4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
A survey on multiple access technologies beyond fourth generation wireless co...ijceronline
The future of mobile wireless communication networks will include existing 3rd generation, 4th generation 5th generation,6th generation (with very high data rates Quality of Service (QoS) and service applications) and 7th generation (with space roaming). Mobile and wireless networks have made tremendous growth in the last fifteen years. The rapid improvement of the mobile generations was for the purpose of supporting as many mobile devices as possible that could benefit the users at anytime and anywhere in terms of common practical applications such as internet access, video-ondemand, video conferencing system and many more applications. This paper is focused on the specifications of future generations and latest technologies to be used in future wireless mobile communication networks like MIMO, OFDM, OFDMA, Massive MIMO, LTE, LTE-A.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
(3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
Wireless phone standards have a life of their own. You can tell, because they are spoken of reverently in terms of generations. There's Great-Granddad, whose pioneering story pre-dates cellular; Grandma and Grandpa 1G, or analog cellular, Mom and Dad 2G, or digital cellular; 3G wireless, 4G, 5G and so on. This is a survey report on this technologies.
(3G) Technology, one of the leading Technologies in today’s wireless technology. NTT DoCoMo of Japan on October 1, 2001 is the first one to commercially launch this service. It was first implemented on CDMA phones. Now this service is coming with GSM. Third Generation (3G) mobile devices and services will transform wireless communications into on-line, real-time connectivity. 3G wireless technology will allow an individual to have immediate access to location-specific services that offer information on demand.
SPECIAL SECTION ON RECENT ADVANCES IN SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING FOR 5G NETW...Rakesh Jha
In the near future, i.e., beyond 4G, some of the prime objectives or demands that need to
be addressed are increased capacity, improved data rate, decreased latency, and better quality of service.
To meet these demands, drastic improvements need to be made in cellular network architecture. This paper
presents the results of a detailed survey on the fth generation (5G) cellular network architecture and some
of the key emerging technologies that are helpful in improving the architecture and meeting the demands of
users. In this detailed survey, the prime focus is on the 5G cellular network architecture, massive multiple
input multiple output technology, and device-to-device communication (D2D). Along with this, some of the
emerging technologies that are addressed in this paper include interference management, spectrum sharing
with cognitive radio, ultra-dense networks, multi-radio access technology association, full duplex radios,
millimeter wave solutions for 5G cellular networks, and cloud technologies for 5G radio access networks
and software dened networks. In this paper, a general probable 5G cellular network architecture is proposed,
which shows that D2D, small cell access points, network cloud, and the Internet of Things can be a part of
5G cellular network architecture. A detailed survey is included regarding current research projects being
conducted in different countries by research groups and institutions that are working on 5G technologies.
Evolution of Wireless Communication TechnologiesAkhil Bansal
This report comprises of detailed analysis how the wireless communication developed from 1G to 4G LTE to improve data services for the end user.The future ahead i.e. 5G is also discussed.
Feel free to discuss, would be happy to help.
5G has been fully commercialized, and human communication technology has once again embarked on a period of rapid development. With the development of rocket recovery, low-orbit satellites, and 6G satellite network technology, sci-fi communication methods are not far away from us.
In 2019, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology established a 6G research group to promote 6G-related work. In April of the same year, the University of Oulu hosted the world's first 6G summit. 6G is expected to achieve further technical indicators. The air interface delay is less than 0.1ms, the network depth coverage rate reaches 100%, millimeter-level sensing, and positioning, unit power consumption is greatly reduced, transmission bandwidth will reach TB level, and the density of connected hundreds of devices will reach per cubic meter.
On April 20, 2020, the China Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure for the first time and included satellite Internet into the scope of communication network infrastructure. At present, many domestic enterprises have begun to actively deploy the satellite Internet industry.
This ppt define the basic concepts of mobile computing. It is the first part of mobile computing.
It defines the following terms
Introduction to mobile computing
Generations of mobile computing
Cellular concepts
Signalling, modulation and Demodulation
Spread Spectrum
Frequency Reuse
Multiple access schemes
GSM
GPRS
CDMA
5 G SYSTEMS IS THE FUTURE WILL BE FAST WITH UNIMAGINABLE SPEED AND WITH LOTS OF SERVICES.Though 5G is still in development stage it has lots of promising features that will definitely change our future. For this data hungry and speed loving generation 5G will definitely be the hottest technology and it will certainly make our future really exciting. In this article we will see how the mobile networks have evolved and what will be the future of mobile network and of course about 5G network.
5G Technology stands for the 5th Generation Mobile technology. 5G is a next major phase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the 4G standards. 5G is expected to provide speed upto 10Gbit/s, wider frequency band,
high increased peak bit rate, high system spectral efficiency, ubiquitous connectivity and a significant increase in QoS as
compared to current 4G technology. Evolution of mobile communication technology to 5G is discussed in this review, followed by protocol stack and 5G architecture. A wide comparison is given between the various generations so as to compare why 5G technology is better and needed.
Introduction and Evolution of 4G
System key components of 4G
Applications of 4G
Introduction and Evolution of 5G
Key Concepts & Features of 5G
Application of 5G
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineeri...ijceronline
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journal of engineering, online Submission
What is the role of motivation in increasing the performance of the employees...WritingHubUK
The major objective of the study is to analyze if the motivation of the employees can augment the level of performance of the employees. Through the present research, it is very easy to understand the basic concepts of motivation and how it affects the employee performance.
Research to examine the concepts of management of cultural diversity, motiva...WritingHubUK
The present report mainly deals with the aspects of cultural diversity as well as the management issues which are formed while considering the cultural diversity. The general business scenario observed in the hospitality and tourism industry is also well explained along with the related areas of motivation and leadership as well. The entire globe is getting reshaped or restructured by the advancements in the field of technology and science as well. These scientific as well as technological developments have also resulted in the reshaping of the processes of business also. The productivity as well as the bottomline of the process of business have also been elevated to a great extent. The attributes like fast pace, potentials, accuracy etc have been enhanced with the introduction of technological advancements, which became reasons for the enhancement in the productivity of the business (Stephanie, 2012).
Dissertation investigation into the factors motivating impulse shopping behav...WritingHubUK
This research attempt to explore the concept of impulse purchasing rise among the consumers in this competitive world. Here the study explores with some surveys, how impulse purchasing is related to special price, what are the different factors leading it. The major outcome of the study proves out that this behaviour which was common among high class society is no longer, as more consumers are looking for the profit from spontaneous buy. And apparel purchasing is a good example supporting it.
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India is a great and densely inhabited nation with a grand precedent and a big custom sets. It is seen with a proud ancestry of cultured life for nearly four millenniums turning out to be in a topmost position in terms of civilization history. It is, in addition, an existing culture and society linked to the customs comes up honestly from its ancient times. For these motivations for every foreign person a holiday to India should have a philosophical educational impact and from this initial idea itself the research proposed will flourish for beneficial outcome possibilities.
Dissertation study into the various factors influencing the employees perfom...WritingHubUK
This particular study is the in depth analysis of the various factors effecting the performance level of the employees at Moti Mahal Delux, Delhi. The finding of the influencing factors will give an idea for the success of the organisation. The study with the help of a well-developed questionnaire conducted survey to get the final result for the study. The study topic is backed up by the literature review in a precise manner.
Dissertation study into the marketing of organic clothing and consumer buyin...WritingHubUK
This research emphasizes the marketing of organic clothing and consumer buying behavior, taking the case of Monsoon Accessorize. The importance and popularity of organic clothing in modern world of consumerism is described in detail in this research. The research identified the marketing techniques adopted in the Monsoon Accessorize as part of their development plan. The research also focused on the buying behavior of customers while purchasing organic clothes.
Dissertation research on the risk management challenges encountered during s...WritingHubUK
This research emphasizes the risk management challenges encountered during shifting manual process to automation in the banking sector, In order to carry out this research this research has taken the case of Lloyds TSB, United Kingdom. In this research the researcher has pointed out successfully the performance of the bank and the numbers of employees working in the bank. The author also has critically review the concept of customer satisfaction, risk management , risks coupled with banking, impact of automation in the banking industry, and various challenges encountered.
Dissertation research on the effectiveness of customer relationship manageme...WritingHubUK
The increased necessity of the Customer Relationship management is well detailed in the present research. The research is also a capsule of the beneficial effects of CRM as well as the impact of CRM on the processes of customer retention as well as the customer acquisition. The researcher has taken the case study of a well established firm, Tesco plc, for the analysis as well as assessment of the above mentioned aspects of relationship marketing. The researcher has also given a sufficient quantity of the literatures which are well related to the present topic.
Dissertation effectiveness of employee engagement and employee motivation on...WritingHubUK
This research emphasizes the employee motivation and employee engagement and its impact on the job performance. In order to carry out this research, the researcher has taken the case of Tesco Plc, Stratford, London. On completion of this research the author has analysed employee motivation, employee engagement, and human resource management at Tesco Plc.
Dissertation changing needs and wants of consumers have made mobile handset ...WritingHubUK
This research study is mainly based on to justify that the “Changing needs and wants of consumers have made mobile handset companies innovative”. This study includes both secondary and primary data and the analyses done are through SPSS software, Microsoft Excel is also used wherever necessary. By collecting the required data and analyzing the data it was found that features are important to consumers and consumers are looking for a mobile phone which is loaded with features. It is also found that consumers are always looking for innovative products.
Dissertation assessment of strategies followed by the etihad airways WritingHubUK
The Etihad Airways was started in 2003 and it was on a goal to be one of the great international carriers and it has become successful in that. It is the national airline of the UAE and at present one among the most impressive and fastest emerging airlines in the globe. The airline functions near to 1000 flights per week serving 66 destinations across 44 nations from its home base in Abu Dhabi. Main areas served by the company are Europe, Asia, North America and the Middle East and major targets include London, Moscow, Mumbai, Damascus, New York, Toronto Kuwait, and Islamabad. Etihad Airways' fleet consists of 57 Airbus aircraft.
Dissertation consumer perceptions of coffee producers and their corporate s...WritingHubUK
The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has gained wide consideration in academic field as well as in business world in recent years. Organizations are using CSR to develop competitive advantage and establish congenial relations with its stakeholder. This research emphasizes the consumer perception of coffee producer and their Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR). This research aim to find out the link between Rainforest Alliance and Kenco Coffee and to evaluate whether this partnership had any significant influence on the Kenco’s coffee reputation
An investigative study into the impact of globalization on the barclays bankWritingHubUK
The impact of globalization on the banking sector and the strategies adopted by the banks are the major aims of the study. The researcher has done the study by taking Barclay’s bank as a case study. The study on the impact of globalization on the Barclay’s bank is well performed in this study. The study also covers the global strategies adopted by the specific bank for its global expansion. Through this research, the author has been successful in defining and making understand of the simple concepts of globalization, the relation between the globalization and banking, advantages and disadvantages of globalization and the strategies useful to overcome the negative effects of globalization.
A critical research on ' personnel selling in saudi arabia', taking the case ...WritingHubUK
According to Brady (2011), the personal selling is considered as one of the most prominent as well as practical marketing strategies for the marketing environment that exists in Saudi Arabia. As per the research survey conducted by Abdel (2010), Saudi Arabia stands 13th position among all the countries of the globe, in the world economy. As per the research surveys conducted on the marketing strategies of Saudi Arabia, the personal selling has gained much attention and impression among the public, since the other means of marketing techniques are more based on the non personal communication, while the personal selling mainly involves the personalized as well as personal communication with the sellers as well as the clients, say Gillespie et.al (2010). Gillespie et.al (2010) also states that the personal selling deeply involves the emotional attachment, since this involves a feel of bonding between the sales personnel of the producers as well as the customers.
A critical analysis of customer satisfaction and brand value a comprehensive...WritingHubUK
In the extremely competitive automobile sector, customer satisfaction is necessary for retaining potential customers and to enhance the brand value. Thus the study critically evaluates the relation between customer satisfaction and brand value by taking the case of Mercedes in UK as the case study.
Business strategic models are tools used by organizations for determining and comprehending the competitive business environment. These tools would enable an organization to formulate appropriate strategies for improving marketing, production and operations (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). This report evaluates the effectiveness of business strategy models and its impact on business organizations. Morrisons, is one of the largest supermarket chains in UK. Thus, Value Chain is chosen as the business strategy model for evaluating the performance of Morrisons. Furthermore, the current report discusses about the organizational profile of Morrisons, strategic theories and the application of Value chain in the organization.
According to Sahoo and Mishra (2012), organizational performance management (OPM) is usually adopted today to explain range of managerial processes framed to monitor, analyse, gauge and adjust factors of organizational performance via management controls of different kinds. It incorporates the management of organizational performance with the management of employee performance. Having clearness of purpose and the methods to monitor progress towards achievement of goal encourage a performance culture in both public and private firms which in turn results in improved organizational performance levels.
In order to have excellent borrowing and lending system, organizations maintain credit policies and according to Harmon (2014) these polices explain how an organization prefers to carry out business transactions. Arranging credit policies is the most important foundation in business and these policies reduce confusions and misinterpretations between organizations and suppliers and creditors. The main advantage of credit policy is that it improves the operational efficiency of organizations and also its cash flow. Damodaran (2010) states that effective credit policies also improve revenue and profit figures of organizations. In the long run, it is observed that organizations change their credit policies to make progressive changes in sales figures. However change in credit policies without proper evaluation could adversely impact on organizations.
This assignment has been presented in a group where all the points are divided within The group, so I have been allocated to explain Hazard and health and safety risk.
To study the impact of corporate social and environmental reporting on stock ...WritingHubUK
The operating costs of corporate social and environmental initiatives equally benefits firms to balance its financial benefits. Violating the principle of corporate social and environmental reporting may leads to decrease in firm value, profit dip and lowered shareholders returns and this in turn affects stock market performances of the firm. The main purpose of the current study is to aims to explore the correlation between corporate social and environmental reporting and stock market performance by considering the cases of McDonalds and Starbucks.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
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- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
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Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object Calisthenics
4 G mobile system
1. 4G Mobile System
Introduction
*4G (Fourth Generation) Mobile System is an expected system that aims at integrating present
wireless networking technologies and to be give support to these different technologies in
order to solve the pending challenges facing the present wireless technologies. The 4G mobile
system is a vision under research that is proposed to be out in the year 2010, there is news that
claims that there are headways made already, and that there are some systems with the
expected features of 4G but it is yet to be seen. The 4G mobile system is expected to solve the
outstanding setbacks of the third generation mobile system, and it is expected to provide
broadband, high speed large capacity data transmission, to provide users with high quality
colour video images, 3D graphic, animation games etc., and it can be used anytime, anywhere
and with any technology. The main idea of 4G mobile systems is for users to have no difficulty
in transferring information or data irrespective of location and time and to be able have easy
access to different wireless networking technologies. The 4G mobile technology has a
ubiquitous or omnipresent facility that is; it is “universal, ever-present and everywhere”.
Sopan (2004) gave the following as “the reason to have 4G systems; to support interactive
multimedia services: teleconferencing, wireless internet, etc., wider bandwidths, higher bit
rates, Global mobility and service portability, low cost and scalability of mobile networks"
Also according to Ghadialy (2006), “the main features of 4G Technology will be able to support
Interactive services like Video Conferencing (with more than 2 sites simultaneously), Wireless
Internet, etc. The bandwidth would be much wider (100 MHz) and data would be transferred at
much higher rates. The cost of the data transfer would be comparatively very less and global
mobility would be possible. The networks will be all IP networks based on IPv6. The antennas
will be much smarter and improved access technologies like OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi
Carrier CDMA) will be used. Also the security features will be much better”.
He also went further to state the likely new features of the 4G technology -
“The entire network would be packet switched (IP based). All switches would be digital. Higher
bandwidths would be available which would make cheap data transfer possible. The network
security would be much tighter. Also QoS will improve. More efficient algorithms at the Physical
layer will reduce the Inter-channel Interference and Co-channel Interference”.
The basic concept of the 4G mobile systems all sounds easy, since it is said to be a platform that
seamlessly integrates various terminals, networks, and application to satisfy increasing human
demands (Jawad, 2002). One of the most challenging issues facing deployment of 4G
technologies is how to make the network architectures compatible with each other. The
paramount questions are - Will it be easy to integrate all this technologies together to give a
2. unique system that meets the ever insatiable demands of users? Will such systems be gotten at
affordable rates? Will the billing rates bear a resemblance to the present services billing or will
it be lesser? Will the challenges of switching from 3G system to 4G systems take mobile and
wireless technologies to another sphere?
In this write up, a brief history of the mobile system will be touched, the possible migration
from 3G to 4G will be talked on, and the technical requirements will be looked into. Lastly the
characteristics, advantages and disadvantages and lastly the future of the technology under
review would be considered.
History of Mobile Telephone Technologies
The analog cellular systems are considered the first generation of mobile telephony (1G). In the
early 1980s, 1G system was deployed, this system was based on analog technology and cellular
structure of mobile communication. At the same time, the cellular industry began developing
the second generation of mobile telephony (2G).The difference between 1G and 2G is in the
signaling techniques used: 1G used analog signaling, 2G used digital signaling. It was not until
the early to mid 1990s that 2G was deployed, it offered circuit-switched data communication
services at a low speed. This led to the hasty production of some digital system designs around
world such as such as GSM (global system mobile), TDMA (time division multiple access), PDC
(personal digital cellular) and CDMA (code division multiple access). Towards the late 1990’s
2.5G system was implemented to improve the standard of 2G, it provides high throughput for
data services and increased capacity in radio frequency (RF) channels. The most significant
feature of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access
to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or
laptop.
The concept development on 3G generally began around 1991 as 2G systems just started and
was deployed sometime in 2002 to eradicate previous incompatibilities and become a truly
global system that would improve higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data
capabilities, up to 2Mbps.
The 4G mobile system will be deployed around 2010/2011 based on the general demand for
higher access speed multimedia communication.
The table below gives a brief explanation of the evolution of the mobile telephone technologies
(Jawad, 2002).
Table 1: Short History of Mobile Telephone Technologies
Legend:
1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps NMT = Nordic mobile telephone
3. AMPS = advanced mobile phone service PDC = personal digital cellular
CDMA = code division multiple access PSTN = pubic switched telephone network
EDGE = enhanced data for global evolution TACS = total access communications system
FDMA = frequency division multiple access TDMA = time division multiple access
GPRS = general packet radio system WCDMA = wideband CDMA
GSM = global system for mobile
There is a need to scrutinize 3G mobile system in order to have a clearer perception of 4G. The
essential question is - what is 3G?
Sopan (2004) explains how 3G came into existence and the technologies behind the system.
“3G initiative came from device manufacturers, not from operators. In 1996 the development
was initiated by Nippon Telephone & Telegraph (NTT) and Ericsson; in 1997 the
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in the USA chose CDMA as a technology for 3G;
in 1998 the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) did the same thing; and
finally, in 1998 wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) and cdma2000 were adopted for the Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). W-CDMA and CDMA 2000 are two major
proposals for 3G. In CDMA, the information bearing signal is multiplied with another faster rate,
wider bandwidth digital signal that may carry a unique orthogonal code. W-CDMA uses
dedicated time division multiplexing (TDM) whereby channel estimation information is
collected from another signal stream. CDMA 2000 uses common code division multiplexing
(CDM) whereby channel estimation information can be collected with the signal stream”.
Beyond 3G/ 4G 4G mobile system is otherwise known as beyond 3G, the words can be used
either ways but they mean the same thing. In mobile communication services, the 4G mobile
services are the higher version of the 3G mobile communication services. Researches are being
made on the vision of 4G mobile systems, it services and architectures. The researches as
initiated the development of terminal protocol technology for high capacity, high speed packet
services, public software platform technology that enables downloading application programs,
multimode radio access platform technology, and high quality media coding technology over
mobile networks.
The table gives a clear overview which compares the key parameters of 4G with 3G
3G (including 2.5G, sub3G) 4G
Major Requirement
Driving Architecture
Predominantly voice driven -
data was always add on
Converged data and voice over IP
4. Network Architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN
(WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode
Frequency Band Dependent on country or
continent (1800-2400 MHz)
Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design Basis Circuit and Packet All digital with packetized voice
Access Technologies W-CDMA, CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier
CDMA)
Forward Error
Correction
Convolutional rate 1/2, 1/3 Concatenated coding scheme
Component Design Optimized antenna design,
multi-band adapters
Smarter Antennas, software
multiband and wideband radios
IP A number of air link protocols,
including IP 5.0
All IP (IP6.0)
Table 2: Comparing Key Parameters of 4G with 3G
What is 4G?
There are many reports on 4G mobile system. Several researchers, writers have given various
explanations from various points of view concerning the vision of 4G. Some research works are
in terms of the characteristics, services requirement, 4G architecture, other reports are based
on the challenges of migrating from 3G, its benefits and limitations, and others talk about
possible future researches beyond 4G. For this part of my assignment, it will basically focus on
what is 4G? from several researchers perspectives.
Prof. Dr. Ramjee defined 4G “as a completely new fully IP-based integrated system of systems
and network of networks achieved after convergence of wired and wireless networks as well as
computers, consumer electronics, and communication technology and several others
5. convergences that will be capable to provide 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps, respectively in outdoor and
indoor environments, with end-to-end QoS and high security, offering any kind of services at
any time as per user requirements, anywhere with seamless interoperability, always on,
affordable cost, one billing and fully personalized”.
Here, Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung (Dec, 2003) explains that “4G mobile systems focus on
seamlessly integrating the existing wireless technologies including GSM, wireless LAN, and
Bluetooth. This contrasts with 3G, which merely focuses on developing new standards and
hardware. 4G systems will support comprehensive and personalized services, providing stable
system performance and quality service”.
Also Jawad (Dec, 2002) gave this explanation “4G (fourth generation) mobile communication
systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to
provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-
data-rate wireless channels”.
Another research which was extracted from mobile IT Forum (mITF) 4G Mobile System
Requirement Document (2005) stated that “the fourth – generation mobile communication are
expected to become an infrastructure for a richer society of the future, offering enhanced
convenience and economic performance for use in life, as well as higher reliability and security
compared to the third – generation mobile communication systems (IMT – 2000) through the
realization of faster transmission speeds, wider bandwidth communications and seamless
connections with other systems (e.g. mobile communications, broadcasting)”.
4G FEATURES
There are many features of the 4G mobile systems since it encompasses virtually all wireless
technologies and they can be discussed from various points of view. The most essential features
of 4G mobile networks gotten from are;
They must be all-IP with end-to-end capabilities to show the dramatic transition from
the circuit-switched architectures towards facilitating multimedia applications.
There will be a transformation from closed Radio Access Network (RAN) architectures to
open systems (since the Internet is based on the concept of open systems) with
interoperability. This system will allow network integrators to be able to build a strong
mobile network since the base stations will be built by RAN vendors and mobile
gateways will be built by IP vendors. The following advantages can be got from
transition to open systems:
–It gives room for the radio domain and IP domains.
6. –It gets the mobile industry on the price-performance curve of the router industry.
–It gives much greater flexibility in vendor selection.
–New radio technologies can easily be initiated into the network.
The 4G mobile technology will be based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna technology. Since
it is agreed on that OFDMA is the ideal way to handle packet traffic, and MIMO
increases throughput in good signal-noise conditions.
It will support higher speed services (up to 50 Mbps per sector on the downlink and 25
Mbps per sector on the uplink [assumes a 10-MHz carrier]) for multimedia applications
that require high throughput and very low latency.
Lower costs will be a vital factor of a 4G deployment. The move to open systems will
decrease costs significantly. A variety of IEEE technologies have experienced such a
decrease.
Also a better and much more logical intellectual property rights (IPR) licensing
environment will be available. Such licensing is always challenging in the wireless world,
where patents are seen as a revenue source. The purpose is to focus on lower costs,
better transparency, and more predictability in royalty payments.
In a research work by Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung, the features were mainly from the users’
point of view of 4G networks and they explained below:
High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology: One of the unique aspect
of the 4G networks are all-IP based heterogeneous networks that allow users to use any
system at any time and anywhere. It allows users with integrated terminal to use wide
range of applications provided by multiple wireless networks.
Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost: The 4G systems will be able to
provide both telecommunications services and also data and multimedia services
including video service, which requires transmission of a large amount of data. It is
essential for 4G system to provide a reliable god system that will support multimedia
services and high data rate also the cost of transmission per bit should be reasonable if
possible it should be lower than the existing cost being charged at present.
Personalized Services and Flexibility: Personalized service will be provided by the new-
generation network. The demand of users varies and this should be taken into
7. consideration by the service provider when designing the services of the 4G system. The
users’ demands should be looked from different angles and perspectives such as the
economic status, occupation and the different location of the user. The mobility of the
user should also be noted by the mobility management, so that attention should not
mainly be focused on the users’ terminal but it should be on the movement of the users.
The 4G network’s security design should be flexible for users.
Integrated services: In some documents it is also called convergence services; the idea
here is simply to combine various wireless network services, terminals, applications and
technology on a common platform that can provide ubiquitous facilities for integrated
services. This enables users to use multiple services from any service provider at the
same time.
Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung (Dec, 2003) gave an example of a young lady using a 4G mobile
and wants to get information n the movies showing in any cinema nearest to her. Here, her
mobile connects her to different wireless systems at the same time. In this example, she had a
Global Positioning System (GPS) - which shows her current location, a Wireless Local Area
Network (WLAN) which gives her lists of movies shown in the cinema and a Code Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) for making call to any cinema of her choice to watch any move she
desires. The example, shows the use of several wireless services which vary in the Quality of
Service (QoS) level, security policies, device settings, charging methods, and applications. It will
be of great benefit to 4G mobile system if such services are integrated into the 4G applications.
To be able to achieve such service transformation based on the features above, there have to
be a considerable effort made in the transfer from 3G to 4G and this can not be done without
encountering different challenges.
Key Challenges and Possible Solutions
MOBILE STATION
Multimode User Terminals
It helps in eliminating the option of using several hardware components and terminals. To
combine various wireless networks and services in a 4G systems, multimode user terminals
should be installed in the system because they are able to work hand in hand with various
wireless networks by reconfiguring themselves. It makes each particular communication session
easy because it choose the appropriate wireless networks for each sessions. This can be
achieved by using a software defined radio.
E. Buracchini (2000; cited by Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung 2003) stated that “The most
promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is to adopt the software radio
8. approach”. The figure below which was adopted from Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung (2003)
gives an ideal picture of a software radio.
Figure 1 shows the design of an ideal software radio
The software radio comprises of two parts; the analog and digital part. In the analog part, it has
an antenna, a band pass filter (BPF), and a low noise amplifier (LNA) which aids the transfer of
signals to the digital part. The analog part of the software radio transfers the process via the
analog/digital converter (ADC) which converts the signal into digital and then transfers it to the
Base band DSP (Digital Signal Processor) which then processes the digital signal in agreement
with the wireless environment. There are still technological problems in the current software
radio technology because it is not totally compatible for all the different wireless networks due
to the following; it is impractical to have just one antenna and LNA that will cover the large
range of frequency band of all the wireless networks. This can only be solved if there are many
analog parts that will cater for various frequency bands and it will cause further problem
because the terminal becomes larger due to the design complexity. The existing ADCs pose
another challenge because there speed cannot be compared to the GSM or Universal Mobile
Telecommunications Service (UMTS). These systems waveforms which require at least 17 bits
resolution with very high sampling rates (over 100 Msamples/s) and the present ADCs are still
two to three orders of magnitude slower than required.
Wireless System Discovery
In order for 4G services to be used, multimode user terminals should be able to discover and
choose the target wireless systems. The 4G system because of its different wireless
technologies and access protocol when compared to current GSM system shows more
complexity in scanning for available networks. The current GSM systems, base stations
periodically broadcast signaling messages for service subscription to mobile stations. The 4G
solves this problem by scanning and downloading the suitable software to reconfigure the
software radio.
There are a number of ways to facilitate the downloading of software modules and this is
shown the figure below.
(Available at: URL: http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee360/lec17_sp1.pdf )
Figure 2 A multimode terminals attached to the WLAN scanning the available systems to
download suitable software which can either be done manually or automatically.
Figure 2 shows how a multimode terminal attached to a WLAN scans available wireless
networks by using the software radio devices to download suitable software from any of the
available system, it then reconfigure itself after getting the appropriate software. Each
downloading method such as a PC server, smart card, memory card, or over the air (OTA) as
9. shown in the figure has its own benefits and drawbacks with respect to speed, accuracy,
resource usage, and convenience. In achieving wireless system discovery, OTA is the most
challenging way but its accessibility frees users from the tediousness of downloading. Operators
will also enjoy simplified network management.
Le and Aghvami (cited by Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung, 2003) proposed “an OTA downloading
approach in which multimode user terminals constantly monitor a predefined broadcasting
channel (global pilot and download channel, GPDCH) to check for available networks. Once they
detect a new available network, they can decide whether or not a change should be made”. The
only challenge in wireless system discovery is the long downloading time and slow speed of the
GPDCH.
Wireless System Selection
With the help of 4G user terminals, individuals can choose any available wireless network for
each particular communication session. Since every network has distinctive characteristics,
using an appropriate network for a particular service may optimize system performance and
resource usage. Furthermore, the right network selection can ensure the quality of service
(QoS) required by each session. On the other hand, it is difficult to select an appropriate
network for each communication session since network availability varies from time to time.
Besides, sufficient facts of each network are required before a selection is made. This contains;
precise knowledge of the supported service types, system data rates, QoS requirements,
communication costs, and user preferences.
H. Eguchi, M. Nakajima, and G. Wu (cited by Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung, 2003) proposed “a
selection scheme in which Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) messages, location information of
the source mobile node, available networks of both mobile nodes, and user preferences are all
taken into account in the selection when a mobile node makes a call to another mobile node”.
N. Montavont and T. Noel, 2002 (cited by Suk Yu Hui and Kai Hau Yeung, 2003) also suggest that
“network resources and minimum QoS requirements should be considered in network
selection”.
Regardless of all said there are many issues to be resolved in selecting the suitable wireless
system.
SYSTEM
Terminal Mobility
Terminal mobility is an important fact that needs to be taken into consideration for the sake of
moving from one wireless network geographical location to another. In terminal mobility we
will talk about two major areas, namely: location management and handoff management.
10. Location management takes care of roaming terminals information such as original and current
located cells, authentication information, and QoS capabilities. When roaming the terminal
seeks around and finds possible network signals.
Handoff management takes care of ongoing communication when the terminal roams. This
brings us to one of the architectures of 4G mobile system - Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). MIPv6 is a
standardized IP-based mobility protocol for IPv6 wireless systems and each 4G terminal will
have an IPv6 home address. This architecture helps the terminal get another address (called a
care-of address) when roaming in a different wireless network geographical location. The
terminal’s home address and care-of address are combined and an update is made to support
continuous communication. The MIPv6 handoff process encompasses two part; horizontal
handoff and vertical handoff. Figure 3 below shows an example of horizontal handoff and
vertical handoff
Figure 3 Vertical handoff and horizontal handoff of a mobile terminal
Horizontal handoff happens when the terminal shifts from one cell to another within the same
wireless system while vertical handoff takes care of the movement between two different
wireless systems (e.g., from WLAN to GSM). It is pertinent to note that MIPv6 handoff process
is difficult to implement in 4G networks because it causes - system overload, high handover
latency, and packet losses, it degrades system performance especially QoS performance,
measuring handoffs among different wireless systems is very complicated. Researches are
going on to find a better handoff policy and algorithm which can solve the above problem in a
heterogeneous system.
Network Infrastructure and QoS Support
The wireless environment can be categorized into two parts: non-IP-based systems (mostly
optimized for voice delivery e.g. GSM) and IP-based systems (are usually optimized for data
services e.g. 802.11 WLAN). In a 4G wireless environments, the problem in integrating these
two systems becomes apparent. Research challenges such as QoS guarantee for end-to-end
services need to be dealt with, because they are not easy to tackle, especially when time-
sensitive or multimedia applications are considered. Current QoS designs are usually made with
a particular wireless system in mind. Since in 4G there will be different wireless systems
involved, providing QoS only in some wireless system cannot guarantee end-to-end services
because each systems are designed differently. Internetworking with most common QoS
architectures is studied in 3GPP in order to solve these challenges.
Security and Privacy
The criteria in security design must be flexibility and it must be applicable to 4G systems.
Existing networks have different security standards and requirements and 4G is said to be the
11. convergence of these existing networks. The question here is, will the 4G system use these
security standards and requirements of 2G and 3G networks or will it be able to design a unique
security standard and requirement that will be compatible to the terminals? However, “the
existing security schemes for wireless systems are inadequate for 4G networks”, as stated in J.
Al-Muhtadi, D. Mickunas, and R. Campbell (2002). The problem with security inflexibility is
currently being considered by researchers to design reconfigurable security mechanisms.
Fault Tolerance and Survivability
The wired and high-speed data networks (e.g., public switched telephone networks and
asynchronous transfer mode networks) has an extensively designed fault tolerance which gives
the networks improved reliability, availability, and survivability. In contrast to wireless network,
they are configured as a tree-topology that has several levels; any damage to one level will
affect that level and the levels below it. If this can happen to one wireless network then it will
be worse in 4G network system where there are multiple tree topology networks working
together. Their fault-tolerant designs should consider power consumption, user mobility, QoS
management, security, system capacity, and link error rates of many different wireless
networks.
SERVICES
Multiple Operators and Billing System
The billing services rendered by today’s mobile system are usually done by a mobile operator,
customers are charged a flat rate based on subscribed services, call durations, and transferred
data volume. However, in 4G the billing services will involve various service providers -
content/service provider, service aggregator, internet service provider, mobile operator, and
WLAN provider – which will make the billing and accounting system more complicated to the
customers since they have to subscribe to several operators. There is solution to this challenge
and to achieve it, operators need to design new business architecture, accounting processes,
and accounting data maintenance.
Personal Mobility
It focuses on the movement of users instead of users’ terminals. It entails the provision of
personal communications and personalized operating environments. The idea of personal
communications simply talks of how an individual can receive information or data correctly as it
was sent irrespective of location or type of system being used. The figure below shows a mobile
user receiving video messages via a personalized video message application to explain the
concept of personal communications. A personalized operating environment is a service that
allows adaptable service presentation that is compatible with the terminal despite various
networks. For instance, when an individual roams outside his/her home network to a visiting
12. network his/her agents will migrate to the new network location therefore making personal
communication easy. Person A calls Mary, A’s agent calls Mary’s home network requesting for
the location of Mary’s agent. Mary’s home network looks up Mary’s profile and gives the
location of Mary’s agent to A’s agent. The caller’s agent can now correspond with Mary’s agent.
It is important to note that there are different agents used for different services.
The Technologies behind 4G Mobile System
There are various access technologies for different mobile generation as seen above in the
table. There are some access technologies being proposed for 4G by standard bodies. They are;
OFDM - stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, it is a frequency technique used
to transmit large data on a radio signal. It actually breaks down radio signals into bits and sends
them on different frequency simultaneously to the receiver. Its benefit is that its carriers are
orthogonal and are able to offer spectral efficiency. This can be achieved because there are no
guard band which can cause interference. Ajay .R. Mishra (2004) stated that “The spectrum for
OFDM falls between 200MHz – 3.5GHz with a spectral efficiency of about 1 bit/s/Hz. By using
this access technology it is expected to accomplish these requirements in 4G- higher coverage
and capacity, desired QoS at a considerable cost.”
MC-CDMA stands for Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access is often referred to as "CDMA-
OFDM” because it carries the best of both and it guarantees excellent performance in severe
multipath conditions. It allocates spectrum among multiple simultaneous users and it allows
flexible system design between cellular system and signal cell system.
MIMO - stands for Multiple Input, Multiple Output; it is a smart antenna technology that sends
information out over two or more antennas. The radio signal of MIMO bounces off obstacles
like a tree or building (which might cause interference or fading in conventional radio signal)
and creates multiple paths which it uses in transmitting more information to the receiver. It
expected that the MIMO in 4G will increase the throughput of transmitting data in an urban
environment.
SDR (Software Defined Radio) - it is sometimes referred to as a software radio. The SDR is “a
radio communication system that can send and receive a new form of radio protocol just by
running new software” (Wikipedia).The software radio comprises of two parts; the analog and
digital part. In the analog part, it has an antenna, a band pass filter (BPF), and a low noise
amplifier (LNA) which aids the transfer of analog signals to the digital part. The analog signals
are sent via the analog/digital converter (ADC) which converts the signal into digital and
transfers it to the Base band DSP (Digital Signal Processor) which then processes the digital
signal in conformity with the wireless environment.
13. UWB (Ultra Wideband) – “UWB is a short-range, low-power wireless radio technology that can
support very high data rates for personal connectivity. UWB technology has the capacity to
handle the very high bandwidths required to transport multiple audio and video streams. This
new technology operates at a level that most systems interpret as noise and, as a result, does
not cause interference to other radios such as cell phones, cordless phones or broadcast
television sets. These applications will benefit from UWB; PC and peripheral devices, mobile
devices, and consumer electronics”. Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology,
http://www.intel.com/technology/comms/uwb/faq.htm
IPv6- This stands for Internet Protocol version 6. The core of 4G network is based on IPv6 and it
can carry more information than the IP address that is currently in use (IPv4). Each node will be
given a 4G-IP address (based on IPv6), which will be a permanent home IP address and a
dynamic care-of address its actual location when roaming. The IPv6 (128 bits) has 4 times the
number of bits in an IPv4 address (32bits). The first 32bit of the IPv6 address is the home
address while the second is the care-of address, the third 32 bit can be signed as a tunnel
(Mobile IP), and the last address can be local network address for virtual private network (VPN)
sharing purpose.
Disadvantages
Cost: Cost is a limitation for 4G system because the equipment needed to execute the
vision of 4G is very expensive.
Operating areas: In 2G systems, it can operate in various areas but the problem it has is
that it as been unable to supply network in most rural areas and in metropolitan areas
with many tall buildings. If this problem is not sorted out it will be integrated into the 4G
system.
The relationship gap amongst the major players in mobile networks i.e.
telecommunication vendors, operators and service provider and the internet provider
may cause a staggeringly difficult 4G billing issue.
Advantages
High- speed data transmission.
It will support interactive service like video conferencing (with more than 2 sites
simultaneously).
It will support wireless internet.
14. The bandwidth will be much wider (100 MHz).
The cost of data transfer would be comparatively very less.
Global mobility would be possible.
The network security would be much tighter.
The quality of service (QoS) will improve.
Efficient algorithm at the physical layer will reduce the inter-channel interference and
co-channel interference
Future Technology under review
Future Expectations
4G for now is an emerging technology proposed by various standardized body and
mobile network organizations that will integrate several existing mobile technologies
together to perform the following;
- High- speed data transmission
- It will support interactive service like video conferencing
- It will support wireless internet.
- The bandwidth will be much wider (100 MHz).
- The cost of data transfer would be comparatively very less
- Global mobility and usability would be possible.
- The network security would be flexible and much tighter.
- There will be an improved quality of service (QoS).
It is therefore difficult to state what kind of technology that will be available until 4G is
actually deployed.
.
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