Flower arrangement is the art of arranging flowers in vases, bowls, baskets or other containers, or making bouquets and compositions from cut flowers, foliages, herbs, ornamental grasses and other plant materials.It is commonly termed as ‘floral design’ or ‘floristry.’
It is the production, commerce and trade in flowers. It encompasses flowercare and handling, floral design or flower arranging, merchandising, and display and flower delivery
The document discusses different styles and principles of flower arrangements. It describes two main styles: Western/English style which uses symmetry and massing of flowers, and Eastern/Japanese Ikebana style which follows specific rules and principles and uses minimal elements. It outlines various design principles like balance, emphasis, and elements like line, form, texture and color. It also explains different types of arrangements like circular, triangular, radiating designs and styles of Japanese Ikebana like Moribana and Nageire. In conclusion, it provides tips for caring for flower arrangements.
This document provides information on different types of containers and pots that can be used for organic gardening, both indoors and outdoors. It discusses flats, pots, bands, clay pots, fiber pots, plastic pots, hanging pots, barrels and tubs that can be used as containers. It also outlines some basic gardening tools needed like secateurs, spray pumps, forks, hoes, rakes, spades, labels, watering cans and trowels. Finally, it recommends some indoor plants like aloe vera, spider plants and peace lilies that can help clean the air by removing common pollutants.
This document discusses different types of hedges, edges, and topiary in landscaping. It provides details on 7 types of hedges and hedge plants that can be used, describing their shapes, sizes, whether they are evergreen or deciduous. It also discusses how hedges can be used to create private spaces, boundaries, windbreaks, and for aesthetics. The document outlines formal and informal hedge pruning and different edging materials like stone, wood, plastic, and their purposes and benefits.
Bonsai is the Japanese art form of growing and pruning minature trees in containers.Bonsai is an old Chinese art of growing trees. Bonsai comprises a tree or shrub planted in a small container for developing as a miniature plant showing the general appearance of that plant species found in nature.
The document provides an overview of bonsai basics including what a bonsai is, common styles, types of trees, pots, soil, and care techniques. It discusses the different bonsai styles like formal upright, informal upright, broom, and cascade. Tropical trees need to be brought indoors when temperatures drop below 50 degrees F while evergreen and deciduous trees need winter protection. Proper soil, potting, wiring, trimming and fertilizing are explained. Common pests and diseases as well as contact information are also mentioned.
This document defines landscaping and landscape architecture. It discusses six principles of landscape design: balance, rhythm, unity, variety, simplicity, and proportions. It also covers landscape elements like color, form, line, scale, texture, water features, hardscaping materials, and common garden components such as lawns, shrubs, trees, climbers, and flower beds.
Here are the answers:
1. Japanese and British gardens are examples of informal gardens.
2. Baradari is a key feature of Mughal gardens.
3. Pagoda is a key feature of Japanese gardens.
4. Informal gardens like Japanese and British gardens resemble nature.
5. Terrarium is an example of an indoor garden.
This document provides information on different types of flower arrangements including western, eastern, and modern styles. It describes the key elements of each style and gives tips for caring for cut flowers to prolong their lifespan in an arrangement. The western style uses a large number of flowers in a symmetrical mass arrangement while the eastern or ikebana style follows specific rules to arrange flowers and foliage in horizontal and vertical lines. Modern arrangements combine elements of different styles. Proper conditioning and care of cut flowers includes re-cutting stems underwater and changing the water regularly.
The document discusses different styles and principles of flower arrangements. It describes two main styles: Western/English style which uses symmetry and massing of flowers, and Eastern/Japanese Ikebana style which follows specific rules and principles and uses minimal elements. It outlines various design principles like balance, emphasis, and elements like line, form, texture and color. It also explains different types of arrangements like circular, triangular, radiating designs and styles of Japanese Ikebana like Moribana and Nageire. In conclusion, it provides tips for caring for flower arrangements.
This document provides information on different types of containers and pots that can be used for organic gardening, both indoors and outdoors. It discusses flats, pots, bands, clay pots, fiber pots, plastic pots, hanging pots, barrels and tubs that can be used as containers. It also outlines some basic gardening tools needed like secateurs, spray pumps, forks, hoes, rakes, spades, labels, watering cans and trowels. Finally, it recommends some indoor plants like aloe vera, spider plants and peace lilies that can help clean the air by removing common pollutants.
This document discusses different types of hedges, edges, and topiary in landscaping. It provides details on 7 types of hedges and hedge plants that can be used, describing their shapes, sizes, whether they are evergreen or deciduous. It also discusses how hedges can be used to create private spaces, boundaries, windbreaks, and for aesthetics. The document outlines formal and informal hedge pruning and different edging materials like stone, wood, plastic, and their purposes and benefits.
Bonsai is the Japanese art form of growing and pruning minature trees in containers.Bonsai is an old Chinese art of growing trees. Bonsai comprises a tree or shrub planted in a small container for developing as a miniature plant showing the general appearance of that plant species found in nature.
The document provides an overview of bonsai basics including what a bonsai is, common styles, types of trees, pots, soil, and care techniques. It discusses the different bonsai styles like formal upright, informal upright, broom, and cascade. Tropical trees need to be brought indoors when temperatures drop below 50 degrees F while evergreen and deciduous trees need winter protection. Proper soil, potting, wiring, trimming and fertilizing are explained. Common pests and diseases as well as contact information are also mentioned.
This document defines landscaping and landscape architecture. It discusses six principles of landscape design: balance, rhythm, unity, variety, simplicity, and proportions. It also covers landscape elements like color, form, line, scale, texture, water features, hardscaping materials, and common garden components such as lawns, shrubs, trees, climbers, and flower beds.
Here are the answers:
1. Japanese and British gardens are examples of informal gardens.
2. Baradari is a key feature of Mughal gardens.
3. Pagoda is a key feature of Japanese gardens.
4. Informal gardens like Japanese and British gardens resemble nature.
5. Terrarium is an example of an indoor garden.
This document provides information on different types of flower arrangements including western, eastern, and modern styles. It describes the key elements of each style and gives tips for caring for cut flowers to prolong their lifespan in an arrangement. The western style uses a large number of flowers in a symmetrical mass arrangement while the eastern or ikebana style follows specific rules to arrange flowers and foliage in horizontal and vertical lines. Modern arrangements combine elements of different styles. Proper conditioning and care of cut flowers includes re-cutting stems underwater and changing the water regularly.
Anthurium is a popular cut flower grown for its showy flowers and attractive foliage. It has bold, lasting flowers and is the second most traded tropical flower worldwide after orchids. Anthurium is mainly produced in India in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. There are many varieties that differ in spathe color and plant characteristics. Anthurium requires protected cultivation with specific soil, temperature, light, and humidity conditions. It is propagated through division, cuttings, or tissue culture and produces flowers on a spike that can be harvested and stored for weeks. Pests like aphids and diseases like black rot must be controlled through proper pest and disease management.
Landscaping provides beautification, recreation, and ecological balance. It involves planting ornamental plants in an aesthetic way to create naturalistic effects. Key principles include combining beauty and utility, dividing the area into parts with individual plans, and allowing gardens and buildings to merge seamlessly. Factors like human preferences, the site characteristics, views, heritage, and climate must be considered in landscape design. Landscaping provides benefits like increasing property values, improving air quality, sequestering carbon, and creating a habitat for wildlife.
This document provides information on hedges, including their definition, criteria for selecting hedge plants, classifications of hedges, and hedge establishment and maintenance. Hedges are living fences made of closely planted shrubs or trees that form a continuous visual barrier. They can be used to demarcate property boundaries or screen areas. Key factors in selecting hedge plants include attractive foliage or flowers, ease of growth, disease resistance, and tolerance for pruning. Hedges are classified based on their nature, such as foliage or flowering types, or their purpose, such as being ornamental, protective, or for wind blocking. Proper establishment requires preparing the soil and planting in rows, while maintenance involves weeding, pruning, irrigation, and
This document provides an overview of floriculture and the history and development of gardening in India. It discusses key aspects of floriculture including cut flowers, ornamental plants, and essential oils/medicines. It then describes the long history of gardening in India from ancient times through Mughal and British periods. Specific styles and features of different historical periods are highlighted. The document also discusses components of modern gardens like lawns, trees, hedges, and paths. Various plant species used in different garden components are listed.
Roses come in many varieties including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. Hybrid teas produce beautiful long-stemmed flowers in a wide range of colors. Floribundas bloom in large clusters and are used for bedding. Climbers have soft branches that spread and produce small flower clusters. Roses require well-drained soil, pruning, fertilization, and protection from pests like aphids and diseases like black spot. Flowers are harvested as buds to extend vase life or when partially open for loose flowers. With proper care, roses provide economic yields for several years.
Postharvest Management of Cut Flower by Dr. L. Jeebit SinghJeebit Singh
A short presentation on basic postharvest management practices/techniques to be followed for preservation of flower. Brief postharvest practices of some important cut flower are also included.
Apple physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS Trainees Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes various physiological disorders that can occur in apples, specifically Granny Smith apples. It describes the symptoms of bitter pit, sunburn, internal browning, superficial scald, senescent scald, core flush, internal breakdown, Braeburn browning disorder, and watercore. For each disorder, it provides details on how the disorder appears both externally on the skin of the apple and internally in the flesh, as well as potential causes and storage conditions that can influence severity. The purpose is to educate farmers and technicians on identifying these common post-harvest disorders affecting apple quality.
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals Arvind Yadav
This document provides information on the identification and characteristics of various annual flower plants. It begins by defining annuals as plants that complete their life cycle within one growing season. It then provides tables with the botanical name, family, height, color, and uses of over 50 different annual flower varieties. These include calendula, pansies, petunia, zinnia, and sunflower. The document emphasizes the importance of color selection for bedding and describes how different color combinations can create different visual effects.
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document provides information on the basic ingredients and mechanics of flower arrangement. It discusses essential items like containers, bases, plant materials and different styles of arrangements. Specific mechanics discussed include floral foam, wire and pins. Equipment mentioned are scissors, misters and secateurs. Neutral colored containers are recommended. Different plant materials like line, filler and dominant materials are covered. Proper design considers balance, movement, color and emphasis. Common flowers and foliage used in arrangements are also listed.
This document provides information on establishing and maintaining a lawn. It discusses different types of grasses used for lawns including their botanical names, common names, textures, and suitable situations. It also describes four main methods for starting a lawn: seeding, sodding, plugging, and sprigging/stolonizing. Fertilizing thrice a year and removing weeds, pests, and diseases are important for lawn care. Mowing height and frequency is also discussed.
Establishment and maintenance of lawn is skilled and technical, for establishing good lawn handy hints are provided, such as selection of grasses, planting, maintenance, weeding, irrigation, lawn protection etc., are covered
The document provides guidance on establishing a nursery for growing seedlings and saplings. It discusses selecting an appropriate location for the nursery with considerations like soil quality, access, and infrastructure. It describes preparing nursery beds and treating the soil to eliminate pathogens. The document outlines different types of nursery beds suited for different seasons. It also discusses various structures needed in a modern nursery like greenhouses, mist chambers, and hardening facilities. The nursery should be divided into sections for propagation, production, packaging, and sales.
1. The document discusses methods for establishing and maintaining a lawn, including soil preparation, selection of grass species, and planting techniques. Proper soil preparation such as digging, manuring, and leveling is emphasized. Common grass species for lawns in various conditions are listed. Methods of planting grass include seed sowing, dibbling, turfing, and using bricks or turf plaster.
2. Rock and alpine gardens are also covered. Rock gardens are designed to mimic mountain landscapes using rocks and drought-tolerant plants native to mountainous areas. Alpine gardens feature dwarf plants adapted to cool climates, grown in a medium of sand, organic matter and gravel.
3. Proper soil preparation, grass
A tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most specie, they give a mass effect and beautiful look to the localities.
The cultivation of tree is called arboriculture.
The place where trees are grown either for landscaping or for scientific study is known as arboretum
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
Bonsai establishment and maintainance by ravikumar JNSreenivas Majjiga
Bonsai is the art of growing miniature trees in shallow pots. It involves carefully pruning and shaping trees over many years to develop small scale representations of full size trees. Various tree species can be used for bonsai. Proper soil mixtures, pruning techniques, repotting schedules, and environmental conditions are required to successfully grow bonsai trees. Bonsai cultivation is a long-term artistic process that requires patience and dedication to produce beautifully shaped miniature trees.
This document provides an overview of topiary, including definitions, history, plant characteristics, creation, and maintenance. Topiary is the art of clipping plants such as trees and shrubs into decorative shapes. It was popular in ancient Rome and 17th century England. Plants used for topiary must tolerate pruning and have small, evergreen foliage. Creation involves wiring an outline and training branches to fit while pruning, and maintenance requires regular clipping to preserve the desired shape.
This document discusses formal and informal garden styles. Formal gardens have symmetrical designs with components arranged in a mirrored layout. Informal gardens have no symmetry and allow for more variety in elements. Some key features of formal gardens are geometric flower beds, fountains, and symmetrical paths. Informal gardens have irregular shapes, scattered elements, and curved paths. Careful planning is important when designing gardens, considering climate, soil, surroundings, and maintenance needs.
Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement that dates back to the 6th century with the introduction of Buddhism. It is a disciplined art form that brings nature and humanity together through harmonious arrangements emphasizing stems, leaves, and shape over just the flowers. The goal is spiritual enlightenment and personal development through concentration and practice like in Zen Buddhism. There are three main styles - upright, slanting, and cascading - that create different impressions through the placement of flowers in containers. Ikebana is meant to cultivate patience, tolerance, and finding beauty in all art forms.
Japanese gardens are traditional gardens whose designs are accompanied by Japanese aesthetics and philosophical ideas, avoid artificial ornamentation, and highlight the natural landscape. Plants and worn, aged materials are generally used by Japanese garden designers to suggest a natural landscape, and to express the fragility of existence as well as time's unstoppable advance. Ancient Japanese art inspired past garden designers. Water is an important feature of many gardens, as are rocks and often gravel. Despite there being many attractive Japanese flowering plants, herbaceous flowers generally play much less of a role in Japanese gardens than in the West, though seasonally flowering shrubs and trees are important, all the more dramatic because of the contrast with the usual predominant green. Evergreen plants are "the bones of the garden" in Japan. Though a natural-seeming appearance is the aim, Japanese gardeners often shape their plants, including trees, with great rigour.
Anthurium is a popular cut flower grown for its showy flowers and attractive foliage. It has bold, lasting flowers and is the second most traded tropical flower worldwide after orchids. Anthurium is mainly produced in India in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. There are many varieties that differ in spathe color and plant characteristics. Anthurium requires protected cultivation with specific soil, temperature, light, and humidity conditions. It is propagated through division, cuttings, or tissue culture and produces flowers on a spike that can be harvested and stored for weeks. Pests like aphids and diseases like black rot must be controlled through proper pest and disease management.
Landscaping provides beautification, recreation, and ecological balance. It involves planting ornamental plants in an aesthetic way to create naturalistic effects. Key principles include combining beauty and utility, dividing the area into parts with individual plans, and allowing gardens and buildings to merge seamlessly. Factors like human preferences, the site characteristics, views, heritage, and climate must be considered in landscape design. Landscaping provides benefits like increasing property values, improving air quality, sequestering carbon, and creating a habitat for wildlife.
This document provides information on hedges, including their definition, criteria for selecting hedge plants, classifications of hedges, and hedge establishment and maintenance. Hedges are living fences made of closely planted shrubs or trees that form a continuous visual barrier. They can be used to demarcate property boundaries or screen areas. Key factors in selecting hedge plants include attractive foliage or flowers, ease of growth, disease resistance, and tolerance for pruning. Hedges are classified based on their nature, such as foliage or flowering types, or their purpose, such as being ornamental, protective, or for wind blocking. Proper establishment requires preparing the soil and planting in rows, while maintenance involves weeding, pruning, irrigation, and
This document provides an overview of floriculture and the history and development of gardening in India. It discusses key aspects of floriculture including cut flowers, ornamental plants, and essential oils/medicines. It then describes the long history of gardening in India from ancient times through Mughal and British periods. Specific styles and features of different historical periods are highlighted. The document also discusses components of modern gardens like lawns, trees, hedges, and paths. Various plant species used in different garden components are listed.
Roses come in many varieties including hybrid teas, floribundas, and climbers. Hybrid teas produce beautiful long-stemmed flowers in a wide range of colors. Floribundas bloom in large clusters and are used for bedding. Climbers have soft branches that spread and produce small flower clusters. Roses require well-drained soil, pruning, fertilization, and protection from pests like aphids and diseases like black spot. Flowers are harvested as buds to extend vase life or when partially open for loose flowers. With proper care, roses provide economic yields for several years.
Postharvest Management of Cut Flower by Dr. L. Jeebit SinghJeebit Singh
A short presentation on basic postharvest management practices/techniques to be followed for preservation of flower. Brief postharvest practices of some important cut flower are also included.
Apple physiological disorders A Lecture By Allah Dad Khan To FFS Trainees Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document summarizes various physiological disorders that can occur in apples, specifically Granny Smith apples. It describes the symptoms of bitter pit, sunburn, internal browning, superficial scald, senescent scald, core flush, internal breakdown, Braeburn browning disorder, and watercore. For each disorder, it provides details on how the disorder appears both externally on the skin of the apple and internally in the flesh, as well as potential causes and storage conditions that can influence severity. The purpose is to educate farmers and technicians on identifying these common post-harvest disorders affecting apple quality.
Identification of annuals, annuals classification of annuals , annuals Arvind Yadav
This document provides information on the identification and characteristics of various annual flower plants. It begins by defining annuals as plants that complete their life cycle within one growing season. It then provides tables with the botanical name, family, height, color, and uses of over 50 different annual flower varieties. These include calendula, pansies, petunia, zinnia, and sunflower. The document emphasizes the importance of color selection for bedding and describes how different color combinations can create different visual effects.
Nerium and Celosia - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning –role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document provides information on the basic ingredients and mechanics of flower arrangement. It discusses essential items like containers, bases, plant materials and different styles of arrangements. Specific mechanics discussed include floral foam, wire and pins. Equipment mentioned are scissors, misters and secateurs. Neutral colored containers are recommended. Different plant materials like line, filler and dominant materials are covered. Proper design considers balance, movement, color and emphasis. Common flowers and foliage used in arrangements are also listed.
This document provides information on establishing and maintaining a lawn. It discusses different types of grasses used for lawns including their botanical names, common names, textures, and suitable situations. It also describes four main methods for starting a lawn: seeding, sodding, plugging, and sprigging/stolonizing. Fertilizing thrice a year and removing weeds, pests, and diseases are important for lawn care. Mowing height and frequency is also discussed.
Establishment and maintenance of lawn is skilled and technical, for establishing good lawn handy hints are provided, such as selection of grasses, planting, maintenance, weeding, irrigation, lawn protection etc., are covered
The document provides guidance on establishing a nursery for growing seedlings and saplings. It discusses selecting an appropriate location for the nursery with considerations like soil quality, access, and infrastructure. It describes preparing nursery beds and treating the soil to eliminate pathogens. The document outlines different types of nursery beds suited for different seasons. It also discusses various structures needed in a modern nursery like greenhouses, mist chambers, and hardening facilities. The nursery should be divided into sections for propagation, production, packaging, and sales.
1. The document discusses methods for establishing and maintaining a lawn, including soil preparation, selection of grass species, and planting techniques. Proper soil preparation such as digging, manuring, and leveling is emphasized. Common grass species for lawns in various conditions are listed. Methods of planting grass include seed sowing, dibbling, turfing, and using bricks or turf plaster.
2. Rock and alpine gardens are also covered. Rock gardens are designed to mimic mountain landscapes using rocks and drought-tolerant plants native to mountainous areas. Alpine gardens feature dwarf plants adapted to cool climates, grown in a medium of sand, organic matter and gravel.
3. Proper soil preparation, grass
A tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most specie, they give a mass effect and beautiful look to the localities.
The cultivation of tree is called arboriculture.
The place where trees are grown either for landscaping or for scientific study is known as arboretum
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
Bonsai establishment and maintainance by ravikumar JNSreenivas Majjiga
Bonsai is the art of growing miniature trees in shallow pots. It involves carefully pruning and shaping trees over many years to develop small scale representations of full size trees. Various tree species can be used for bonsai. Proper soil mixtures, pruning techniques, repotting schedules, and environmental conditions are required to successfully grow bonsai trees. Bonsai cultivation is a long-term artistic process that requires patience and dedication to produce beautifully shaped miniature trees.
This document provides an overview of topiary, including definitions, history, plant characteristics, creation, and maintenance. Topiary is the art of clipping plants such as trees and shrubs into decorative shapes. It was popular in ancient Rome and 17th century England. Plants used for topiary must tolerate pruning and have small, evergreen foliage. Creation involves wiring an outline and training branches to fit while pruning, and maintenance requires regular clipping to preserve the desired shape.
This document discusses formal and informal garden styles. Formal gardens have symmetrical designs with components arranged in a mirrored layout. Informal gardens have no symmetry and allow for more variety in elements. Some key features of formal gardens are geometric flower beds, fountains, and symmetrical paths. Informal gardens have irregular shapes, scattered elements, and curved paths. Careful planning is important when designing gardens, considering climate, soil, surroundings, and maintenance needs.
Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arrangement that dates back to the 6th century with the introduction of Buddhism. It is a disciplined art form that brings nature and humanity together through harmonious arrangements emphasizing stems, leaves, and shape over just the flowers. The goal is spiritual enlightenment and personal development through concentration and practice like in Zen Buddhism. There are three main styles - upright, slanting, and cascading - that create different impressions through the placement of flowers in containers. Ikebana is meant to cultivate patience, tolerance, and finding beauty in all art forms.
Japanese gardens are traditional gardens whose designs are accompanied by Japanese aesthetics and philosophical ideas, avoid artificial ornamentation, and highlight the natural landscape. Plants and worn, aged materials are generally used by Japanese garden designers to suggest a natural landscape, and to express the fragility of existence as well as time's unstoppable advance. Ancient Japanese art inspired past garden designers. Water is an important feature of many gardens, as are rocks and often gravel. Despite there being many attractive Japanese flowering plants, herbaceous flowers generally play much less of a role in Japanese gardens than in the West, though seasonally flowering shrubs and trees are important, all the more dramatic because of the contrast with the usual predominant green. Evergreen plants are "the bones of the garden" in Japan. Though a natural-seeming appearance is the aim, Japanese gardeners often shape their plants, including trees, with great rigour.
Computer Science Q2 Activity
Are you someone who's interested in art or Japan? How about both! Traditional Japanese art include a wide range of styles and means of expression, which has been passed down from generation to generation until till this day!
Learn more about the wonderful culture and traditions of Japanese art!
If you find this powerpoint presentation useful/informative kindly react "❤️"
This garden is also known as P.L.Deshpande garden,pune. Its case-study of an Japanese garden style and its Japanese landscape features. And also the Mughal Garden located beside it.
This document provides an overview of Japanese garden design principles and elements, and then summarizes several case studies of Japanese gardens at the Adachi Museum of Art in Japan. The key principles of Japanese garden design discussed are imitating nature, using symbolism, and borrowing views. Common elements are water, stones, lanterns, bridges, and plants. The document then describes several gardens at the Adachi Museum in detail, highlighting their designs and intended atmospheres.
Flower arrangement is the art of organizing plant materials to achieve uniformity of form, color, and texture. It is commonly used in hotels, with large spectacular arrangements in lobbies and restaurants and smaller arrangements in rooms. There are several types of arrangements including circular, triangular, crescent, hogarth or 'S' shaped, and ikebana. Circular arrangements are easiest and add pleasing elements when flowers are arranged in a circular fashion. Triangular arrangements are most common for personal and professional functions. Crescent arrangements are asymmetrical and formal, catching attention as focal points in hotel lobbies. Ikebana is the Japanese art of flower arranging to symbolize harmony between nature and eternity through an imaginary triangle representing
The document provides an overview of Japanese garden design principles and elements. It discusses the philosophical and religious influences on Japanese gardens and how they aim to bring nature into the garden. Key design principles discussed include asymmetry, simplicity, and the use of empty space. Common garden elements like ponds, waterfalls, stepping stones, and plants are also outlined. The document then examines specific garden styles and seasons before concluding with descriptions of common fence types in Japanese gardens.
Centerpieces have been used since ancient times to display wealth and status at formal dining occasions, originally featuring natural decorations celebrating nature and the seasons. Throughout history, centerpieces evolved from simple foliage displays to elaborate sculptures and arrangements of vases, with different styles developing in various cultures like the oriental principles of balance and harmony embraced in Japanese flower arranging. Modern centerpieces continue traditions of beautifying dining tables while also holding necessary serving pieces.
The document provides information about Japanese gardens, including their history and key elements. It discusses the origins of Japanese gardens in the 7th century, influenced by Chinese styles but developing their own asymmetric and naturalistic approach. The main elements described include water, rocks, sand, bridges, lanterns, fences, and plants. Specific garden types like dry, hill, and tea gardens are outlined. Two famous gardens, Katsura Imperial Palace and Ryonji Temple, are summarized for their landscape features and design principles emphasizing simplicity and harmony with nature.
Japanese gardens are inspired by principles of Shintoism, Buddhism, and Taoism. They aim to represent nature through the use of natural materials like stone, water, and plants arranged in an asymmetrical and minimalist style. The gardens fuse natural and architectural elements to create a space for spiritual contemplation. Common features include ponds, waterfalls, stones, trees and winding paths that represent mountains and waterways. Different styles include dry rock gardens (karesansui), hill-style gardens (tsukiyama), and tea ceremony gardens (roji).
Today, in many parts of Japan and the western parts of the world the traditions of Japanese garden art are still maintained. The intensity of expression, continue to inspire many artists that aspire to create a personal Japanese garden of their own. They are popularly known as zen gardens.
The document summarizes various Japanese art forms. It discusses that Japanese art was influenced by Chinese and local traditions, as well as Shinto and Buddhist beliefs. Specific art forms mentioned include painting, pottery, sculpture, architecture, origami, ikebana (flower arranging), bonsai, weaving, and manga. Traditional Japanese arts emphasize simplicity, closeness to nature, and finding beauty in ordinary objects.
The document provides information about Japanese gardens, including:
- Their history dating back to the 7th century, with influences from Shintoism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
- Key design principles like asymmetry, use of odd numbers, simplicity, and openness to create a natural appearance.
- The main elements of rocks, plants, and water, with other features like paths, lanterns, and fences.
- Specific plant varieties, rock placement guidelines, and uses of water features like ponds, streams, and water basins.
The document provides information about the narcissus flower and the Japanese art of ikebana flower arranging. It describes the trumpet shape and yellow/white/orange colors of narcissus flowers. It then discusses ikebana styles like moribana and nageire arrangements, the use of the main shin, soe, and hikae stems and juushi subordinate stems, and how to determine stem lengths based on the container size.
The document summarizes the history and key elements of Japanese gardens. It discusses how Japanese gardening was influenced by Shintoism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The core values were shaped by Chinese culture and religion had a major influence. Key chronological periods of development are outlined. Basic design rules, elements like plants, rocks, water, and symbolism are described. Different styles of gardens like stroll gardens, zen gardens, and tea gardens are also summarized.
Landscape architecture in lines alaa albarmawiAlaa Albarmawi
Landscape architecture involves designing outdoor public and private spaces to achieve environmental, social, or aesthetic goals. Key philosophies that influenced garden design include Chinese, Islamic, and Japanese styles. Chinese gardens aim to provide a spiritual connection to nature through careful placement of elements like rocks, water, and plants according to principles of feng shui. Japanese rock gardens use sparse elements like moss and raked gravel to symbolize nature. Landscape design principles address the use of color, form, sight lines, scale, and texture to influence a space.
The document provides an overview of Japanese landscaping techniques and design principles. It discusses the Chinese and Buddhist influences on Japanese garden design and covers various garden styles and elements. Specific examples covered include the dry landscape rock garden at Ryoanji Temple, known for its arrangement of 15 rocks, and the large strolling garden landscape at Katsura Imperial Palace featuring a 1.25 hectare lake with 16 bridges. Key elements of Japanese gardens discussed include stones, water features, trees, fences, and the symbolic use of plants and materials to represent nature.
The document discusses the traditional arts and crafts of various cultural communities in the highlands and lowlands of Luzon, Philippines. It describes how the Ifugao people of the Cordillera mountains are known for carving rice terraces and sculptures out of wood. Other groups like the Ivatan of Batanes make distinctive woven headgear, while the Gaddang people weave textiles and create beadwork and jewelry. The document also covers traditional art forms among lowland groups and notable places in Luzon renowned for woodcarving, sculpture, and other handicrafts.
Japanese gardens began during the Asuka period, inspired by Chinese landscapes. They were designed to be spiritual places of peace and meditation. Traditional Japanese gardens can be categorized as hill gardens, dry gardens, or tea gardens. The main elements are water, rocks, bridges, lanterns, fences, trees, and flowers. Rocks and water symbolize yin and yang and are carefully placed according to Buddhist principles. Famous examples include the Zen garden at Ryōan-ji temple, known for its simple rock arrangement, and the stroll garden at Katsura Imperial Villa featuring a large lake with many bridges.
Microbial biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to obtain an economically valuable product or activity at a commercial or large scale.
Like any other man-made technology, microbial biotechnology has both positive and negative effects on the environment.
Biotechnology may carry more risk than other scientific fields: microbes are tiny and difficult to detect, but the dangers are potentially vast.
The use of biotechnical methods—including genetically-engineered microorganisms—is indispensable for the manufacture of many products essential to mankind.
For better or for worse, it is the mankind's task to tackle the problems that are associated with the use of this technology, and which to a high degree are located in the field of unwanted environmental impacts.
The use of biotechnology should be restricted to enhancing the quality of life for plants, animals and human beings only. Anything beyond that is unnatural and highly disastrous to us.
AMR & Alternative Stratergies - MicrobiologySijo A
Antibiotic resistance poses one of the most important health challenges of the 21st century.
The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria has already led to a significant increase in human disease and death.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 2.8 million people worldwide are infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, accounting for 35,000 deaths each year in the U.S. and 700,000 deaths around the globe.
When a pathogen enters the body, it’s confronted by elements of the innate immune system, which constitute the first line of defense.
Once breached, the adaptive response takes over, but it typically takes few days to be effective.
Immunity is the processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
Immunity includes:
Inflammation.
Complement activation.
Phagocytosis.
Antibody synthesis.
Effector T lymphocytes.
Obligate intracellular, unable to self-replicate.
Once inside living cells, viruses induce the host cell to synthesize virus particles.
The genome is either DNA or RNA (single or double stranded).
Viruses do not have a system to produce ATP.
Viruses range in size from 25 to 270 nm.
Viral tropism!!
The classification of viruses is based on nucleic acid type, size and shape of virion, and presence or absence of an envelope.
Viral Structure
I . Virion is the entire viral particle.
2. Capsid is the protein coat that encloses the genetic material.
3. Capsomer is the protein subunit that makes up the capsid.
4. Nucleocapsid is composed of the capsid and genetic material.
5. The envelope is the outer coating composed of a phospholipid bilayer, which is composed of viral-encoded glycoproteins and sometimes viral encoded matrix proteins. The envelope is derived from a host cell's membrane.
Some viruses use the plasma membrane, whereas others use endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, or nuclear membranes. Naked nucleocapsids are viruses with no envelopes.
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram +ve cocci arrange in clusters (grape-like), non-motile.
Habitat:
Flora in the anterior nares (10-60% of population), nasopharynx, perineal area, skin & mucosa.
Virulence factor:
Protein A (binds Fc portion of IgG), coagulase (forms fibrin coat around organism) hemolysins, leukocidins (destroy RBCs and WBCs), hyaluronidase (breaks down connective tissue), staphylokinase (lyses formed clots), lipase (breaks down fat), Toxic shock syndrome toxin.
Disease:
Causes food poisoning (via enterotoxin), pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis bacteremia, endocarditis, wounds, abscesses, suppurative cutaneous infections, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, boils (carbuncles), furuncles, sinusitis, otitis media, folliculitis, impetigo, scalded skin syndrome (SSS), Tricuspid valve endocarditis (TVIE)> affects IV drug users.
Produces six types of enterotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)> TSS (fever, diarrhea, kidney failure, fever, headache). Ritter’s disease in newborn (severe form of scalded skin syndrome in neonates).
S. aureus is a leading cause of osteomyelitis in children and adults.
Habitat:
large intestine.
Disease:
Amoebic dysentery, Amebic colitis, ulcers (flask shape), amoebic liver abscess (ALA)> Extraintestinal amebiasis. Abdominal cramping, anorexia, fatigue, and diarrhea. Additional conditions include infections of the spleen, brain, and lungs.
Host:
Human is the definitive host.
Infective stage:
Mature cyst: 8 to 22 μm, spherical, One to four nuclei. Chromatoid body.
Diagnostic stage:
1. Cyst.
2. Trophozoite: 5 to 70 μm, Pseudopods, directional motility, One nucleus. Cytoplasm may contain red blood cell (diagnostic).
Mode of transmission:
Cysts are ingested via contaminated food or water.
“mykos” meaning mushroom.
Mycology is the study of fungi.
The fungi possess rigid cell walls:
Chitin and ergosterol, mannan and other polysaccharides.
Beta-glucan is most important, because it is the target of antifungal drug caspofungin.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms VS bacteria (prokaryotic).
The cell membrane of fungus contains ergosterol, unlike human cell membrane which contains cholesterol.
Most fungi are obligate aerobes or facultative anaerobes, but none are obligate anaerobes.
The natural habitat of most fungi is environment, require a preformed organic source of carbon, association with decaying matter.
C. albicans is an exception!!!
Since antigen and antibody reactions are specific, they can be used to identify each other.
These diagnostic tests are particularly useful in diagnosing for examples: infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and in typing of blood and tissues prior to transplantation.
Specimens for bacteriology investigation should be forwarded as soon as possible to the laboratory in leak-proof, sterile containers.
Neutral glycerol saline should be added to stool sample if there is any delay before laboratory examination.
Complete early morning urine specimen (250 ml), for diagnosis of renal tuberculosis.
Plain tube (blood) for serology.
Blood clot may be cultured by adding a selective culture medium, e.g., for enteric organisms.
Blood for blood culture (blood culture bottle, liquid, 5 to 19ml, 50 ml). The blood is injected by insertion of syringe needle through a hole in the cap and through the central rubber or plastic liner. Don’t remove the cap. Blood culture at RT, not more than 12 hrs.
For serous fluids collection (pleural fluid), universal container is used.
Sputum collected in wide-mouthed disposable container.
Anaerobic Gram-Positive Spore-Forming BacilliSijo A
Gram reaction & characteristics:
Gram positive or gram variable bacilli, sore forming, obligate anaerobe, non-motile. brick-shaped rods/box car. Spores rarely seen. Spores are subterminal but difficult to induce.
Habitat:
Common inhabitant of the colon.
Virulence factor:
Produces several exotoxins; alphatoxin, the most important, mediates destruction of host cell membranes; enterotoxin inserts and disrupts membranes of mucosal cells; beta-toxin is a cytotoxin. Hemolysin, necrotizing toxin.
Disease:
Cellulitis, gas gangrene.
Alpha toxin (lecithinase) → muscle cell necrosis, degradative enzymes → subcutaneous gas bubbles → crepitus myonecrosis with crepitus (crackles), gangrenous muscles → black fluid exudate leaking from skin.
Post-abortion sepsis, abdominal infections, and enterocolitis, septicemia.
Most medically important family of non–spore-forming gram-negative rods.
Most species are normal flora of the GI tract. Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia are not normal GI flora.
Major cause of nosocomial infections
Diseases include UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia, food poisoning, wound infections, peritonitis, pneumonia, and meningitis
The family exhibits four serological characteristics:
O (somatic) antigen-A cell wall antigen-LPS (heat stable), Used for serological grouping of Salmonella & Shigella.
K (envelope) antigen-Capsular antigen (heat labile)
H (flagellar) antigen-Flagellar antigen-protein (heat labile), Used to serotype Salmonella.
Vi antigen-Capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi-polysaccharide (heat labile), Role in preventing phagocytosis, may mask O Ag, removed by heating.
Enterobacteriaceae are facultative anaerobes, ferment glucose. Positive nitrate and catalase, non-hemolytic. Except for Plesiomonas, they are oxidase negative.
This document summarizes different DNA and RNA viruses. For DNA viruses, it describes the structure, transmission, disease caused, diagnosis and prevention of adenoviruses, hepadnaviruses, herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, parvoviruses and poxviruses. For RNA viruses, it discusses the arenaviruses, bunyaviruses, calciviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, flaviviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, picornaviruses and their characteristics. It provides a detailed overview of the key viral families and genera that infect humans.
Aerobic Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive BacilliSijo A
Disease: listeriosis.
L. monocytogenes causes a variety of infections in neonates, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed patients.
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, spinal cord infections.
Neonatal:
Early onset: Granulomatosis infantisepticum—in utero infection disseminated systemically that causes stillbirth.
Late onset: Bacterial meningitis.
Food poisoning, bacteremia.
Mode of transmission:
Direct contact: Human gastrointestinal tract, ingestion of contaminated food, such as meat and dairy products.
Endogenous strain: Colonized mothers may pass organism to fetus. Portal of entry is probably from gastrointestinal tract to blood and in some instances from blood to meninges.
Biofilms are common in the natural world.
Biofilms are a collective of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on many different surfaces.
The vast majority of the earth’s microorganisms (99 %) live in biofilms.
Microorganisms that form biofilms include bacteria, fungi, algae and some enteric viruses.
The biofilm matrix is an important part of the biofilm containing the microbial cells, exopolysaccharides, and water.
Usually, the microbial cells in a biofilm are embedded in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) Produced by themselves which is also called Slime.
EPS contains extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides which form slime.
Microbial cells in the biofilm are different from the planktonic cells that are single cells and can float on a liquid medium.
Introduction to the science of plant pathology, its objectives, scope and historical background. Classification of plant diseases, symptoms, signs, and related terminology. Parasitic causes of plant diseases (fungi, bacteria, viruses, phytoplasma, protozoa, algae and flowering parasitic plants), their characteristics and classification. Non-parasitic causes of plant diseases. Infection process. Survival and dispersal of plant pathogens. Plant disease epidemiology, forecasting and disease assessment. Principles and methods of plant disease management. Integrated plant disease management.
Pathogen related proteins of inequality are proteins are structurally diverse group of plant proteins that are toxic to invading fungal pathogen
They are widely distributed in plants in trace amounts, but are produced in much greater concentration in pathogen attack on stress full.
PR proteins are either extremely acidic or extremely basic and therefore a highly soluble and reactive.
these are low molecular weight proteins which accumulate 2 significant level in infected plant tissues.
Fungi (singular: fungus) are a kingdom of usually multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs (cannot make their own food) and have important roles in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they also have symbiotic associations with plants and bacteria.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Botany is the science and art of studying plants, that carry
out photosynthesis. Botany includes a wide range of scientific sub disciplines
t h a t s t u d y t h e s t r u c t u r e , g r o w t h , r e p r o d u c t i o n ,
metabolism, development, diseases, ecology and
evolution of plants. The study of plants is important because they are a
fundamental part of life on Earth, generating food, oxygen, fuel,
medicine and fibers that allow other life forms to exist. Through
photosynthesis they absorb carbon dioxide, a waste
product generated by most animals and a greenhouse gas that
contributes to global warming.
Infectious diseases are mainly caused by
microbes.
These are small microorganisms which are
invisible with the naked eye.
They mainly include bacteria, virus, fungi
and parasites.
The symptoms caused by infection depends
on
the location.
Nature of the infection
Type of the microbe
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
2. • Flower arrangement is the art of arranging
flowers in vases, bowls, baskets or other
containers, or making bouquets and
compositions from cut flowers, foliages, herbs,
ornamental grasses and
other plant materials.It is commonly termed
as ‘floral design’ or ‘floristry.’
• It is the production, commerce and trade
in flowers. It encompasses flowercare and
handling, floral design or flower arranging,
merchandising, and display and flower delivery.
3. History of flower arrangement
• The ancient Egyptians were known to be the first
to introduce flower arrangement. They regularly
placed cut flowers in vases,[1] and highly stylized
arrangements were used during burials, for
processions, and simply as table decorations.
• Then came the Greeks and Romans. The ancient
Greeks used flowers and herbs for adornment.
They did not often use vases, focusing instead
on garlands and wreaths. They would place plant
material, such as olive branches, in terracotta.
The leafy branches were probably used for
weddings. They also tossed petals onto floors and
beds.
4. • Flowers were selected according to symbolic
meaning, with emphasis on religious
significance. The lotus flower or water lily, for
example, was considered sacred to Isis and was
often included in arrangements. Many other
flowers have been found in the tombs of the
ancient Egyptians, and garlands of flowers
were worn by loved ones and left at the
tombs.[2]These included blue scilla, poppy-
flowered anemone, Iris
sibirica, delphinium, narcissus, palm
tree, papyrus and rose.
5. • There are many styles of floral design. The
Eastern, Western, Zebra and European styles
have all influenced the commercial floral
industry as it is today. Ikebana is a Japanese
or eastern style of floral design and
incorporates the three main line placements of
heaven, man and earth. In contrast, the
European style emphasizes color and variety of
botanical materials not limited to just
blooming flowers, in mass gatherings of
multiple flowers. Western design historically is
characterized by symmetrical, asymmetrical,
horizontal, and vertical style of arrangements.
6. JAPANESE IKEBANA
• The name Japanese Ikebana is derived from
the japanese words ‘ikeru’ meaning "keep
alive, arrange flowers, living“ and ‘hana’
meaning "flower“. Together “giving life to
flowers” and “arranging flowers”.
• Japanese ikebana is a disciplined art in which
nature and humanity are brought together
rather than simply putting flowers in a
container.
7. • Usually the idea of floral arrangements is a collection
of parti coloured or multi coloured blooms but
ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant
such as its stem and leaves and draw emphasis
towards shape, line and form.
• Though ikebana is a creative expression, it has certain
rules governing its form. The artist's intention behind
each arrangement is shown through a piece's color
combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the
usually implied meaning of the arrangement.
8. • Another aspect present in ikebana is its employment
of minimalism. That is, an arrangement may consist of
only a minimal number of blooms interspersed among
stalks and leaves
• The structure of a Japanese flower arrangement is
based on a scalene triangle delineated by three main
points, usually twigs, considered in some schools to
symbolizeheaven, earth, and man and in
others sun, moon, and earth. The container is a key
element of the composition, and various styles of
pottery may be used in their construction.
9.
10.
11. Spiritual aspects of Ikebana
• The spiritual aspect of ikebana is considered very
important to its practitioners.
• Silence is a must during practices of ikebana. It is a
time to appreciate things in nature that people often
overlook because of their busy lives. One becomes
more patient and tolerant of differences, not only in
nature, but also in general.
• Ikebana can inspire one to identify with beauty in all
art forms. This is also the time when one feels
closeness to nature which provides relaxation for the
mind, body, and soul.
12. The origin of Ikebana is thought to have come to
Japan as part of Buddhist practice when
Buddhism reached Japan in the 6th century.
Ikebana evolved from the Buddhist practice of
offering flowers to the spirits of the dead. The
first classical styles of Ikebana started in the
middle of the fifteenth century; the first students
and teachers of Ikebana were Buddhist priests
and members. As time passed, other schools
emerged, styles changed, and Ikebana became a
custom among the Japanese society.
13. The oldest school of Ikebana is Ikenobo which
was started by a priest in Kyoto who was so
skilled in flower arrangement that other
priests sought him out for instruction.
14. STYLES OF IKEBANA
• Ikebana in the beginning was very simple, constructed
from only a very few stems of flowers and evergreen
branches. This first form of ikebana is called Kuge
• The first styles were characterized by a tall, upright
central stem that had to be accompanied by two
shorter stems.
• The Rikka (standing flowers) style was developed as a
Buddhist expression of the beauty of nature. It includes
seven branches representing hills, waterfalls, valleys,
and other objects of nature arranged in a specific way.
15. • When the tea ceremony emerged, another style was
introduced. The style used for tea ceremony rooms was
called Chabana. The Chabana style is the opposite of
Momoyama style and emphasized rustic simplicity. The
simplicity of the Chabana in turn helped create the
Nageire or “thrown-in” style.
• Nageire is a non-structured design which led to the
development of the Seika or Shoka style. The style is
characterized by a tight bundle of stems that form a
triangular three-branched asymmetrical arrangement
which was considered classic.
16. • Seika or Shōka style consists of only three
main branches, known as 'ten' (heaven), 'chi'
(earth), and 'jin' (human). It is a simple style
that is designed to show the beauty and
uniqueness of the plant itself.
• Jiyūka is a free creative design. It is not
confined to flowers; every material can be
used.
17. • In the 20th century, with the advent
of modernism, the three schools of ikebana
partially gave way to what is commonly known
in Japan as Free Style.
18. Moribana upright style
• It is considered as the most basic structure in
ikebana. Moribana literally means “piled-up
flowers” that are arranged in a shallow vase or
suiban, compote, or basket. Moribana is
secured on kenzan or needlepoint holders,
also known as metal frogs.
19.
20. Moribana slanting style
• It is the reversed arranging style that can be
used depending on the placement of the
display or shapes of the branches. Branches
that look beautiful when slanted are mostly
chosen for this arrangement. This style gives a
softer impression than the upright style.
21.
22. Nageire upright style
• It is arranged in a narrow-mouthed, tall
container without using kenzan or
needlepoint holders. Nageire literally means
"thrown in". This is a simple arrangement that
can contain just one flower and does not use
frogs to hold the flower(s).
23.
24. Nageire slanting style
• It presents a gentle touch and flexibility. It is
ideal for ikebana beginners.
25.
26. Nageire cascading style
• These type of arrangements have the main
stem hanging lower than the rim of the vase.
A flexible material will create beautiful lines
balancing with flowers.
29. Equipments used
• HASAMI : Hasami (clippers or scissors) are
used to cut flowers and stems to their desired
lengths. Although the way stems are cut
depends on the type of plant and
arrangement, most cuts are made at an angle.
This makes them easier to secure them in vase
and kenzan and makes the area for drawing
water larger.
30.
31. • KABIN : Tall vase used in making heika
arrangements. Crosspieces are used to secure
stems at three points.
32. • UTSUWA : Low, shallow container for
moribana. A kenzan is used to secure the
stems and flowers.
33. • KENZAN : A holder with many sharp points
about 1 cm high into which flowers are
inserted so that they are fixed firmly.
34. procedure
• Use a shallow, simple bowl for ikebana.Place a floral frog (a
spiked holder for cut flowers) in a shallow bowl, tray or pot,
near one edge of the container. Use a bowl with very simple
lines, preferably one with no designs or ornamentation. Fill
the bowl halfway with water.
• Start with your longest branch or flower.Place your longest
branch or flowers near the top center of the floral frog,
leaning slightly to the left side. This flower represents heaven.
Take time to position the flower in a pleasing, graceful lin
35. • Place the medium-length branch or flowers toward the
bottom left of the floral frog. Lean the flower towards
the left, but at a steeper angle than the first flower. This
flower represents earth. Step back to examine your
arrangement from different angles, and adjust to
please your eye.
• Place the shortest branch or flower on the bottom right
side of the floral frog. Lean it slightly away from the
longest branch. This represents humankind. Remember
that in ikebana, empty space is as important as the
floral elements.
36. • Less is more in ikebana.Fill the arrangement in
with additional short flowers or greenery until
the floral frog is completely covered.
Remember, simplicity is key; the arrangement
should have an open, angular appearance.
37. boquet
• A flower bouquet is a collection of flowers in a
creative arrangement.
• Flower bouquets can be arranged for the
decor of homes or public buildings, or may be
handheld. Handheld bouquets are classified
by several different popular shapes and styles,
including nosegay, crescent, and cascading
bouquets.
38. • Flower bouquets are often given for special
occasions such as birthdays or anniversaries.
They are also used extensively in weddings
• Bouquets arranged in vases or planters for
home decor can be arranged in either
traditional or modern styles. Symbolism may
be attached to the types of flowers used,
according to the culture.
41. • A garland is a decorative wreath or cord, used
at festive occasions, which can be hung round
a person's neck, or on inanimate objects
like Christmas trees. Originally garlands were
made of flowers or leaves.
42. • In India, where flower garlands have an
important and traditional role in every festival,
the Gods are decorated with garlands made from
different fragrant flowers (often jasmine) and
leaves.[4] Both fragrant and non-fragrant flowers
and religiously-significant leaves are used to
make garlands to worship Hindu deities. Some of
those flowers are as
follows: jasmine, champaka, lotus, lillies, ashoka,
nerium/oleander, chrysanthemum, roses, hibiscu
s, pinwheel flowers, manoranjinietc.
43. • Apart from these, leaves and grasses
like arugampul,maruvakam, davanam, maachi,
paneer leaves, lavancha are also used for making
garlands. Also fruit, vegetables and sometimes
even currency notes are used for garlands, given
as thanksgiving. Also in wedding the couple wears
a wedding garland. In other occasions, it is used
to show respect to an individual person or statue
(murti).In Tamil Nadu marigold, nitya kalyani
flower garlands are used only for dead bodies or
burial rituals.In functions, garlands are used to
denote the main person(host).
44. Wedding garlands
• Exchanging garlands or vamala has a huge
significance for the couple, for the bride the
garland signifies that she will become a part of
the family after marriage and will be as close to
her in-laws as sugar is to water.
•
• For the groom, the act signifies that with the
exchange of garlands he will assume all the
responsibility for the bride and ensure her
comfort and happiness.
45. • Traditional wedding garlands are made of
sweet smelling and aromatic flowers like
roses, jasmines and lilies. These flowers signify
freshness and the sweet moments which the
couple will enjoy all their lives. So as the bride
and the groom exchange varmalas made of
fresh and dainty flowers their married life will
always be blessed with happiness, love and
kindness.
46. Types
• Oasis garlands
• It is cylinder-shaped oasis strung together
with a netting fabric. Simply soak in nutrient
treated water and fill with greens, flowers or
both.
• Decorative garlands
• Garlands used for decorating a
47.
48. Why dry flowers?
• Dried flowers are a fun way to decorate home,
especially in the winter months when fresh
flowers from the garden aren't available. It's
really easy and inexpensive to dry flowers, and it
doesn't require any special skills or equipment to
air-dry flowers.
• Dried flower arrangements, when made with the
right kind of flowers, can last a long time.
Potpourris can also be made with dried flowers,
which will smell much nicer than the stuff that
can buy in stores.
49. Potpurri is a mixture of dried and
natural fragrant
plant materials to provide a gentle
scent inside
buildings.
50. How to dry flowers?
• Old methods of drying
Many plants retain their shape and color when air-
dried naturally.
Use of glycerine makes the preserved plant supple and
long-lasting. To use this method, the plant material
needs to be gathered in a fully hydrated state. Water
and glycerine are then mixed. The ratio of water to
glycerine should be 2:1. The water should be lukewarm
for better mixing and faster absorption. If the autumn
colors are showing, it may be too late to preserve them
in glycerine.
51. • Pressing
Pressing is a very easy way to preserve flowers
although the relief is lost and the flowers are flat.
Unglazed paper, such as newsprint or an old telephone
book, is best for pressing. Flowers are spread so they
do not overlap between several thicknesses of
newspaper. Additional layers of paper and flowers can
be built up and then covered with a board or piece of
cardboard before pressing down with a heavy object.
The time required for drying, depending on the flower
size or tissue content, can be anywhere from two to
four weeks.
52.
53.
54. Modern methods of drying
• Hanging flowers in ventilated area
There are several air-drying methods used to for different kinds of
flowers. The easiest and most effective way to dry most flowers is to tie
them in small bundles with twine, raffia or ribbons, and hang them upside
down, out of direct sunlight in a warm, well-ventilated place. Bunches
should contain one type of flower. Large flowers are dried individually. The
leaves stripped as soon as possible after picking. They retain moisture and
slow down the drying process. Wall hooks, poles or wires are placed at
least six inches from the ceiling. Heads should be staggered to allow
plenty of air to circulate. This prevents mildew and rot. It may be
necessary to re-tie bunches or individual flowers half way through the
drying process, because the stems tend to shrink as they dry. The drying
period can range from one week to several weeks depending on the type
of material, when and where it was harvested and the humidity of the
place where it is drying. The stems of hung flowers tend to dry unnaturally
straight and the flowers become very brittle
55.
56. • Types of flowers that has to be drying using this
method:
Strawflowers
Goldenrod
Hydrangeas
Celosia (crested and plumed types)
Globe amaranth
Salvia
Xeranthemum
58. • Hot air drying in drying chamber
Compact flowers like marigolds, chrysanthemums,
cornflowers and zinnias dry well in a fan-
assisted, convection chamber. Non-ventilated
chambers are not appropriate, because they generate
too much moisture. The material must be dried at a
low temperature (30-35˚Celsius), over many hours. The
flowers are slotted through holes in a wire mesh rack
leaving room for the stems to dangle below. The time
required depends upon the density of the flowers.
59. • Silica gel drying
Another trend is silica gel. Its initial cost is greater than that of borax-
sand or borax-cornmeal combinations, but silica gel can be used over and
over for many years. Silica gel dries flowers quickly, so it can be used to dry
more flowers during a single season than the same quantity of a borax
mixture. Silica gel is available under a number of trade names. It is white,
but some types contain blue crystals that act as an indicator of the
amount of moisture that has been absorbed. When these crystals are
clear blue, the material is dry. As moisture is absorbed from the flowers,
the crystals gradually turn pink. At that point, it is time to re-dry the
crystals before using them again. To dry the material, silica gel is spread on
open pans or cookie sheets in a layer ½ to ¾ inch thick. Materials to be
preserved are then baked in an oven at 250˚Celsius for about an hour, or
until the moisture-indicating crystals, if present, are blue again. Material is
then stirred several times while drying. Flowers dried in silica gel must be
placed in airtight containers. If a container is not sealed tightly, the silica
gel absorbs moisture from the air, and flowers dry too slowly or not at all.
A candy tin, plastic container, coffee can, large-mouth jar or any other
container with a tight-fitting lid may be used. If no containers with tight
lids are available, loose tops should be sealed with tape. Silica gel is
especially useful for drying fragile plants and flowers with delicate colors.
60.
61. • Flowers that dry best in silica gel
are allium, anemone,
cornflower, roses, tulip and zinnia.
62. • Drying flowers with borax and cornmeal
Another method to dry flowers is to cover them with a
drying agent or desiccant. Flowers can be dried in
several materials. A mixture of 2 parts borax and 1 part
sand is an effective drying medium. The sand should be
fine, clean, and dry. While the sand-borax mix is an
effective drying agent, the weight of the sand tends to
flatten the flowers. A lighter drying medium consists of
equal parts borax and cornmeal. Add 1 or 2
tablespoons of uniodized salt per quart to both the
sand-borax and borax-cornmeal mixes to help retain
flower color during drying. Drying time for the borax
mixtures is approximately 1 to 2 weeks.
63. • Before drying flowers in a desiccant, remove all but 1
or 2 inches of the stem (dried stems are extremely
brittle) and fashion a false stem with florist wire. Use
20 or 24 gauge wire. Insert the wire through the stem
(if possible) and then up through the center of the
flower head. Make a small hook at the top of the wire
and pull it back into the center of the flower. This
method of wiring works well for daisies and zinnias.
Flowers with a hard base, such as roses, are wired
differently. Push the wire through the base of the
flower at a right angle to the stem. Both ends of the
wire are then bent downward. Cut off the wire stem
about 2 inches below the flower.
64. • The drying procedure for the various drying
agents is essentially the same. Place 1/2 to 1
inch of the drying material in the bottom of
the container. Spike flowers, such as
snapdragons, are laid horizontally on their
sides. Most flat-faced flowers are dried face
up. Gently sift the drying agent over and
around the flowers. Make sure the petals
remain in their natural position while
covering. Continue to add drying material until
the flower is completely covered.
65. • When drying flowers in a borax mixture, place the
container in a warm, dry place. Make sure the
container is tightly sealed when using silica gel. Check
the flowers periodically during the drying process.
Drying is complete when the flowers are crisp and dry
to the touch. Once the flowers are properly dried,
carefully remove the drying agent to prevent breakage.
(Dried flowers are rather brittle.) Fine residue can be
removed with a soft, dry artist's brush. Finally, add a
longer false stem to the dried flower. Cut a new wire to
the desired length and twist it around the short wire
that was placed through the flower. Starting at the
base of the flower, wrap green floral tape over the
wires. Once the stems are wrapped, the dried flowers
are ready for placement in dried arrangements.
66. • Drying flowers in the microwave
Flowers can be dried in the microwave by using silica
gels. Small flat buds and foliages are used in this
process. Herbs can also be microwaved dry, and then
stored for use later. The flowers are laid down on a
paper towel. These don’t need to be arranged in a
specific order, but should not layer or touch each other
on the towel. Place the paper towel with the flowers in
the microwave, and heat them on medium to high for
one minute. If they are still not dry after this time,
replace the used paper towel with a dry one and
repeat the process. Once all the moisture has been
taken out via the microwave, take them off the used
paper towel. Leave them to cool off for at least ten
minutes before using them for decorative project.
67. • Molecular sieve
Molecular sieve is a material containing tiny pores of a precise
and uniform size that is used as an absorbent for gases and liquids.
They are metal alumino silicates which have a crystalline structure
consisting of an assembly of tetrahedral. The tetrahedral are made
up of 4 oxygen atoms which occupy the summits surrounding
either 1 silicon atom or an aluminium atom placed in the center.
Compensating cations (sodium, potassium) make the hole
electrically neutral. The hole forms an assembly of small cells (or
pores) of uniform and known size, in which a molecule of smaller
size can be trapped by the phenomenon known as absorption. To
ensure the dehydration of the fresh natural flowers the mixture
of organic solvents is poured onto the hole until the level exceeds
the level of the flowers by about 2 cm. The water molecules are
progressively absorbed into the small cells or pores of the
molecular sieve. The receptacle is closed hermetically for a few
days. Once dried, the flower reabsorbs a little moisture of
atmospheric origin, and this increases its suppleness and
its plasticity.
68. • As molecular sieve relates to the long-term
preservation and treatment of cut flowers for
long duration, (i.e. continually maintaining their
decorative properties ), Vermont Flowers has
been using this method of preserving flowers
instead of the traditional silica gel more than 20
years ago. The advantage was a much more
professional regeneration of the molecular
sieves. Flowers which are particularly suitable for
such a treatment are roses, peonies, camellias,
marigolds, globeflowers,orchids, dahlias,
carnations, phloxes, summer
chrysanthemums, hollyhocks, and the like, and
other species with many petals or a fairly rigid
structure.
70. • Freeze drying
Originally introduced in 1813 by William Hyde Wollaston to the Royal
Society in London, it was not until the late 80's thefreeze-
drying industry discovered the allurement and longevity of freeze-dried
flowers. Freeze dried flowers are fresh flowers that have been specially
dried to preserve their natural shape and color. Freeze drying is
accomplished by a process called sublimation. It requires a special
freeze-drying machine. It involves first freezing the flowers at 100K for
at least 12 hours. A vacuum pump slowly pulls the moisture out of the
flowers as a vapor in one chamber, and then the vapor condenses as ice
in another chamber. Because of this process, the shape and natural
color of the flower is maintained. It has been found that certain flowers
retain their color well despite the fact they have been freeze-dried.
Apparently, such flowers retain their color due to the tissue
composition of the petals, leaves, and the like. Carnations, African
violets, roses, asparagus and other ferns, and baby's breath exhibit
good color retention notwithstanding the dehydration during the
freeze-drying process. Those floral pieces which either dull or fade from
dehydration may be given color by utilization of a florist's spray tint.
This spray coloring restores the lost color which, in the sealed
environment of the glass container of the final product, retains its given
color along with the natural color of the other pieces.
73. • Vermont process
In 1989, Paul and Ginette Lambert who were then based in France conducted
a new research invented and patented the Vermont Process, which is a unique
technology of preserving Roses and Flowers that leave the flowers looking
natural by maintaining their original shape and brightness, but for the first
time also suppleness. Preservation of flowers involves a careful selection of
the desired flower varieties which are grown and hand-picked by specially
contracted farms then delivered to the factory for further sorting, grading and
finally processing. Preservation of foliage again involves the careful
identification and selection of appropriate foliage which are then grown and
supplied by specially contracted growers. Once delivered to the factory, the
foliage are ‘Eternised’ which is a process of absorption into the foliages with a
solution of glycerine, colorants and activators. Once eternised, the foliages are
soft and supple until when they are ready for making various arrangements
and bouquets. The preserved flowers and foliage are then combined together
with other components to make uniquely hand-made and beautiful bouquets,
topiaries, architectural sculptures, wall art, lampshades and many more
arrangements as designed by a team of internationally recognized floral and
interior decor designers. The finished product is meant to last for years if
appropriately cared for by keeping it away from direct sunlight, intense heat
and water. If need be, one should only gently dust it.