Forebrain
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The document discusses the structure and function of the brain ventricles and surrounding areas. It describes how cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the choroid plexus and circulates through the four ventricles before being reabsorbed into blood vessels. It also outlines the major structures surrounding each ventricle, such as the hypothalamus around the third ventricle and the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata surrounding the fourth ventricle. Finally, it reviews the structures and functions of areas surrounding the ventricles, including the basal ganglia and internal capsule.
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Central nervous system
The document discusses the central nervous system, including the spinal cord and brain. It provides details on:
- The spinal cord's location, functions including sensory/motor innervation and reflexes, and development from fetal to adult stages.
- Spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord and their divisions by vertebral location.
- Protection of the spinal cord by bone, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
- The brain's major divisions of cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. It describes the cerebral cortex, lobes, and association/sensory/motor areas.
- Ventricles and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain and spinal
Nervous system
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. It regulates responses to internal and external stimuli. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is outside the central nervous system and includes cranial and spinal nerves. The brain is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It serves functions like imagination, memory, speech, movement, and hormone secretion. Neurons and glial cells make up brain tissue and neurons communicate via synapses.
The limbic system and the hypothalamus
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
Introduction to Nervous system
This document provides an introduction to the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It begins with definitions of the nervous system and its role in controlling the body. It then describes the two major divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Key structures of the CNS like the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are outlined. The basic functions of the nervous system in receiving sensory input, integrating information, and directing motor responses are summarized. Finally, it discusses neurons, synapses, and memory formation and storage in the brain.
Basal ganglia - Anatomy, Neurochemistry, Connections, Disorders
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Csf & ventricles
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the three layers of meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced by choroid plexuses within the ventricles and circulates through the ventricular system before being absorbed into veins. It acts as a cushion and supports the brain, distributes impacts, maintains pressure, and transports nutrients and waste. The blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier regulate molecular exchange between blood and CSF/brain tissue.
Spinal Cord Dev
This document discusses the embryology of the neural tube and spinal cord development. It describes how the neural tube forms from the ectoderm and notochord, beginning as a neural plate that folds to form the neural groove and tube. The tube then separates from the ectoderm. The document outlines the formation of the brain vesicles and spinal cord gray and white matter, as well as the migration and derivatives of neural crest cells. It concludes with the positioning of the spinal cord throughout development.
BRAINSTEM-DETAILED.pptx
The brainstem consists of 3 parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and has important functions like transmitting signals between the two, controlling vital reflexes like respiration, and containing nuclei for cranial nerves III-XII. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons that extends through the brainstem and is involved in functions like motor control, sensory processing, visceral control, and neuroendocrine regulation. Other structures in the brainstem include the cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, inferior and superior colliculi, cranial nerve nuclei, and the pontine nuclei.
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Central nervous system
The document discusses the central nervous system, including the spinal cord and brain. It provides details on:
- The spinal cord's location, functions including sensory/motor innervation and reflexes, and development from fetal to adult stages.
- Spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord and their divisions by vertebral location.
- Protection of the spinal cord by bone, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
- The brain's major divisions of cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. It describes the cerebral cortex, lobes, and association/sensory/motor areas.
- Ventricles and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid throughout the brain and spinal
Nervous system
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. It regulates responses to internal and external stimuli. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is outside the central nervous system and includes cranial and spinal nerves. The brain is divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain. It serves functions like imagination, memory, speech, movement, and hormone secretion. Neurons and glial cells make up brain tissue and neurons communicate via synapses.
The limbic system and the hypothalamus
The document summarizes the structure and function of the reticular formation and limbic system. It discusses how the reticular formation activates the cerebrum through direct stimulation and neurohormonal systems. It describes various neurohormonal systems like the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine system and raphe nuclei-serotonin system. It then discusses the limbic system, including the hypothalamus, and their roles in emotional behavior, motivational drives, and regulating internal body functions. Key limbic structures and their functions in aggression, fear, feeding, reward, and punishment are also outlined.
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This document provides an introduction to the nervous system, including its main components and functions. It begins with definitions of the nervous system and its role in controlling the body. It then describes the two major divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Key structures of the CNS like the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are outlined. The basic functions of the nervous system in receiving sensory input, integrating information, and directing motor responses are summarized. Finally, it discusses neurons, synapses, and memory formation and storage in the brain.
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The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the three layers of meninges that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord. CSF is produced by choroid plexuses within the ventricles and circulates through the ventricular system before being absorbed into veins. It acts as a cushion and supports the brain, distributes impacts, maintains pressure, and transports nutrients and waste. The blood-brain barrier and blood-CSF barrier regulate molecular exchange between blood and CSF/brain tissue.
Spinal Cord Dev
This document discusses the embryology of the neural tube and spinal cord development. It describes how the neural tube forms from the ectoderm and notochord, beginning as a neural plate that folds to form the neural groove and tube. The tube then separates from the ectoderm. The document outlines the formation of the brain vesicles and spinal cord gray and white matter, as well as the migration and derivatives of neural crest cells. It concludes with the positioning of the spinal cord throughout development.
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The brainstem consists of 3 parts - the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It connects the spinal cord to the forebrain and has important functions like transmitting signals between the two, controlling vital reflexes like respiration, and containing nuclei for cranial nerves III-XII. The reticular formation is a network of fibers and neurons that extends through the brainstem and is involved in functions like motor control, sensory processing, visceral control, and neuroendocrine regulation. Other structures in the brainstem include the cerebral peduncles, cerebral aqueduct, inferior and superior colliculi, cranial nerve nuclei, and the pontine nuclei.
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The brain stem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the pons and cerebellum. It contains important centers for visual and auditory reflexes, and gives rise to the trochlear nerve. Key structures in the midbrain include the superior and inferior colliculi, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. The midbrain serves to relay motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and forebrain.
The Forebrain
The forebrain contains several important structures and is located at the front of the brain. It contains the limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, hippocampus, ventricles containing cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges. The limbic system controls behaviors like motivation and emotions. The thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information to and from the brain. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate hormones that control eating, drinking, temperature, and stress levels. The hippocampus stores new memories.
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The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
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The document discusses the embryology of the brain, including:
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- The formation of structures within each brain region like the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla and pons.
- The timeline of important developmental events from the formation of the neural plate to myelination.
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The document discusses the anatomy of the human brain. It describes the major parts as the cerebrum or forebrain, midbrain, pons varolii, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum or hindbrain. It also discusses how the brain develops from the neural tube and how this tube divides into regions that form the different parts of the brain. Key cell types that make up brain tissue are also identified.
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The hippocampus is located deep in the brain and plays an important role in memory formation and spatial navigation. It is involved in fear conditioning and damage to the hippocampus has been linked to anxiety disorders like PTSD. The hippocampus contains anxiety cells that respond to unfamiliar places, and suppressing these cells reduces anxiety in mice. CBD may help reduce activity in the amygdala and aid signaling in the endocannabinoid system involving the hippocampus to help treat anxiety symptoms.
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The brain stem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord, and consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the forebrain to the pons and cerebellum. It contains important centers for visual and auditory reflexes, and gives rise to the trochlear nerve. Key structures in the midbrain include the superior and inferior colliculi, oculomotor nucleus, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. The midbrain serves to relay motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord and forebrain.
The Forebrain
The forebrain contains several important structures and is located at the front of the brain. It contains the limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, hippocampus, ventricles containing cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges. The limbic system controls behaviors like motivation and emotions. The thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information to and from the brain. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland regulate hormones that control eating, drinking, temperature, and stress levels. The hippocampus stores new memories.
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This document describes the descending tracts of the spinal cord, including the pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tracts. It discusses the anatomical organization of the tracts with 3 orders of neurons. The corticospinal tracts are described in detail, including their pathway through the brain and decussation in the medulla. Clinical signs of upper and lower motor neuron lesions are compared. Spinal cord injuries and other conditions affecting the spinal cord are also summarized.
Development of nervous system
The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and forms the central nervous system. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate which elevates and fuses to form the neural tube. Neural crest cells dissociate and give rise to many structures. The brain develops from three primary vesicles-the prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The spinal cord arises from the lower neural tube. Neurons and glia differentiate and migrate within the neural tube. Fusion of the neural folds and closure of neuropores must occur properly to prevent neural tube defects.
Thalamus ppt
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain between the cerebral cortex and midbrain. It is the largest component of the diencephalon. The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information (except smell) sending signals to the appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex. It is divided into nuclei that each have distinct functions and connections related to motor control, sensory processing and integration, arousal, memory and cognition. Damage to different thalamic nuclei can disrupt various functions and result in sensory deficits, movement problems or changes to consciousness.
Fore-brain it's structure functions and related Disorders.
The document discusses the nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. It describes the main components and functions of the brain, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, limbic system, and how damage to different parts can impact emotions, memory, movement and other bodily functions. Diseases that can damage parts of the forebrain like the thalamus, hypothalamus and basal ganglia are also outlined.
Meninges
The document summarizes the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It describes the three meningeal layers that protect the brain - the outer dura mater, middle arachnoid mater, and inner pia mater. CSF fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater, acting as a water cushion. It provides details on the layers, including that the dura mater has two layers, the arachnoid mater loosely surrounds the brain and forms arachnoid villi that absorb CSF, and the pia mater dips into brain sulci and folds to form structures like the choroid plexus. The subarachnoid space contains CSF
Tracts
This document summarizes the major ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord and brainstem that transmit sensory and motor information. It describes the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and anterolateral system, which are the main conscious sensory tracts transmitting touch, proprioception, vibration, pain and temperature. It also discusses the spinocerebellar tracts that transmit unconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum. On the motor side, it outlines the pyramidal tracts including the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, as well as the extrapyramidal tracts that control posture, balance and locomotion.
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The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and midbrain, connecting them. It contains motor and sensory nuclei for cranial nerves 5-8 and helps transmit signals between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The pons has anterior and posterior surfaces and contains fibers, nuclei, and tracts that process sensory information and coordinate motor functions. Damage to different areas can cause deficits like hemiplegia, hearing loss, or facial paralysis.
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This is the first lecture in neuroanatomy presented and taught by Ahmed Eljack to second level medical students at Alneelain University.
This lecture discussed the basics of neuroanatomy regarding anatomical terms, planes of section, anatomical divisions of the nervous system, and cells of the nervous system and their major functions.
Ventricles
The brain contains a series of ventricles that circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serve important functions. There are four ventricles total - two lateral ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle within the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the connected ventricles via openings like the foramen of Monro before being absorbed, acting as a cushion and transporting substances to and from the brain.
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The brainstem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the pons and cerebrum and contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The pons connects to the cerebellum via peduncles and contains pontine nuclei and cranial nerve nuclei. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord and contains cranial nerve nuclei, the inferior olives, and tracts such as the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.
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The document discusses the embryology of the brain, including:
- The formation of the neural tube and its subdivisions into primary brain vesicles.
- The development of the medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres from the brain vesicles.
- The formation of structures within each brain region like the cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla and pons.
- The timeline of important developmental events from the formation of the neural plate to myelination.
ASCENDING TRACT1.pptx
The ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body, like pain, for example, up the spinal cord to the brain. Descending tracts carry motor information, like instructions to move the arm, from the brain down the spinal cord to the body.
5 limbic system
The limbic system is a set of brain structures located deep in the brain that are involved in emotion, behavior, motivation, long-term memory, and olfaction. It includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and surrounding cortical areas. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory formation and storage. The amygdala is involved in emotional responses and regulating autonomic functions. Damage to limbic structures like the hippocampus and amygdala can result in conditions like Kluver-Bucy syndrome, anxiety, schizophrenia, and memory disorders.
Basal ganglia
The basal ganglia are a group of interconnected brain structures that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. They are involved in regulating movement and certain movement disorders. The basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and thalamus and send output to the thalamus and brainstem areas. Dopamine from the substantia nigra helps modulate input and output signaling in the basal ganglia circuits. Disorders of these circuits can result in dyskinesias like tremors, chorea, athetosis, and ballismus or disturbances of muscle tone.
Embryology of nervous system
This document provides an overview of the embryology of the nervous system. It discusses how the neural tube forms and divides into various regions including the spinal cord, medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes how neurons and glial cells develop and migrate within the neural tube. It also covers the formation and development of various structures like the autonomic nervous system, corpus striatum and cerebral cortex.
Commissural fibres
Corpus callosum.
Anterior commissure.
Posterior commissure.
Hippocampal commissure.
Habenular commissure.
Peripheral Nervous System
The document discusses the peripheral nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main components - the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system has two main divisions: somatic and autonomic. The somatic division includes sensory and motor neurons that control voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The document goes on to describe various nerves, neurons, and structures that make up the peripheral nervous system.
Sensory and motor pathways
This document discusses sensory and motor pathways in the human body. It begins by listing the key learning outcomes, which include describing sensory receptors, pathways in the spinal cord and brain, motor neurons and tracts, and the corticospinal tract. It then discusses myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibers, how they conduct impulses, and their roles. The document proceeds to explain sensory pathways from receptors to the brain, motor pathways from the brain to muscles, and provides diagrams of sensory and motor tracts in the spinal cord. It concludes by describing functions of sensory and motor neurons.
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Fore-brain it's structure functions and related Disorders.
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The hippocampus is located deep in the brain and plays an important role in memory formation and spatial navigation. It is involved in fear conditioning and damage to the hippocampus has been linked to anxiety disorders like PTSD. The hippocampus contains anxiety cells that respond to unfamiliar places, and suppressing these cells reduces anxiety in mice. CBD may help reduce activity in the amygdala and aid signaling in the endocannabinoid system involving the hippocampus to help treat anxiety symptoms.
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This document provides an overview of key topics in head CT interpretation including: CT anatomy, common pathologies like head trauma, stroke, tumors and infections. It includes images demonstrating subdural hemorrhage and herniations. There are also glossaries defining important radiological terms beginning with letters A-M and N-Z such as the basal ganglia, ventricles, sulci and herniations. Clinical indications and systematic interpretation approaches are mentioned.
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The document describes several structures of the brain and ventricular system. It discusses:
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Ventricles_of_the_brain_The ventricles of the brain are a communicating netwo...
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This document outlines a sheep brain dissection lab. It begins by comparing sheep and human brain structures like the olfactory bulb and cerebellum. Students will dissect a preserved sheep brain to identify structures like the cerebrum, cerebellum, ventricles, hippocampus, and cranial nerves. They will make mid-sagittal and coronal cuts, diagramming their findings. The goal is to study sheep brain anatomy and compare it to human functions.
Chapter 14
The document discusses the structure and function of several parts of the human brain. It describes how the brain develops from embryonic brain vesicles and outlines the major divisions of the adult brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, and diencephalon. It provides details on the anatomy and roles of specific structures within these divisions such as the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, medulla, pons, and midbrain. The document also covers topics like brain blood flow, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and the protective meningeal coverings of the brain.
Chapter 14
The document discusses the structure and function of the human brain and cranial nerves. It begins by describing brain development from the early embryonic stage through birth. It then covers the major anatomical structures of the adult brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, and protective coverings. It discusses the brain's high blood flow and unique blood-brain barrier. Finally, it details the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and identifies several key regions in the brainstem like the medulla oblongata.
14. Less Dienceph,mesenceph.pptx
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ECG S
1) The Sgarbossa criteria provide guidelines for diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block (LBB) or ventricular paced rhythm on electrocardiogram (ECG), as these conditions can obscure ECG changes.
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ECG I
This document discusses interventricular conduction delay and raised intracranial pressure as seen on electrocardiograms (ECGs). It defines interventricular conduction delay and lists various causes including fascicular blocks, bundle branch blocks, ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation, electrolyte abnormalities, toxins, pre-excitation, and arrhythmogenic cardiac conditions. It then discusses raised intracranial pressure and the associated ECG findings of widespread T-wave inversions, QT prolongation, and bradycardia as part of the Cushing reflex, indicating imminent brainstem herniation. Massive intracranial hemorrhages such as subarachnoid hemorrhage are the most common causes
ECG H
The document discusses various electrolyte abnormalities and their ECG manifestations, including hypercalcemia, hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesia, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and hypothermia. For each condition, it provides the normal and abnormal ranges for the electrolyte levels and describes the associated ECG changes such as peaked T waves, QT prolongation, low QRS voltage, bradycardia, and arrhythmias. The document serves as a reference for clinicians to recognize ECG patterns caused by electrolyte and endocrine abnormalities.
ECG F
1) Fascicular ventricular tachycardia is the most common form of idiopathic ventricular tachycardia originating from the left ventricle. It typically presents in young patients without structural heart disease.
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3) Posterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia, which arises near the left posterior fascicle, shows a right bundle branch block pattern with left axis deviation. Anterior fascicular ventricular tachycardia arises
ECG E
The document discusses several electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and rhythms including ectopic atrial tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, electrical alternans seen in massive pericardial effusion which produces low QRS voltage, electrical alternans and tachycardia, escape rhythms like junctional escape rhythms where the pacemaker rate decreases down the conducting system, and ventricular escape rhythms. It also discusses the terminology of junctional rhythms and includes literature references.
ECG D
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ECG C
Massive carbamazepine overdose of more than 50 mg/kg can cause cardiotoxicity due to sodium channel blockade, which may be detectable on ECG as subtle QRS widening or first-degree AV block. Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by ventricular dilatation and reduced ejection fraction below 40%, commonly presenting with symptoms of biventricular failure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can cause prominent P waves in inferior leads, exaggerated ST segments, low QRS voltage especially in V4-V6, and may show an SV1-SV2-SV3 pattern.
ECG B
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ECG A: first part.
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The document discusses various categories of risks associated with food, including foodborne hazards of microbial origin, nutritional hazards, environmental contaminants, naturally occurring toxicants, and food additives. It notes that foodborne diseases of microbial origin pose the greatest risks. Nutritional hazards can arise from deficiencies or excesses. Environmental contaminants can enter the food supply from industrial or natural sources. Naturally occurring toxicants are found in some foods. Food additives present minimal risks when consumed within permitted levels. The document also outlines categories of potential benefits from foods, including health benefits, supply benefits, hedonic benefits, and convenience benefits.
Benefits and risks of additives
This document discusses the benefits and risks of food additives. The benefits include making foods safer, more nutritious, and longer lasting through the use of preservatives and antioxidants. Additives also provide greater variety of foods and lower prices. However, there are also risks. There is a lack of data on the long term health effects of combinations of additives. Some additives are associated with "junk foods" that are low in nutrients. While direct toxic effects are unlikely at legal levels, some individuals may have hypersensitivity reactions. Some animal studies also indicate potential cancer and reproductive issues, but no direct evidence in humans. The risks must be weighed against the benefits on a case by case basis.
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The document discusses different types of food additives and how they are classified. It describes preservatives like antimicrobials, antioxidants and antibrowning agents. Nutritional additives add vitamins, minerals and fiber. Coloring agents and flavors are used to enhance appearance and taste. Texturizing agents modify texture and mouthfeel. Additives are identified by International Numbering System codes or E numbers from the European Union.
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Forebrain
- 5. Cerebrospinal fluid produced in lateral ventricles goes into the third ventricle. http://neurocritic.blogspot.hr/200 9/11/noxious-mystery-substance- released-into.html Foramen of Monroe or the interventricular foramen Third ventricle is bounded on either side by the hypothalamus. Thalamus is above the third ventricle.
- 6. Fourth brain ventricle http://inside.ucumberlands.edu/a cademics/biology/faculty/kuss/co urses/Nervous%20system/BrainVe ntriclesCSFsmall.jpg The smallest of the channels within human brain is cerebral acqueduct that extends from third to fourth brain ventricle.
- 7. Foramens of the fourth ventricle http://humanphysi ology.academy/OS C-CNS/CSF2.gif Foramen of Magendie is the medial foramen. There are two lateral foramens: apertures of Luschka.
- 8. Cerebrospinal fluid • Cerebrospinal fluid exits the brain ventricles and flows around the entire cerebral hemisphere in subarachnoid space. • The subarachnoid space contains one or two millimeters of CSF. • CSF is an important pyhsical buffer. • The drainage of CSF along the dorsal midline is happening via subarachnoid granulations. • Subarachnoid granulations are one-way valves that allow CSF to leave the subarachnoid space and drain into the superior sagittal sinus. • From the superior sagittal sinus (and other sinuses) CSF goes back to the venous blood.
- 10. Chronic alcohol abuse There is unusual amount of space between the folia of the cerebellum (cerebellar atrophy). University of Utah
- 11. Internal capsule and deep grey matter II.
- 12. Telencephalon Grey matter White matter Ventricle Cortical structures are: • cerebral cortex • hippocampus • amygdala Basal ganglia are: • caudate nucleus • putamen • nucleus accumbens • globus pallidus corpus callosum anterior comissure fornix internal capsule lateral ventricle
- 13. Striatum caudate nucleus (head, body and tail) nucleus accumbens putamen
- 14. Striatum, amygdala and thalamus Wikipedia.org Putamen Nucleus accumbens Caudate nucleus (head) Caudate nucleus body Caudate nucleus tail Amygdala Thalamus Thalamus is posterior and medial to putamen.
- 15. The internal capsule • The internal capsule is the massive system of white matter that runs between the cerebral cortex and everything that falls below the cerebral cortex. • Internal capsule axons pass the thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord: many of axons are going in descending direction. • Axons that are coming from the thalamus are projecting back to the cerebral cortex. Axons of the internal capsule are slipping between: • the body of caudate nucleus, the thalamus • the putamen, the nucleus accumbens AND
- 17. Internal capsule https://image.slidesharecd n.com/internalcapsule- 140528094901- phpapp02/95/internal- capsuleanatomy-6- 638.jpg?cb=1401270741 Thalamus and caudate nucleus are on the medial side of the internal capsule. On the lateral side of the internal capsule are putamen and the globus pallidus. Nucleus accumbens is inferior to the internal capsule.
- 18. Function Putamen regulates movement of the body. Caudate nucleus regulates movements of the eyes, movements of the mind and thoughts. Nucleus Accumbens is involved with modulating movements of emotion or mood.
- 20. Diencephalon Grey matter: • thalamus • hypothalamus White matter is fornix. Ventricles: third ventricle.
- 21. Literature https://www.coursera.org/learn/medical- neuroscience/lecture: Leonard E. White, PhD, Duke University.
- 22. Literature • Medscape.com • Wikipedia.org • http://neurocritic.blogspot.hr • http://inside.ucumberlands.edu • http://humanphysiology.academy • http://library.med.utah.edu • www.patienthelp.org • www.learnneurosurgery.com • Slideshare.com