The document discusses different methods of classifying igneous rocks, including based on their chemical composition (e.g. silica content into acid/felsic, intermediate, basic/mafic, and ultramafic types), mineralogy (presence of saturated vs. unsaturated minerals), texture (phaneritic or aphanitic), and mode of occurrence (intrusive vs. extrusive). It also describes classification based on the proportions of light-colored minerals like quartz and feldspar versus dark-colored minerals like pyroxene and olivine.
The current ppt discusses the different types of lineations formed due to deformation.
Lineations are genetically related to the foliation planes on which they occur, particularly where both are shaped by mineral orientations. Therefore, the planar and linear fabrics are both together aspects of the same three-dimensional geometry, which is related to the shape of the finite strain ellipsoid or,
more important still, to the history of incremental strains.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
GEOLOGICAL THERMOMETERS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Proper understanding of origin of mineral deposits and their classification requires the knowledge of formation-temperatures of these deposits. Certain minerals, present over there, give information’s with regard to temperatures of their formations and of the enclosing deposits and they are known as geological thermometers. These geological thermometers may be classed chiefly into the following groups based on their preciseness:
1. The thermometers that record fairly accurately the specific temperature condition of formation of deposits.
2. The thermometers that provide an upper or a lower temperature, above or below which the deposits do not form
3. The thermometers that provide a range of temperature within which the deposits form; and
4. The thermometers that serve as rough indications of temperatures of formation of mineral deposits.
The presence of two or more of less precise geological thermometers in a deposit narrows the range of temperature of formation for the deposits
Silica polymerization in igneous processes.Ahmed Tarek
Silicate Polymerization In Igneous Processes.
Introduction:
Magma is very hot liquid of molten rocks (often mantle derived melt) and contain other constituents like gases , volatiles and solid suspended crystals where magma exist into deep plutinic huge chambers. While Lava is a magma but extruded onto the earth by (volcanic eruption) or from (earth fissure).
The current ppt discusses the different types of lineations formed due to deformation.
Lineations are genetically related to the foliation planes on which they occur, particularly where both are shaped by mineral orientations. Therefore, the planar and linear fabrics are both together aspects of the same three-dimensional geometry, which is related to the shape of the finite strain ellipsoid or,
more important still, to the history of incremental strains.
Minerals are formed by changes in chemical energy in systems which contain one fluid or vapor phase. In nature, minerals are formed by crystallisation or precipitation from concentrated solutions. These solutions are called as ore-bearing fluids. Ore-bearing fluids are characterised by high concentration of certain metallic or other elements.
Fluids are the most effective agents for the transport of material in the mantle and the Earth's crust.
GEOLOGICAL THERMOMETERS
DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION
Proper understanding of origin of mineral deposits and their classification requires the knowledge of formation-temperatures of these deposits. Certain minerals, present over there, give information’s with regard to temperatures of their formations and of the enclosing deposits and they are known as geological thermometers. These geological thermometers may be classed chiefly into the following groups based on their preciseness:
1. The thermometers that record fairly accurately the specific temperature condition of formation of deposits.
2. The thermometers that provide an upper or a lower temperature, above or below which the deposits do not form
3. The thermometers that provide a range of temperature within which the deposits form; and
4. The thermometers that serve as rough indications of temperatures of formation of mineral deposits.
The presence of two or more of less precise geological thermometers in a deposit narrows the range of temperature of formation for the deposits
Silica polymerization in igneous processes.Ahmed Tarek
Silicate Polymerization In Igneous Processes.
Introduction:
Magma is very hot liquid of molten rocks (often mantle derived melt) and contain other constituents like gases , volatiles and solid suspended crystals where magma exist into deep plutinic huge chambers. While Lava is a magma but extruded onto the earth by (volcanic eruption) or from (earth fissure).
Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic solid with orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
These are the basic building blocks of rocks.
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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1. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
2. Bases of Classification
a. Chemical and Quasi Chemical
b. Mode of Occurrence
c. Texture
d. Mineralogical
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
3. Based on Silica(SiO2) content
Types Silica(SiO2) % Example
1. Acid/ Felsic >66% Granite
2. Intermediate 52-66% Andesite
3. Basic 45-52% Gabbro
4. Ultra Basic <45% Peridotite
Chemical and Quasi-Chemical Classification
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
4. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
5. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
Based on Texture
6. Saturated Minerals
The minerals which are compatible with
quartz or primary SiO2 mineral (Tridymite,
Cristobalite), these minerals are saturated
(minerals of High Silication) with respect to
Si, e.g feldspars, pyroxenes.
Classification Based on presence of Saturated Minerals
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
Chemical and Quasi-Chemical Classification
Cristobalite
7. Unsaturated Minerals
The minerals which are never
occurred with a primary silica
mineral. These are unsaturated
(minerals of low Silication)
minerals, e.g. Mg-rich olivine,
Nepheline.
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
8. Types of Rock Containing
Saturated/Unsaturated minerals
Example
1. Over Saturated Free silica (Quartz) + Saturated
minerals
Granite, Rhyolite,
Granodiorite, Dacite
2. Saturated Only Saturated minerals Syenite, Diorite,
Trachayte
3. Unsaturated Unsaturated minerals Peridotite
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
Classification Based on presence of Saturated Minerals
9. Classification based on Mode of Occurrence and Texture
1. Intrusive Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks which form by the crystallization of magma at a depth within the Earth are called
intrusive rocks. Intrusive rocks are characterized by large crystal sizes, i.e., their visual
appearance shows individual crystals interlocked together to form the rock mass. The cooling of
magma deep in the Earth is typically much slower than the cooling process at the surface, so
larger crystals can grow. Rocks with visible crystals of roughly the same size are said to have
a phaneritic texture. Example: Granite, Diorite, Gabbro
2. Extrusive Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks which form by the crystallization of magma at the surface of the Earth are called
extrusive rocks. They are characterized by fine-grained textures because their rapid cooling at or
near the surface did not provide enough time for large crystals to grow. Rocks with this fine-
grained texture are called aphanitic rocks. The most common extrusive rocks are Rhyolite,
Andesite, Basalt .
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
10. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
Intrusive Igneous Rocks Extrusive Igneous Rocks
11. Classification of Igneous Rock based on Mineral Components
Light Colored Mineral
Minerals with a light color are generally
lacking in the elements iron (Fe) and
magnesium (Mg). Any colors other than gray,
black, brown (including "gold") and dark
green will be considered to be "light". The
light-colored minerals listed below are among
the most common rock-forming minerals
1. Quartz
2. Feldsper
3. Feldspathoid
4. Muscovite
Dark Colored Minerals
Minerals with a dark color are generally
relatively rich in the elements iron (Fe) and
magnesium (Mg). Colors for these minerals
include gray, black, brown (including "gold")
and dark green, and these minerals will often
leave a good streak. The dark-colored minerals
listed below are among the most common rock-
forming minerals are
1. Pyroxene
2. Amphibole
3. Olivine
4. Iron Oxide
5. Apatite
6. Biotite
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
12. 1. Felsic
The Felsic group consists of minerals characterized by light in colored, low specific gravity and of
comparatively late crystallization. Key minerals in felsic rocks are sodium and potassium feldspars,
quartz, feldspathoids, and muscovite. Indeed, the term felsic is a mnemonic, based on this mineralogy,
formed from (fe) for feldspar, (l) for (a.k.a. feldspathoid), and (s) for silica, plus (-ic) a suffix meaning
“having the character of.”The common rocks on this group are Granite, Rhyolite.
2. Mafic
The mafic group on the other hand comprises minerals which are dark in color, heavy specific gravity and
of comparatively early crystallization. Mafic rocks are dominantly composed of iron- and magnesium-rich
silicates, specifically olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and biotite. The term mafic comes from (ma)
for magnesium and (f) from ferrum, the Latin word for iron, plus (-ic). Calcium-rich plagioclase,
although not an iron-magnesium silicate, is also a common constituent in mafic rocks because mafic
magmas are enriched in calcium relative to potassium and sodium. Common example of this class are
basalt and gabbro.
1. Felsic
2. Mafic
Based on Colored minerals Igneous rocks classified by
Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
13. Md. Yousuf Gazi, Lecturer, Department of Geology, University of Dhaka (yousuf.geo@du.ac.bd)
Vs.
Dark
Light
