbacks include high costs to transition networks and increased battery consumption.
Wireless communication and its standardsM.k. Praveen
The document discusses wireless communication standards and cellular technology. It provides an agenda covering topics like wireless communication, cellular technology, standards evolution, modulation and multiplexing techniques, and cellular standards like GSM and CDMA. It also discusses frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), and the differences between the 900MHz and 1800MHz frequency bands used in cellular networks.
The document discusses 3G networking protocols used between the air interface and UTRAN in 3G networks. It examines key concepts like connection establishment, base station handover, and network timing synchronization which are required to provide continuous high quality mobile voice and data services. It then provides an overview of 3GPP protocols used across interfaces like Iub, Iu and Iur to manage functions between network elements like the Node B, RNC and core network. These multiple protocol stacks support control and user plane functions over the ATM-based transport network in 3G.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on 3G cellular telephony. It discusses the evolution from 1G to 2G to 3G networks, highlighting technologies like WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA. It covers applications of 3G like mobile TV and video calling. Advantages include improved voice quality and broadband data access. Challenges include a lack of killer apps and issues with global standards. The future may include 4G networks and technologies like WiMAX and greater spectral efficiency.
1) LTE utilizes technologies such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and MIMO to improve data rates and spectral efficiency over previous standards. It employs an all-IP architecture with eNodeB base stations that connect directly to the EPC core instead of a central controller.
2) While LTE meets many 4G requirements, its peak rates are still below the standard's definition and it retains some circuit-switched elements.
3) Future enhancements like LTE-Advanced aim to fully comply with 4G through higher data rates and further network improvements.
1) Wireless communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog cellular to 4G broadband cellular networks, with each generation providing improved data capabilities.
2) Future wireless networks are moving to an all-IP architecture using a combination of technologies like WiFi, WWAN, and WLAN to provide higher speeds and capacity.
3) Key drivers for beyond 4G networks include meeting increasing demand for multimedia services, improving spectrum efficiency, and supporting data rates of 100Mbps for outdoor use and 1Gbps for indoor use.
This document provides an introduction to wireless communication and wireless application protocol (WAP). It discusses the benefits of wireless communication like freedom from wires and global coverage. It also covers some of the technical challenges in wireless communication like efficient use of spectrum, mobility support, and maintaining quality of service over unreliable links. It defines wireless communication and differentiates between wireless and mobile. It also describes various types of wireless technologies and their limitations.
1G mobile networks used analog signals and FDMA technology which resulted in inefficient spectrum usage. 2G introduced GSM, using digital TDMA technology for improved capacity and security. Key aspects of 2G included encryption, SMS messaging, and SIM cards which enabled roaming and secure authentication. The core network components of 2G like HLR, VLR, and MSC enabled location management and call routing.
The document provides an overview of the Aircel company and its core business activities, which include 2G, 3G, and wireless broadband services. It then discusses the basic architecture of GSM networks, including key components like the base station subsystem (BSS), mobile station (MS), SIM card, and their functions. The BSS is responsible for radio network management and consists of base station controllers (BSC), base transceiver stations (BTS), and transcoder units. The SIM card identifies subscribers and supports authentication, while the MSISDN and IMSI are subscriber identification numbers.
The document discusses 3G vs 4G mobile technology. It provides an overview of 1G and 2G networks, and then defines 3G as the third generation of wireless technology focused on faster services like voice, fax and internet. It outlines some key differences between 1G, 2G and 3G. The document then discusses benefits and issues with 3G, before defining 4G as the successor to 3G focused on being entirely packet-switched with higher bandwidth up to 100Mbps. Key features of 4G networks are listed such as being IP-based and supporting new multimedia services. Challenges to deploying 4G like accessing different networks and providing terminal mobility are also summarized.
The document summarizes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G. 1G networks used analog signals and standards like NMT, AMPS, and TACS. 2G introduced digital cellular and standards like GSM, CDMA, and IS-136. 2.5G provided upgrades like GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA2000 1x to support higher data rates. 3G networks supported broadband data and included W-CDMA and CDMA2000. 4G aims to provide fully integrated IP services with speeds over 100 Mbps.
PPT about 4G technology which I made for my college purpose.
PPT displays Evolution, Architecture, Working Procedure, Advantages and Disadvantages of 4T Technology.
Background images: Google Image Search
This document discusses multiple access techniques for mobile communications, including Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It provides details on how each technique works, such as FDMA assigning each subscriber a specific frequency channel to avoid interference, TDMA giving each user a short time slot to transmit within to share a frequency channel, and CDMA using special codes to allow numerous signals to occupy a single channel simultaneously while maintaining privacy. The document also summarizes the key steps in generating a CDMA signal, including analog to digital conversion, voice compression, encoding, channelization, and conversion to a radio frequency for transmission.
The document discusses multiplexing and multiple access techniques. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), and code division multiple access (CDMA). FDM separates a shared transmission medium into different frequency channels. TDM allows multiple signals to share the same transmission medium by dividing the signal into different time slots. CDM uses unique codes to distinguish between signals transmitted over the same shared band. CDMA is a multiple access scheme that uses spread spectrum technology and pseudo-random codes.
This document provides a course syllabus on mobile and wireless communications. The syllabus covers 4 units:
1) Wireless transmission fundamentals like frequencies, signals, and propagation effects
2) Multiplexing techniques including FDM, TDM, CDMA, and modulation methods
3) Access control mechanisms like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and their performance
4) Wireless networks including satellite, WLAN, WATM networks and protocols
It also lists recommended textbooks for the course.
The document summarizes the evolution of multiple access techniques used in mobile communications systems over time. Early systems used simplex or half duplex frequency modulation. Cellular concepts and frequency division duplexing were developed in the 1950s-1960s. The first US cellular system was AMPS in 1983, using FDMA. Later, digital cellular and CDMA were introduced, using time division multiple access and code division multiple access respectively. Multiple access techniques allow sharing of bandwidth among users and include FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and their variations.
5G wireless technology will offer significantly higher bandwidth and connectivity compared to 4G. It will allow for improved data transmission capabilities and connectivity worldwide. 5G aims to address limitations of 4G networks and offer services like high-speed internet access, improved coverage, and support for a greater number of connected devices.
AlphaGo: Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree SearchKarel Ha
the presentation of the article "Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search" given at the Optimization Seminar 2015/2016
Notes:
- All URLs are clickable.
- All citations are clickable (when hovered over the "year" part of "[author year]").
- To download without a SlideShare account, use https://www.dropbox.com/s/p4rnlhoewbedkjg/AlphaGo.pdf?dl=0
- The corresponding leaflet is available at http://www.slideshare.net/KarelHa1/leaflet-for-the-talk-on-alphago
- The source code is available at https://github.com/mathemage/AlphaGo-presentation
This document summarizes different types of multiplexing techniques used in communication systems:
1) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). FDM separates users by allocating different frequency bands, TDM separates users by assigning different time slots, WDM separates signals using different wavelengths of light, and CDMA separates users by encoding data with unique spreading codes.
2) TDM uses a commutator to sample multiple signals and transmit them serially, with each user getting a time slot. TDMA divides a time frame into slots and assigns each user a slot.
3) W
Wireless LANs (WLANs) allow computers to connect to a local network using radio transmissions rather than wires. They use technologies like Wi-Fi that transmit data over the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz radio bands. WLANs provide mobility within a limited range and can be used to avoid installing network cables. However, they have less range than wired networks and can experience interference from other devices.
This document provides an introduction to communication systems, including why modulation is needed, the basic components of transmitters and receivers, and different multiplexing techniques. It discusses how modulation converts information to radio frequencies for transmission, and how receivers convert the signals back down for processing. It also outlines several multiple access techniques used in cellular systems, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, and provides block diagrams of cellular phone components.
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in telecommunications to transmit multiple signals over a shared medium. It involves dividing a signal into multiple time slots and assigning each slot to a different signal. TDM was initially developed for telegraphy in 1870 and is now widely used. It is used in digital networks like TDM telephone networks and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks to efficiently allocate bandwidth to multiple signals or data streams. Common examples of TDM include digitally transmitting multiple telephone calls over the same cable or interleaving left and right stereo signals in an audio file.
This document discusses multiple access techniques for wireless communications, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA. It provides details on how each technique works and its advantages and disadvantages. FDMA divides the frequency band into channels that can be assigned to individual users. TDMA divides each channel into time slots that can be assigned to users. CDMA allows all users to use the whole available bandwidth simultaneously by using unique codes to distinguish users.
The document discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). It provides examples of how each technique works, such as using different carrier frequencies for FDM, assigning time slots to each channel for TDM, and multiplying data values by unique code sequences for CDM. The techniques allow multiple signals to be combined and transmitted over a shared medium then separated again at the receiving end.
This document provides an overview of 4G technology, including its key features and evolution. It discusses the applications of 4G, the telecom companies developing 4G networks, the infrastructure required, and technologies used such as OFDM. The document also summarizes the effects of radio communications and concludes that 4G will converge networks and technologies, providing opportunities for carriers while changing people's lives.
This document provides an overview of 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G wireless technologies. It discusses the development and key features of each generation. 1G systems from the 1980s supported early analog cell phones at speeds up to 2.4 kbps. 2G digital systems from the late 1980s to 1990s enabled voice transmission at speeds up to 64 kbps. 3G systems developed in the late 1990s support higher bandwidth applications like video streaming at speeds from 144 kbps to 2 Mbps. 4G systems, expected from 2010 onward, will provide even faster speeds of 100 Mbps for mobility and 1 Gbps when stationary through fully packet-switched networks optimized for data.
4G is not defined by a single technology, but rather a collection of technologies that create fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. 4G networks are projected to provide speeds of 100Mbps for mobile users and 1Gbps for stationary users. The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 0G to 4G. It describes the characteristics of 1G, 2G, 3G networks and how they improved over previous generations in terms of digitalization, data speeds and capacity. 4G networks are expected to provide broadband services with speeds over 100Mbps, seamless switching between networks, and integration of technologies like WiFi and Bluetooth.
This document summarizes the different generations of mobile networks from 0G to 4G. It discusses the key technologies and improvements of each generation, including the introduction of digital networks and data services in 2G, increased speeds up to 2Mbps for 3G networks using WCDMA, and the goal of 4G networks to provide speeds up to 100Mbps using LTE and technologies like MIMO and ad hoc networks. The timeline shows the development and implementations of each generation from 1970 to the present.
This document summarizes the different generations of mobile networks from 0G to 4G. It provides details on the key technologies and standards of each generation including 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, LTE, and 4G. The main technologies discussed are TDMA, CDMA, GSM, UMTS, WCDMA, LTE, and MIMO. It highlights the increasing data speeds and capabilities from early analog networks to current digital networks that support broadband internet access on mobile devices.
This document discusses the four generations of cellular phone technology. 1G used analog signals and had poor voice quality. 2G introduced digital modulation and standards like GSM, improving audio quality but unable to support complex data. 3G used CDMA and allowed limited data services like texting but had high bandwidth and licensing costs. 4G technologies like LTE provide higher bandwidth for applications like video streaming, faster speeds, and location services through technologies like OFDM, but have challenges including synchronization and sensitivity to frequency offset.
4G is a successor to 3G and 2G wireless networks. It aims to provide high speed data rates of up to 20 Mbps and above using technologies like OFDM and MIMO. Some key goals of 4G include supporting all-IP networks with a variety of multimedia services and voice/data convergence over IP with high quality of service. However, 4G also faces challenges like higher battery usage and more complex hardware requirements.
3G is the next generation of technology which has revolutionized the telecommunication industry. Apart from increasing the speed of communication, the objective of this technology is to provide various value-added services like video calling, live streaming, mobile internet access, IPTV, etc on the mobile phones. These services are possible because the 3G spectrum provides the necessary bandwidth.
4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
This document discusses 4G technology and its advantages over previous generations of wireless networks. 4G networks will provide significantly higher data rates of up to 1 Gbps for stationary users and 100 Mbps for mobile users. They will be fully IP-based and allow seamless integration of various wireless technologies including cellular, WiFi, and Bluetooth. Key technologies enabling 4G networks include OFDM, MIMO, and adaptive modulation and coding. 4G will support multimedia applications like mobile TV, video chat, and provide anytime, anywhere access to services like voice, data, GPS. Some examples of 4G applications mentioned are virtual presence, virtual navigation, and telemedicine.
A brief overview about the cell phone. Features, abbreviations and other ... That undoubtedly often wonder what it means.
Several sites, which allowed me to gather this information to share with you.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communications technology from 1G to 5G standards. It provides details on the key technologies, features, and limitations of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice only, while 2G introduced digital networks. 3G enabled broadband data and multimedia. 4G aimed for ultra-broadband speeds up to 1Gbps. 5G is expected to offer wireless internet access with almost no limitations at speeds over 1Gbps. Each new standard aimed to improve on the capabilities and speeds of prior generations.
mobile communication for student and lecturenovrain1
Generations of mobile communications have evolved from 1G analog radio telephones to today's 4G digital cellular networks. Early 1G systems used analog signals and frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) to provide only voice calling. 2G digital systems like GSM introduced text messaging and improved voice quality. 3G networks enabled multimedia and broadband data but had high costs. 4G standards like LTE provide speeds up to 1 Gbps for video streaming and wireless internet comparable to home broadband. Each generation brings higher speeds and more advanced connectivity for mobile users.
4G refers to the next generation of wireless technology that promises higher data rates and expanded multimedia services. It is defined as a fully IP-based integrated system providing 100 Mbps outdoors and 1 Gbps indoors, with quality of service and security, offering customized personal services anywhere through seamless interoperability using technologies like OFDM, MIMO and IPv6. Research is ongoing to build 4G networks through approaches like lower prices, more spectrum coordination, and standardization while addressing issues like security, lack of standards and wireless spam.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile network generations from 1G to 5G. It provides information on each generation including introduction dates, key technologies used, and data speeds. 1G introduced analog cellular networks with speeds up to 2.4 kbps in the 1980s. 2G brought digital networks in the late 1980s with speeds up to 64 kbps. 2.5G networks like GPRS extended 2G using packet switching. 3G aimed to eliminate problems of prior networks with speeds from 125 kbps to 2 Mbps. 4G focused on high-speed data access and global roaming. 5G is expected to offer data rates over 1 Gbps on a global scale with flexible networks.
4G networks are projected to provide speeds up to 100Mbps for mobile use and 1Gbps when stationary. 4G standards include LTE and WiMAX and allow the use of multiple technologies like GPS, WLANs, and CDMA simultaneously for integrated wireless solutions. Key features of 4G include higher speeds, lower latency, improved connectivity, and support for multimedia applications.
4G mobile communication systems aim to provide improved voice and high-definition video services over 3G, as well as high-speed wireless data channels. 4G is defined broadly as broadband wireless access not limited to cellular networks. It promises services like video calling, streaming media, and location-based functionality. 4G aims to achieve ultra-broadband speeds of 20-100 Mbps for applications like movies and television. It transitions from analog to digital signals to improve quality and add data capabilities with each generation from 1G to 4G.
1. 1G wireless networks used analog signals which could be intercepted, had low capacity, and unreliable voice quality. 2G introduced digital signals, SMS, and email but still had slow data speeds around 10kbps. 3G brought higher speeds up to 2Mbps, supported new services like video calls and streaming.
2. Common 2G standards included GSM, IS-136, and PDC. CDMA2000 and W-CDMA were major 3G standards using CDMA and W-CDMA technologies respectively. 2.5G technologies like GPRS provided some 3G capabilities on existing 2G networks.
3. EDGE improved 2G network speeds up to 384kbps while maintaining
Mobile communication technologies have evolved from 1G analog networks to 2G digital networks to 3G networks that allow data and voice. 4G networks aim to provide speeds of 100Mbps to 1Gbps using technologies like LTE and WiMax. 5G is envisioned to provide even higher bandwidth and connectivity through technologies that have not been fully developed yet. Each generation brings higher speeds and more advanced applications, but also faces challenges in areas like costs, bandwidth requirements, and developing technology standards.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
3. Content History of Wireless Communication. Working of Different Access Channels Used in Communication. Deep Mehta
4. History of Wireless Communication There are 4 different types of Generation developed and they are as follows:- First Generation (1G) Second Generation (2G) Third Generation (3G) Fourth Generation (4G) Deep Mehta
5. First Generation (1G) Analog Telecommunication. AMPS. Upto 9.6 Kbps. Simplest type of wireless data communication. Deep Mehta
6. First Generation (1G)(AMPS)(1970-80) The 1G, or First Generation. 1G was an analog system, and was developed in the seventies, 1G had two major improvements, this was the invention of the microprocessor, and the digital transform of the control link between the phone and the cell site. Advance Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was first launched by the US and is a 1G mobile system. Based on FDMA, it allows users to make voice calls in 1 country. “1G was developed on the basis of IMTS & uses AMPS Technology” Deep Mehta
7. First Generation (1G)(AMPS)(1970-80) Services provided: Analog voice, Synchronous data upto 9.6 Kbps. Standards used: Advanced Mobile Phone Services(AMPS). Data Bandwidth: 1.9 Kbps Multiplexing: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA). Core Network: Public Switched Telephone Nework (PSTN). “Short History of 1G Technology” Deep Mehta
8. Second Generation (2G) (GSM,CDMA,EDGE,TDMA)(1980 till today) Digital Signal GSM,CDMA,TDMA. Upto 14.4 Kbps. Bit Complex then 1G. Deep Mehta
9. Second Generation (2G) (GSM,CDMA,EDGE,TDMA)(1980 till today) 2G first appeared around the end of the 1980’s, the 2G system Digitized the voice signal, as well as the control link. This new digital system gave a lot better quality and much more capacity (i.e. more people could use there phones at the same time), all at a lower cost to the end consumer. Based on TDMA, the first commercial network for use by the public was the Global system for mobile communication (GSM). Allows Low power radio signals which Saves Batter. “Good voice quality & Mobile Saves Battery” Deep Mehta
10. Second Generation (2G) (GSM,CDMA,EDGE,TDMA)(1980 till today) Digital Data can be Compressed & Multiplexed much more effectively than Analog Voice Encoding Data. “Effective Data Encoding” Deep Mehta
11. Second Generation (2G)(GSM,CDMA,EDGE,TDMA)(1980 till today) Digital Voice Encoders Allows Better Error Checking. Better sound quality then 1G. Lowers Noise level as compared to 1G. Full Digital Data Transmission. Introduction of Short Message Service (SMS), E-Mail in this technology. “Good sound, less noise, new services introduced.” Deep Mehta
12. Second Generation (2G)(GSM,CDMA,EDGE,TDMA)(1980 till today) Disadvantage: Cell Towers have limited Coverage area. Abrupt call drops. Sound Reduction. Spotty Coverage. “limited coverage & less network strength.” Deep Mehta
13. Second Generation (2G) (GSM,CDMA,EDGE,TDMA)(1980 till today) Services: Digital Voice, Short Message Service (SMS), GPRS, E-Mail. Standards: Global System for Mobile(GSM), Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access(TDMA). Data Bandwidth: 14.4 Kbps. Multiplexing: TDMA, CDMA. Core Network: Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN). “Short info of 2G Technology.” Deep Mehta
14. Third Generation (3G) (UMTS,WCDMA,CDMA2000) (2000 till today) High Speed Data Transmission UMTS,WCDMA,CDMA2000 Upto 2 Mbps Higher Capacity then 2G & 1G Deep Mehta
15. Third Generation (3G) (UMTS,WCDMA,CDMA2000) (2000 till today) Larger Capacity & Broadband Capabilities. Allows the transmission of 384 Kbps to 2Mbps. 3G systems promise faster communications services, entailing voice, fax and Internet data transfer capabilities, the aim of 3G is to provide these services any time, anywhere throughout the globe, with seamless roaming between standards. Evolution of 2G & 2.5G technology. “Higher Capacity, Faster, Accurate, Global.” Deep Mehta
16. Third Generation (3G) (UMTS,WCDMA,CDMA2000) (2000 till today) ITU’s IMT-2000 is a global standard for 3G and has opened new doors to enabling innovative services and application for instance, multimedia entertainment, and location-based services, as well as a whole lot more. In 2001, Japan saw the first 3G network launched. 3G technology supports around 144 Kbps, with high speed movement, i.e. in a vehicle. 384 Kbps locally, and up to 2Mbps for fixed stations. “Location based service at high-speed.” Deep Mehta
17. Third Generation (3G) (UMTS,WCDMA,CDMA2000) (2000 till today) A greater number of user that can be simultaneously supported by a radio frequency bandwidth. High Data rates at lower increment cost than 2G. Global roaming. Greater use of smart phones & PDA(Personal Digital Assistant). Higher connectivity than 2G. Separate channel for Voice & Data. “Multi-user support, higher connectivity, diff. Channels.” Deep Mehta
18. Third Generation (3G) (UMTS,WCDMA,CDMA2000) (2000 till today) Services: Higher Capacity, Broadband Data upto 2Mbps. Standards: Wideband CDMA, CDMA2000. Data Bandwidth: 2 Mbps Multiplexing: CDMA Core Network: Packet Network. “Short info of 3G Technology.” Deep Mehta
19. Fourth Generation (4G) (OFDM) (2005 till today) Ultra High Speed Data Transmission OFDM From 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. Will be the BEST. Deep Mehta
20. Fourth Generation (4G) (OFDM) (2005 till today) 4G will change the way we work, live and play. Cheap end user costs, fast, always on, reliable connectivity, where ever you are, what ever your doing. Some people view 3G as a stop gap until the real 4G network arrives, something which is due around 2010, and will impact every one, every where. 4G will provide unconceivable amounts of bandwidth to the palm of a user. “Will make world Dynamic, Fast, Easier to Access.” Deep Mehta
21. Fourth Generation (4G) (OFDM) (2005 till today) Matching current Local Area Network speeds, 4G networks will provide 100MBps on the move. This is enough for studio quality video, multi channel surround sound and much more. 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) – the next generation in access technologies. Some possible IEEE standards for the 4G system are 802.20. “Based on OFDM Technology.” Deep Mehta
22. Fourth Generation (4G) (OFDM) (2005 till today) Services: Higher Capacity, Completely IP-Oriented, Multimedia, High Data Rate Transfer. Standards: Single Standards. Data Bandwidth: Higher than 100 Mbps Multiplexing: OFDM Core Network: Internet. “Short info of 4G Technology.” Deep Mehta
28. Working of Different Access Channels Used in Communication Code Division Multiple Access (2G,3G). Frequency Division Multiple Access (1G). Time Division Multiple Access(2G). Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (4G). Deep Mehta
29. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple access technique. A spread spectrum technique spreads the bandwidth of the data uniformly for the same transmitted power. Deep Mehta
30. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) FDMA divides the given spectrum into channels by the frequency domain. Each phone call is allocated one channel for the entire duration of the call. In the figure above, each band represents one call. Deep Mehta
31. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) TDMA enhances FDMA by further dividing the spectrum into channels by the time domain as well. A channel in the frequency domain is divided among multiple users. Each phone call is allocated a spot in the channel for a small amount of time, and "takes turns" being transmitted. Deep Mehta
33. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) OFDM involves sending several signals at one given time over several different frequency channels, or subcarriers. In our case, the usable frequency range of our equipment will be determined, and that frequency range will be divided into a certain number of channels. At any given time interval during transmission, each subcarrier will be transmitting data. An illustration of OFDM for one time instance is given. Deep Mehta
34. That’s All Thank You For Your Time ..!! Any Questions..? Deep Mehta