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japanese garden. landscape .pdf

The document provides information about Japanese gardens, including their history and key elements. It discusses the origins of Japanese gardens in the 7th century, influenced by Chinese styles but developing their own asymmetric and naturalistic approach. The main elements described include water, rocks, sand, bridges, lanterns, fences, and plants. Specific garden types like dry, hill, and tea gardens are outlined. Two famous gardens, Katsura Imperial Palace and Ryonji Temple, are summarized for their landscape features and design principles emphasizing simplicity and harmony with nature.

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JAPANESE SEMESTER - 05 Landscape
CONTENT Japanese landscape History Japanese vs Chinese garden Elements Water Rock and sand Garden bridge Stone lanterns & Water basins Garden fences Trees and flowers Fishes Karan & Bonsai Principles Types of Japanese garden Dry garden Hill garden Tea garden Japanese garden Katsura Imperial palace garden , Kyoto Ryonji Temple
INTRODUCTION The idea of gardens begins during the Asuka period • Inspired by Chinese landscape gardens • Japanese garden first appeared on the island of Honshu • Japanese gardens have their roots in Japanese religion of Shinto • The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the philosophy and religion of the country • Today , in many parts of Japan and western parts of the world the tradition of Japanese garden art are still maintained. The intensity of expression, continue to inspire many artist that aspire to create personal Japanese garden of their own • Japanese garden are commonly known as Zen garden
• The history of Japanese gardens goes back around the 7 th century • The first Japanese garden , that expressed Shinto • In Asuka period , Buddhism and Thaoism were designed to capture the landscape in its natural form • Heian period ( 794 to 1185 ) is the second vary important chapter in the development of Japanese garden art • During the kamakura period (1192) and Muromadi period ( 1336 - 1573 ) garden - making techniques improved considerably because of the rise of zen style • Many gardens designed in that time were properties of successive shoguns and daimios, who belongs to the highest class in Japanese society • Famous gardens created after Meji period were frequented by business people & politicians • Most of them are opened to public now play role in city parks HISTORY
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JAPANESE AND CHINESE GARDEN Architecture • The architecture in Japanese garden is largely or partially concealed • The buildings were well apart from the body of water • The buildings are simple , with very little Ornament • Emphasis is being given the buildings • These are in the central of garden ; occupying a large part of the garden space • They are very elaborate, with much architectural decoration
View point • Later Japanese gardens are designed to be seen from outside • These are designed to be seen from inside , from the buildings in the center of garden Symmetry • The structures in Japanese garden from the Edo period onward are organised asymmetrically • These are usually symmetrically designed along straight axes Use of rocks Rocks were smaller and placed in more natural arrangement , integrated into the garden • Rocks were selected for their extraordinary shapes or resemblance to animals or mountains and used for dramatic effect
ELEMENTS IN JAPANESE GARDENS Water Rock and sand Garden bridge Stone lanterns & water basins Garden fences Trees and flowers Fishes Karan & Bonsai
1) Water or ike • Represents the sea , pond or river in nature • In dry garden , represent by white sand • No geometrical in appearance - Inorder to preserve natural shape • Manmade ponds are asymmetrical • The bank of pond is usually boarded by stones • In traditional gardens , the ponds and streams are carefully placed according to Buddhist geometry • In Buddhist symbolism , water and stone are ying-yang • It stimulate both visual and acoustic
2 )Rock and sand • Rock , sand , gravel • Rock and water also symbolise ying-yang , the hard rock and soft water complement each other a) Size • context of the scale of the garden and its relationship with the neighbouring rock and other artifacts • Variations of rock size offer greater contrast and result dynamic arrangement • Rocks traditionally classified as tall vertical , low vertical , arching , reclining or flat
b ) Colour • Bright colours are avoided • Varies from grey to black and from yellow to brick red on other half C) Texture • Rocks represent island and mountains, so conical or dome shaped rough volcanic rocks choose • Hard metamorphic rocks placed by water falls or streams • Smooth rocks like water worn stones or glacial boulder are used around lakes or as stepping stones
3 ) Garden bridges • Bridges could be made of stone ( Ishibashi) , or of wood , or made with logs with earth on top , covered with moss ( dobashi ) • They could be either arched ( soribashi ) or flat ( hirabashi) • Bridges can be painted red , if it is used for temple garden , as per Chinese tradition
4 ) Stone lanterns & Water basins • Stone lanterns , in it’s complete and original form , a dai - doro, like the pagoda represents the five elements of Buddhist cosmology • The piece of touching the ground represent chi, the earth • The next section represents Sui ; Water • ka ; fire is represented by the section encaring the lantern’s light or flame • fü ( air ) and kü ( void and spirit ) represent the last two section , top most section pointing toward the sky
• Stone water basins ( sukubai) were originally placed in garden for visitors to wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony •The water in provided to the basin by a bamboo pipe and they usually have a wooden ladle for drinking the water • In tea garden , the basins was placed low to the ground , so the drinkers had to bend over to gets his water
• 3 types of fences 1. The short fence which extends from the house into garden 2. An inner fence 3. An outer fence • Short fences or sodegaki are screens that hide unwanted views or object • They are about 6 to 7 feet high and add colour and texture to the garden • Materials used are bamboo, wood and twinge of bamboo tree 5 ) Garden fences
6) Trees and flowers • Choosen by aesthetic purpose • Plants are used either to hide undesirable sights or serve as a backdrop to certain garden features •. Trees are carefully choosen and arranged for their autumn colours • Some plants are chosen for their religious symbolism • Trees are carefully trimmed to provide attractive scenes 1) Moss •. Primitive plant •. It need damp shady condition inorder to flourish •. Inconstantly dry, sunny aspects it will not grow
2) Azaleas When properly done , groups of azaleas can be sheared into large masses 3) Pine •. These are pruned regularly, to keep their shapes in harmony with surroundings • some have • airy silhouette with widespread branches •dence and compact • lean over as if batterd by winds • The pine grove adds to the intimacy of the garden • Create quiet , cosy screen
4) Japanese maple • Is much appreciated for its lacy leaves and magnificent autumn colours • Making it a favourite in Japanese garden design 5) Japanese hornbeam • Small trees for garden • Formslow wide spreading mounded - shape with a thin delicate layer branching habit • Leaves are very attractive, with toothed edges and prominent vein giving a unique accordion like appearance
6) Japanese cherry blossom Masses of large , single , white or pink flowers held on wide - spreading branches in April 7) Japanese cedar The foliage is tipped creamy yellow and is most intense when growth is new in spring and early summer • visually dominant tree
7)Fishes • Borrowed from Chinese garden • Japan is a country where a large population lives little land available for flower and garden • Therefore, they found places to grow living flowers, the coloured carps • They appreared in Japan many centuries ago and the Japanese have crossbred them for over 100 years , producing carps of high value that bring a flash of colour to the shallow water • Carps can live up to 50 years • In Japanese culture , they are a symbol of strength and perseverance
7)Kasan and bonsai a) Kasan • These are miniature of mountain in Japan • They are made up to ceramics ,dried wood or strengely shaped stones • They generally have sharp peaks b) Bonsai • Bonsai is a Japanese art form using miniature trees grown in containers • The trees are usually less than one meter high and kept small by pruning, re potting, growth pinching and wiring the branches • Pine cypress , holly , cedar , cherry , maple
PRINCIPLES IN JAPANESE GARDEN • Natural ; That should make the garden look as if it grew by itself • Asymmetry ; That creates the impression of it being natural • Odd number ; Like 3,5 or 7 that support the effect of the asymmetry • Simplicity ; That follows the idea of ‘ less is more ‘ • Traingle ; That is the most common shape for composition made of stones , plants Etc • Contrast ; That creates tension between elements • Line ; That create both tranquility and tension • Curves ; That soften the effect • Openness ; That indicates interaction between all elements
TYPES OF JAPANESE GARDEN Karensansui Garden or Dry garden Tsukiyama Garden or Hill garden Chaniwa Garden or Tea garden
• Also known as Rock garden and waterless steam garden • Influenced by zen buddism, can be found at zen temple of meditation • Found in front or rear garden at the residence • No water presents in the garden , raked gravel or sand that simulates the feeling of water • The rocks / gravel are chosen for their artistic shapes and mosses as well as small shrubs • Plants are much less important and sometimes non existent • Rocks and misses are used to represent ponds , islands , boats , seas , rivers and mountains in an abstract way • Gardens were meant to be viewed from a single seated perspective •Stones are usually off white or grey though the occasional red or black stones were added later Karensansui garden or dry garden
Tsukiyama or Hill garden • They strive to make a smaller garden appear more spacious • Shrubs are utilised to block views of surrounding building • The gardens main focus in on nearby mountains in the distance • The garden has the mountain as part of its ground • Ponds , streams , hills , stones , trees, flowers , bridges and paths are also used frequently in this style as opposed to a flat garden
Chaniwa garden or Tea garden • There are built for tea ceremonies • Tea house is where the ceremonies occur , and the style of both the hut and garden are based off the sample concept of the sado • There are stepping stones leading to the tea house , stone lanterns and stone basins where guests purity themselves before a ceremony • The tea house is screened by hedges to create a sense of remoteness
KATSURA IMPERIAL PALACE GARDEN Type : Japanese garden Location : Kyoto, Japan Created : 17 th century
Located on the western bank of the Katsura River in Katsura.the Villa is 8km distant from the main Kyoto Imperial Palace. The villa and gardens are nationally recognized as an Important Cultural Property of Japan. The grounds of the villa are regarded as a notable exemplar of traditional Japanese gardening. Villa incorporates many traditional Japanese ideas. One example of Katsura's use of traditional ideas is its use of raised floors with tatami mats covering them.
There was a lake , which is 1:25 hectares dug , hills and islands were formed Has 16 bridges connecting to lake Lake used for boating parties , and the surrounding land as stroll garden - tea garden on a enormous scale The katsura tree ( Cercidiphyllum japonicum) was associated with the god of moon and the garden has platform to view its rising There are 23 stone lanterns to light the stroll path after dark Stone basins were used for hand washing before tea ceremony
Garden designed not only for mediation ( zen ) but also for ceremonies originally five tea house Tea house used natural elements such as wooden support with bark , continuing the atmosphere of the garden The Geppa ro ( Moon wave tower ) has a overlooking the pond It is only 15x24 feet in area , known for its spatial effect due to exposed ceiling and roof structure Across the pond from Geppa ro is the shokin tei , also known as pine kite pavilion
PRINCIPLES Natural Line , Simplicity ,Openess
Asymmetric Curves
ELEMENTS Water Rock and sand stone lanterns and water basin
Trees Flowers Garden bridges
RYOANJI TEMPLE GARDEN Type : Japanese garden Location : Kyoto, Japan Created : Mid 14th century
Ryoanji is a Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan which is today most famous for its Zen rock garden with its enigmatic arrangement of stones. Founded in the 15th century CE, the temple is one of the most visited tourist spots in Japan and is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site The site of Ryoanji, located in the northern hills of Kyoto (Heiankyo) in the district of Ukyo-ku, was converted into a Buddhist temple in 1473 CE. Before that, it was a private estate, created in 1450 CE and owned by the influential Hosokawa family. The gardens were modelled during the ownership of Hosokawa Katsumoto
ZEN GARDEN  15 stone of different size, carefully composed in five groups-one group of 5 stones ,2 group of 3 stones, 2 groups of 2 stones.  Stones surrounded by white gravels,which is carefully raked each day by the monks.  Only vegetation – some moss around the stones.  The garden is meant to be viewed from a seated position on the veranda of the hojo, the residence of the abbot of the monastery.  The stone arranged so that the entire composition cannot b be seen at once from the veranda.  Also arranged so that when looking from any angle ( other thsn from above) only 14 of the boulders are visible at one time.  It is traditionally said that only through attaining enlightment would one be able to view the 15 boulders the garden is a rectangle of 248 square meters(2675 square feet) 25m x 10m
•Wall behind the garden is an important element. •It is made of clay, which has been stained by age with subtle brown and orange tones. •In 1977, the tile roof of the wall was restored with tree bark to its original appearance. Has rock garden •Temple also has a water garden,kyoyochi pond. Cherry trees have recently been planted north west of the pond. •Ryonji also has tea houses and tea gardens. •Near tea house is a famous stone water basin, with water continually flowing for ritual purification. •Because of the low height of the basin, the user must bend over to use it in a sign of reverence and humility. •In addition to the rock garden, there are ponds, moss and landscape gardens reached via pathways which wind through patches of trees of cherry, pine, and camellia. •The largest pond garden (actually more like a small lake in dimension), which 12th century CE,das to the has two islands andhonours Benten,on one of these is a small shrine which is considered aspicious as it •the spirit of music and creativity. •As is typical of Japanese landscape gardens,the pathway around the pond deliberately takes the walkeroof sight of the water except at specific viewpoints of which there are seven in this se
TSUKUBAI WATER FOUNTAIN •The temple grounds are full of features which remind the visitor of some of the key principles of Buddhism. •For example, a small water basin in the north garden, given to the temple in the 17thcentury CE, takes the form of a Chinese coin and an inscription on it, which can beread both horizontally and vertically,i.e. learning should be pursued for its own end and states: 'Learn only satisfaction', not for money.
2-hojo 1-
5-Rockgarden 6-stroll garden 3-main gate 4-stroll garden
PRINCIPLES
Nature and balance Curves and simple
Line Contrast
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