2. Group Members:
Presented by:
 M. Jawad Khan BTE01093001
 Samiullah BTE01093017
 Hafiz M. Yasin BTE01093018

3. 3G vs 4G

4. What to learn…?
 Overview of 1G
 Overview of 2G
 What is 3G ?
 Why 3G technology ?
 Difference & comparison between 1G, 2G,
3G.
 Why 3G technology ?
 Effects of 3G technology ?

5. What to learn (contd…?
 Benefits of 3G ?
 Issue hampering 3G ?
 What is 4G ?
 What's New in 4G?
 Features of 4G Networks ?

6. Overview of 1G…?
 1st
generation of wireless telecom
 Introduced in the 1980
 Provide only analog services
 Based on AMPS (Advanced
mobile phone service)

7. Overview of 2G
 2nd
generation of wireless telecom
 Launched in 1991
 Provides Digital services for voice Quality
 2G introduced data services for mobile
 starting with SMS text messages
 Based on TDMA (time division multiplexing
access)

8. What is 3G ?
 3rd
generation of wireless telecom
 Mostly used with mobiles and handsets
 Faster communication services
which includes
Voice
Fax
Internet

9. Difference 1G, 2G & 3G

10. Why 3G technology ?
 Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications.
 For the consumer
Video streaming, TV broadcast
Video calls, video clips – news,
music, sports Enhanced gaming, chat,
location services.
 For business
High speed teleworking / VPN access
Video conferencing
Real-time financial information

11. Effect of 3G technology
 Mobile Internet connectivity
 Mobile email
 Mobile Interview
 Multimedia services, such as digital photos
taken by and shared via wireless handsets
 Wireless application downloading
 Real-time multiplayer gaming
 Enhanced emergency and location-based
services

12. Benefits of 3G
 Higher call volumes and support for multimedia
data applications, such as video and
photography.
 Faster data transfer rates
 Free or cheap calls worldwide
 Capability to determine geographic position of
mobiles and report it
 Worthwhile for users that need connectivity on
the move

13. Issues hampering its growth
 High spectrum licensing fees for the 3G services
 Huge capital required to build infrastructure for
3G services
 Health impact because of electromagnetic
waves
 Prices are very high for 3G mobile services
 Will 2G users switch to 3G services?
 Takes time to catch up as the service is new.

14. What is 4G ?
 A wireless access technology and is the successor of
3G.
 Called "3G and Beyond".
 Enables seamless roaming between technologies.
 Plans on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
 NTT DoCoMo Company is testing 4G communication at
100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary.

15. What's New in 4G ?
 Entirely packet-switched networks.
 All network elements are digital.
 Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia
services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps).
 Tight network security.

16. Features of 4G Networks
 4G networks are all-IP (Internet Protocol) based
heterogeneous networks
 This will allow users to:
 Select any system at any time and any where
 Use Multiple systems at the same time (e.g. GPS
and WLANs and CDMA)
 A wide range of applications using only one 4G
integrated terminal

17. Features of 4G Networks (contd…)
 Support interactive multimedia services:
teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.
 Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.
 Global mobility and service portability.
 Low cost.
 Scalability of mobile networks (>10 times the
capacity of 3G).

18. Features of 4G Networks (contd…)

19. 4G features:

20. 4G Systems Challenges
 To migrate current systems to 4G with the features
mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number
of challenges
 These challenges are grouped into the following
different aspects:
 Accessing Different Networks:
 Multimode Devices
 Overlay Network
 Terminal Mobility
 Location Management
 Handoff Management

21.  One of the most challenging problems facing
deployment of 4G technology is how to
access several and different mobile and
wireless networks
 There are two possible architectures
 Multimode Devices
 Overlay Network
4G Wireless Networks Challenges
First Challenge:

22. First Challenge: Accessing
Different Networks
1. Multimode Devices Architecture
 A single physical terminal with multiple interfaces
to access the different wireless networks

23. 1. Multimode Devices Architecture
 Advantages:
 Improve call completion
 Expand coverage area
 Reliable coverage in case of network, link or
switch failure
 Disadvantages:
 Complexity in the hardware of the device
 Handoff Mechanism:
Performed by the user, device or network

24. Multimode Devices Architecture

25. First Challenge: Accessing
Different Networks
2. Overlay Network Architecture
 A user accesses an overlay network consisting
of several UAPs
 UAPs Functions:
 Select a wireless network based on availability
and user choices
 Store IPs of user, network and devices

26. Overlay Network Architecture
 Advantages:
 Simplify hardware of device
 Supports single billing
 Disadvantages:
 More network devices
 Handoff Mechanism between UAPs:
Performed by overlay network rather than the
user or device

27. Overlay Network Architecture

28. 4G Wireless Networks Challenges
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
 In order to provide wireless services at any
time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a
must in 4G infrastructure
 Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to
roam across geographical boundaries of the
wireless networks
 There are two main issues in terminal
mobility:
 location management
 handoff management

29.  The system tracks and locates a mobile
terminal for possible connection
 Location management involves handing all
the information about
 Roaming terminals such as original and current
location cells
 Authentication information
 QoS capabilities
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
1. Location Management

30. •) . Horizontal handoff is performed when the
terminal moves from one cell to another within the
same wireless system.
• Vertical handoff is performed when the terminal
moves between two different wireless systems
(e.g., from WLAN to GSM
Handoff Management (cont.)
Handoff Management Challenges

31.  Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase
 System load (increasing control packets)
 Packet losses
 Handover latency
Challenges in Handoff
Management

32. Handoff Management (cont.)

33. Mobile technology:

34. Comparison between
3G & 4G

35. 3G (including 2.5G) 4G
Major Requirement Driving
Architecture
Predominantly voice driven -
data was always add on
Converged data and voice over IP
Network Architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN
(WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode
Frequency Band Dependent on country or
continent (1800-2400 MHz)
Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design Basis Circuit and Packet All digital with packetized voice
Access Technologies W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier
CDMA)
Forward Error Correction Convolution rate 1/2, 1/3 Concatenated coding scheme
Component Design Optimized antenna design,
multi-band adapters
multi-band adapters Smarter
Antennas, software multiband and
wideband radios
IP A number of air link protocols,
including IP 5.0
All IP (IP6.0)
3G vs. 4G

36. Radio Propagation

37. Overview
 Motivation
 Effect of propagation
 diagram of a radio
 Signal Propagation
 Large scale path loss
 Small scale fading

38. Motivation for Wireless
propagation
 Wireless channel is vastly different from wired counterpart
 Different access mechanisms
 Common channel but …
 State of channel at each node can vary drastically
 E.g.: Sender thinks that channel is free but receiver senses a busy
channel – Packet drop?
 Unreliable channel
 Highly sensitive to environment (surroundings) and weather
 Modest bandwidth
 Effects of Propagation has a high impact on higher layer
protocols
 E.g.: Are the assumptions made by TCP protocol valid under
wireless channel?

39. Signal Propagation Effects
 Free-space path loss
 Fading
 Scattering
 Diffraction
 Refraction
 Multipath propagation

40. Free-space path loss
Free-space path loss (FSPL) is
the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave
that would result from a line-of-sight path through free
space (usually air), with no obstacles nearby to cause
reflection or diffraction.

41. Fading
In wireless communications,
fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal
over certain propagation media. The fading may vary with
time, geographical position or radio frequency

42. Scattering
Scattering is a general physical process where some
forms of radiation, such as light, sound,

43. Multipath propagation
Multipath is the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals
reaching the receiving antenna by two or more paths.
Causes
atmospheric ducting,
ionosphere reflection
refraction