The document discusses the evolution of mobile communications technology from 1G to 5G standards. It provides details on the key technologies, features, and limitations of each generation. 1G systems used analog signals for voice only, while 2G introduced digital networks. 3G enabled broadband data and multimedia. 4G aimed for ultra-broadband speeds up to 1Gbps. 5G is expected to offer wireless internet access with almost no limitations at speeds over 1Gbps. Each new standard aimed to improve on the capabilities and speeds of prior generations.

1. Generations of
mobile
communications
& its
standards
M.Sivakumar(Lecturer)
JNTUCE,Pulivendula
Kadapa-Andrapradesh

2.  Pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio
telephones that some had in cars before the arrival of cell phones.
 Communication was possible through voice only.
 These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks.
 Technologies :
PTT(Push to Talk)
MTS (Mobile Telephone System)
IMTS (Improved MTS)

3. First Mobile Radio Telephone-1924

4. First Generation Cellular Systems
 First generation (1G) of cellular systems introduced in the late
1970s and early 1980s
 Evolved out of the growing number of mobile communication
users
 The use of semiconductor technology and microprocessors made
mobile devices smaller and lighter
 1G systems were based on analogue communication in the
900MHz frequency range
 Voice transmission only – easy to tap
 The most prominent 1G systems are
 Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) - America
 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) - France
 Total Access Communications System (TACS) – UK
 Jan 1985 Vodafone introduced the TACS system

5. First Generation Cellular Systems
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 Splits allocated spectrum into 30 channels, each channel is 30kHz
 Allocates a single channel to each established phone call
 The channel is agreed with the serving base-station before
transmission takes place on agreed and reserved channel
 Channel used by device to transmit and receive on this channel
 Ineffective methods since each analogue channel can only be used
by one user at a time
 FDMA does not take full advantage of available spectrum

6. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
First Generation Cellular Systems
Frequency

7. DRAWBACKS OF 1G
Poor Voice Quality
Poor Battery Life
Large Phone Size
No Security
Limited Capacity
Poor Handoff Reliability
1G Wireless System
Drawbacks of 1G

8. Region America Europe Japan
Parameter AMPS ETACS NTT
Multiple Access FDMA FDMA FDMA
Duplexing FDD FDD FDD
Forward Channel 869-894 MHZ 935-960 MHZ 870-885 MHZ
Reverse Channel 824-849 MHZ 890-915 MHZ 925-940 MHZ
Channel Spacing 30 KHZ 25 KHZ 25 KHZ
Data Rate 10 Kbps 8 Kbps 0.3 Kbps
Capacity 832 Channels 1000 Channels 600 Channels
AMPS: Advanced mobile phone system
ETACS: European Total Access Comm. system
NTT: Nippon Telephone and Telegraph

9. Second Generation Cellular Systems
 Development driven by the need to improve speech quality,
system capacity, coverage and security
 First system that used digital transmission
 Examples of Second Generation (2G) cellular systems ...
 Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in the US,
 Personal Digital Communication (PDC) in Japan,
 Intrim Standard `94 (IS-94) in Korea and the US
 Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
 The GSM standard was defined by ETSI in 1989
 Originally called “ Groupe Spéciale Mobile which later changed
to the English version
 A majority of countries over the world have adopted GSM900
and the GSM1800 which are all based on the same original
GSM specification.
 The US uses an additional GSM 1900

10. 2G TECHNOLOGY
 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is
based on GSM.
 It was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
 2G network use digital signals.
 It’s data speed was upto 64kbps.
Features Includes:
 It enables services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (multi media message).
 It provides better quality and capacity .

11. 2G
 2G requires strong digital signals
to help mobile phones work. If there
is no network coverage in any specific
area , digital signals would weak.
 These systems are unable to
handle complex data such as Videos.
2G Wireless System
DRAWBACKS OF 3G

12. 2.5G Technology
 2.5G is a technology between the second (2G) and
third (3G) generation of mobile telephony.
 2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular
Technology combined with GPRS.
Features Includes:
 Phone Calls
 Send/Receive E-mail Messages
 Web Browsing
 Speed : 64-144 kbps
 Camera Phones
 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3 mins. Mp3 song

13. & 2.5 Digital Cellular System
Generation Technology Voice Data
Rate
2G GSM 10 Kbps
2G CDMA 10Kbps
2.5G GPRS 50Kbps
2.75 EDGE 200kbps
GPRS : General packet radio service.
EDGE : Enhanced Data For GSM Evolution

14. 3rd GENERATION
2G networks were built mainly for voice data and slow
transmission. Due to rapid changes in user expectation, they
do not meet today's wireless needs.
3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and
non-voice data over the same network simultaneously.
Applications :
Internet, e-mail, fax, e-commerce, music,
video clips, and videoconferencing
The aim of the 3G is to allow for more coverage and growth
with minimum investment.

15. 3G TECHNOLOGY
3G technology refer to third generation which was
introduced in year 2000s.
Data Transmission speed increased from
144kbps- 2Mbps.
Typically called Smart Phones and
features increased its bandwidth
and data transfer rates to accommodate
web-based applications and audio
and video files.

16. Feature of 3G Technology OF 3G
TECHNOLOGY
 Providing Faster Communication
 Send/Receive Large Email Messages
 High Speed Web / More Security
Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming
 TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
 Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities
 11 sec – 1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

17. DRAWBACKS OF 3G TECHNOLOGY
 Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services
 It was challenge to build the infrastructure
for 3G
 High Bandwidth Requirement
 Expensive 3G Phones.
 Large Cell Phones

18. 3G Cellular System Standards.
Generation Technology Data Rate
3G WCDMA/U
MTS
384 Kbps 10Kbps-
voice & 50
Kbps for
data
3G CDMA 384 Kbps
3G HSDPA/HSU
PA
5-30 Mbps
3.5G 1X EVDO
A,B,C
5-30 Mbps
WCDMA: wide band CDMA
UMTS: Universal mobile telecomm. Standards
HSDPA/HSUPA: High speed down link or uplink packet
access
1x EVDO: Evaluation data Optimized.

20. 2G
1G
3G 1.High bandwidth requirement.
2. High spectrum licensing fees.
3.Huge capital.
The GSM is a circuit switched, connection oriented
technology, where the end systems are dedicated for the
entire call session. This causes inefficiency in usage of
bandwidth and resources. They are unable to handle
complex data such as video.
Poor voice quality, Poor battery life, Large phone size, No
security, frequent call drops, Limited capacity and poor
handoff reliability.

21. 4th GENERATION
• 4G development focuses around achieving ultra-
broadband speeds, competing with and in some cases
outstripping the speeds provided by your home internet
connection.
• 4G average speeds are targeted to be in the 100Mbps to
1Gbps range, roughly 10 to 100 times (dependent on
location) faster than 3G networks. At that rate, that 4-
minute MP3 download would take you mere seconds.
• A 4G phone can run on a 3G network just fine, and it’ll be
ready for the 4G revolution when the time comes.

22. • There are two major systems in U.S, which are using the 4G
mobile technology – WiMax, backed by Clearwire and Long
Term Evolution or LTE.
• WiMax’s majority owner is Sprint Nextel. Sprint currently has
two mobile phones, the HTC Evo and the Samsung Epic,
which achieve speeds 10 times faster than 3G; coverage is
still limited to major metropolitan cities. Outside of these
areas, data speeds revert to 3G.
• Long Term Evolution is backed by Verizon. According to
cnet, Verizon has completed initial 4G wireless test, but not
available for widespread use until end of 2012.

23. Features include:
- A spectrally efficient system
- High network capacity
- Huge data rate
- Perfect connectivity & global roaming
- High quality of service
- Security & Privacy
Speed:
The data transfer is 100 Mbps for outdoor and 1Gbps
for indoor.
The word “MAGIC” also refers to 4G wireless
technology which stands for
Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility
solutions over, Integrated wireless and Customized
services.

24. The design is that 4G will be based on OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing), which is the key enabler
of 4G technology. Other technological aspects of 4G are
adaptive processing and smart antennas, both of which will
be used in 3G networks and enhance rates when used in
with OFDM

25. High-speed data access
High quality streaming video
Combination of wi- fi and wi-max
Capable of providing 100Mbps – 1Gbps speed.
One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.
MAGIC:
Mobile Multimedia
Anytime Anywhere
Global Mobility Support
Integrated Wireless Solution
Customized Personal Services
Also known as Mobile Broadband Everywhere.
4G TECHNOLOGY

26. 4G (Anytime, Anywhere)
The next generations of wireless technology that promises
higher data rates and expanded multimedia services.
Capable to provide speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.
High QOS and High Security
Provide any kind of service at any time as per user requirements,
anywhere.
Features Include:
 More Security
 High Speed
 High Capacity
 Low Cost Per-bit etc.

27. DRAWBACKS OF 4G
Battery uses is more
Hard to implement
Need complicated hardware
Expensive equipment required
to implement next generation
network.

28. Generation Technology Data rate
4G LTE
(Long term
evaluation)
100-200Mbps
4G WiMax
(world wide
Interapability
For micro wave
access )
100-200Mbps

29. COMPARISON BETWEEN 3G Vs 4G
Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec
Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband
Mobile - TV Resolution Low High
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz
Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz
Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps
The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal
quality.

31. Figure: Evolution of Mobile system from 2G
to 3G

32.  LTE is a standard for wireless communication of
high-speed data for mobile phones and data
terminals.
 Supports at least 200 active data clients in every
5 MHz cell.
 It is based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA
network technologies, increasing the capacity and
speed using new modulation techniques.
 Ability to manage fast moving mobiles and
supports MBSFN (Multicast Broadcast Single
Frequency Network).
 It can deliver services such as Mobile TV

33.  Formally submitted as a candidate 4G system to
ITU-T in late 2009, was approved into ITU,
International Telecommunications Union, IMT-
Advanced and was finalized by 3GPP in March
2011.
 Data rate is 2Gbps.
 It targets faster switching between power states
and improved performance at the cell edge.
 Improves the capacity and coverage, and ensures
user fairness.
 Also introduces multicarrier to be able to use
ultra wide bandwidth, up to 100 MHz of spectrum
supporting very high data rates.

34. 5G TECHNOLOGY
5G technology refer to short name of fifth Generation
which was started from late 2010s.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to WWWW
(Wireless World Wide Web).

35. BENEFITS OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
High Speed, High Capacity
5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps .
Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the
clarity
as to that of an HD Quality.
Faster data transmission that of the
previous generations.
Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed,
clarity in Audio/Video.
Support interactive multimedia , voice,
streaming video, Internet and other
5G is More Effective and More Attractive.

36. COMPARISON BETWEEN 4G Vs 5G
The following basic differences between 4G and 5G are:

37. EVOLUTION OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGY

38. 5G WIRELESS ACCESS

39. FEATURE OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
5G
4G

40. Technology 1G 2G/2.5G 3G 4G 5G
Deployment 1970/198
4
1980/1999 1990/2002 2000/2010 2014/2015
Bandwidth 2kbps 14-64kbps 2mbps 200mbps >1gbps
Technology Analog
cellular
Digital
cellular
Broadbandwidt
h/cdma/ip
technology
Unified ip
&seamless combo
of
LAN/WAN/WLAN/PA
N
4G+WWWW
Service Mobile
telephony
Digital
voice,short
messaging
Integrated high
quality audio,
video & data
Dynamic
information
access, variable
devices
Dynamic information
access, variable
devices
with AI capabilities
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
Switching Circuit Circuit/circuit for
access network&air
interface
Packet except
for air interface
All packet All packet
Core
network
PSTN PSTN Packet
network
Internet Internet
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal& Horizontal&
COMPARISON OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGIES

41. CONCLUSION
 All totally the best way to help all users is to use 5G as the
next wireless system and in totally it is safety and secure for
public, this the need that demands the solution.
 Today’s wired society is going wireless and if it has problem,
5G is answer.
 5G technology is going to give tough competition to
Computers and Laptops.
 It will be available in the market 2020 at affordable cost with
more reliability than previous mobiles.
CONCLUSION