The document provides information about Japanese gardens, including their history and key elements. It discusses the origins of Japanese gardens in the 7th century, influenced by Chinese styles but developing their own asymmetric and naturalistic approach. The main elements described include water, rocks, sand, bridges, lanterns, fences, and plants. Specific garden types like dry, hill, and tea gardens are outlined. Two famous gardens, Katsura Imperial Palace and Ryonji Temple, are summarized for their landscape features and design principles emphasizing simplicity and harmony with nature.

1. JAPANESE
SEMESTER - 05
Landscape

2. CONTENT
Japanese landscape
History
Japanese vs Chinese garden
Elements
Water
Rock and sand
Garden bridge
Stone lanterns & Water basins
Garden fences
Trees and flowers
Fishes
Karan & Bonsai
Principles
Types of Japanese garden
Dry garden
Hill garden
Tea garden
Japanese garden
Katsura Imperial palace garden , Kyoto
Ryonji Temple

3. INTRODUCTION
The idea of gardens begins during the Asuka period
• Inspired by Chinese landscape gardens
• Japanese garden first appeared on the island of Honshu
• Japanese gardens have their roots in Japanese religion of
Shinto
• The garden design in Japan is strongly connected to the
philosophy and religion of the country
• Today , in many parts of Japan and western parts of the
world the tradition of Japanese garden art are still
maintained. The intensity of expression, continue to inspire
many artist that aspire to create personal Japanese
garden of their own
• Japanese garden are commonly known as Zen garden

4. • The history of Japanese gardens goes back around the 7 th
century
• The first Japanese garden , that expressed Shinto
• In Asuka period , Buddhism and Thaoism were designed to
capture the landscape in its natural form
• Heian period ( 794 to 1185 ) is the second vary important chapter in
the development of Japanese garden art
• During the kamakura period (1192) and Muromadi period ( 1336 -
1573 ) garden - making techniques improved considerably because of
the rise of zen style
• Many gardens designed in that time were properties of successive
shoguns and daimios, who belongs to the highest class in Japanese
society
• Famous gardens created after Meji period were frequented by
business people & politicians
• Most of them are opened to public now play role in city parks
HISTORY

5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JAPANESE AND
CHINESE GARDEN
Architecture
• The architecture in Japanese garden
is largely or partially concealed
• The buildings were well apart from
the body of water
• The buildings are simple , with very
little Ornament
• Emphasis is being given the
buildings
• These are in the central of garden
; occupying a large part of the
garden space
• They are very elaborate, with much
architectural decoration

6. View point
• Later Japanese gardens are
designed to be seen from
outside
• These are designed to be seen
from inside , from the buildings
in the center of garden
Symmetry
• The structures in Japanese
garden from the Edo period
onward are organised
asymmetrically
• These are usually
symmetrically designed
along straight axes
Use of rocks
Rocks were smaller and
placed in more natural
arrangement , integrated
into the garden
• Rocks were selected for their
extraordinary shapes or resemblance to
animals or mountains and used for
dramatic effect

7. ELEMENTS IN
JAPANESE GARDENS
Water
Rock and sand
Garden bridge
Stone lanterns & water basins
Garden fences
Trees and flowers
Fishes
Karan & Bonsai

8. 1) Water or ike
• Represents the sea , pond or river in nature
• In dry garden , represent by white sand
• No geometrical in appearance - Inorder to preserve
natural shape
• Manmade ponds are asymmetrical
• The bank of pond is usually boarded by stones
• In traditional gardens , the ponds and streams are
carefully placed according to Buddhist geometry
• In Buddhist symbolism , water and stone are ying-yang
• It stimulate both visual and acoustic

9. 2 )Rock and sand
• Rock , sand , gravel
• Rock and water also symbolise ying-yang , the hard rock
and soft water complement each other
a) Size
• context of the scale of the garden and its relationship
with the neighbouring rock and other artifacts
• Variations of rock size offer greater contrast and result
dynamic arrangement
• Rocks traditionally classified as tall vertical , low vertical
, arching , reclining or flat

10. b ) Colour
• Bright colours are avoided
• Varies from grey to black and from yellow to brick red on other half
C) Texture
• Rocks represent island and mountains, so conical or dome shaped rough
volcanic rocks choose
• Hard metamorphic rocks placed by water falls or streams
• Smooth rocks like water worn stones or glacial boulder are used around
lakes or as stepping stones

11. 3 ) Garden bridges
• Bridges could be made of stone ( Ishibashi) , or of wood , or made
with logs with earth on top , covered with moss ( dobashi )
• They could be either arched ( soribashi ) or flat ( hirabashi)
• Bridges can be painted red , if it is used for temple garden , as per
Chinese tradition

12. 4 ) Stone lanterns & Water basins
• Stone lanterns , in it’s complete and original form , a dai - doro, like the pagoda
represents the five elements of Buddhist cosmology
• The piece of touching the ground represent chi, the earth
• The next section represents Sui ; Water
• ka ; fire is represented by the section encaring the lantern’s light or flame
• fü ( air ) and kü ( void and spirit ) represent the last two section , top most
section pointing toward the sky

13. • Stone water basins ( sukubai) were originally placed in garden for visitors
to wash their hands and mouth before the tea ceremony
•The water in provided to the basin by a bamboo pipe and they usually
have a wooden ladle for drinking the water
• In tea garden , the basins was placed low to the ground , so the drinkers
had to bend over to gets his water

14. • 3 types of fences
1. The short fence which extends from the house into
garden
2. An inner fence
3. An outer fence
• Short fences or sodegaki are screens that hide unwanted views
or object
• They are about 6 to 7 feet high and add colour and texture to the
garden
• Materials used are bamboo, wood and twinge of bamboo tree
5 ) Garden fences

15. 6) Trees and flowers
• Choosen by aesthetic purpose
• Plants are used either to hide undesirable sights or serve
as a backdrop to certain garden features
•. Trees are carefully choosen and arranged for their
autumn colours
• Some plants are chosen for their religious symbolism
• Trees are carefully trimmed to provide attractive scenes
1) Moss
•. Primitive plant
•. It need damp shady condition inorder to flourish
•. Inconstantly dry, sunny aspects it will not grow

16. 2) Azaleas
When properly done , groups of azaleas can be
sheared into large masses
3) Pine
•. These are pruned regularly, to keep their shapes in
harmony with surroundings
• some have
• airy silhouette with widespread
branches
•dence and compact
• lean over as if batterd by winds
• The pine grove adds to the intimacy of the garden
• Create quiet , cosy screen

17. 4) Japanese maple
• Is much appreciated for its lacy leaves and
magnificent autumn colours
• Making it a favourite in Japanese garden design
5) Japanese hornbeam
• Small trees for garden
• Formslow wide spreading mounded - shape
with a thin delicate layer branching habit
• Leaves are very attractive, with toothed edges
and prominent vein giving a unique accordion
like appearance

18. 6) Japanese cherry blossom
Masses of large , single , white or pink
flowers held on wide - spreading branches
in April
7) Japanese cedar
The foliage is tipped creamy yellow and is most
intense when growth is new in spring and early
summer
• visually dominant tree

19. 7)Fishes
• Borrowed from Chinese garden
• Japan is a country where a large population
lives little land available for flower and garden
• Therefore, they found places to grow living
flowers, the coloured carps
• They appreared in Japan many centuries ago
and the Japanese have crossbred them for over
100 years , producing carps of high value that
bring a flash of colour to the shallow water
• Carps can live up to 50 years
• In Japanese culture , they are a symbol of
strength and perseverance

20. 7)Kasan and bonsai
a) Kasan
• These are miniature of mountain in Japan
• They are made up to ceramics ,dried wood or
strengely shaped stones
• They generally have sharp peaks
b) Bonsai
• Bonsai is a Japanese art form using miniature
trees grown in containers
• The trees are usually less than one meter high
and kept small by pruning, re potting, growth
pinching and wiring the branches
• Pine cypress , holly , cedar , cherry , maple

21. PRINCIPLES IN JAPANESE GARDEN
• Natural ; That should make the garden look as if it grew by itself
• Asymmetry ; That creates the impression of it being natural
• Odd number ; Like 3,5 or 7 that support the effect of the asymmetry
• Simplicity ; That follows the idea of ‘ less is more ‘
• Traingle ; That is the most common shape for composition made of stones , plants
Etc
• Contrast ; That creates tension between elements
• Line ; That create both tranquility and tension
• Curves ; That soften the effect
• Openness ; That indicates interaction between all elements

22. TYPES OF JAPANESE GARDEN
Karensansui Garden or Dry garden
Tsukiyama Garden or Hill garden
Chaniwa Garden or Tea garden

23. • Also known as Rock garden and waterless steam garden
• Influenced by zen buddism, can be found at zen temple of
meditation
• Found in front or rear garden at the residence
• No water presents in the garden , raked gravel or sand that
simulates the feeling of water
• The rocks / gravel are chosen for their artistic shapes and mosses
as well as small shrubs
• Plants are much less important and sometimes non existent
• Rocks and misses are used to represent ponds , islands , boats ,
seas , rivers and mountains in an abstract way
• Gardens were meant to be viewed from a single seated
perspective
•Stones are usually off white or grey though the occasional red or
black stones were added later
Karensansui garden or dry garden

24. Tsukiyama or Hill garden
• They strive to make a smaller garden appear
more spacious
• Shrubs are utilised to block views of surrounding
building
• The gardens main focus in on nearby
mountains in the distance
• The garden has the mountain as part of its
ground
• Ponds , streams , hills , stones , trees, flowers ,
bridges and paths are also used frequently in this
style as opposed to a flat garden

25. Chaniwa garden or Tea garden
• There are built for tea ceremonies
• Tea house is where the ceremonies occur , and
the style of both the hut and garden are based
off the sample concept of the sado
• There are stepping stones leading to the tea
house , stone lanterns and stone basins where
guests purity themselves before a ceremony
• The tea house is screened by hedges to create a
sense of remoteness

26. KATSURA IMPERIAL PALACE GARDEN
Type : Japanese garden
Location : Kyoto, Japan
Created : 17 th century

27. Located on the western bank of the
Katsura River in Katsura.the Villa is 8km
distant from the main Kyoto Imperial Palace.
The villa and gardens are nationally
recognized as an Important Cultural
Property of Japan.
The grounds of the villa are regarded as a
notable exemplar of traditional Japanese
gardening.
Villa incorporates many traditional Japanese
ideas. One example of Katsura's use of
traditional ideas is its use of raised floors
with tatami mats covering them.

28. There was a lake , which is 1:25 hectares dug , hills
and islands were formed
Has 16 bridges connecting to lake
Lake used for boating parties , and the surrounding
land as stroll garden - tea garden on a enormous
scale
The katsura tree ( Cercidiphyllum japonicum) was
associated with the god of moon and the garden
has platform to view its rising
There are 23 stone lanterns to light the stroll path
after dark
Stone basins were used for hand washing before tea
ceremony

29. Garden designed not only for mediation ( zen ) but also for
ceremonies
originally five tea house
Tea house used natural elements such as wooden support
with bark , continuing the atmosphere of the garden
The Geppa ro ( Moon wave tower ) has a overlooking the
pond
It is only 15x24 feet in area , known for its spatial effect due
to exposed ceiling and roof structure
Across the pond from Geppa ro is the shokin tei , also
known as pine kite pavilion

33. PRINCIPLES
Natural
Line , Simplicity ,Openess

34. Asymmetric Curves

35. ELEMENTS
Water Rock and sand
stone lanterns and water
basin

36. Trees Flowers Garden bridges

37. RYOANJI TEMPLE GARDEN
Type : Japanese garden
Location : Kyoto, Japan
Created : Mid 14th century

39. Ryoanji is a Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan
which is today most famous for its Zen rock
garden with its enigmatic arrangement of
stones.
Founded in the 15th century CE, the temple is one
of the most visited tourist
spots in Japan and is listed by UNESCO as a
World Heritage site
The site of Ryoanji, located in the northern hills of
Kyoto (Heiankyo)
in the district of Ukyo-ku, was converted into a
Buddhist temple in 1473 CE.
Before that, it was a private estate, created in
1450 CE and owned by the influential Hosokawa
family.
The gardens were modelled during the ownership
of Hosokawa Katsumoto

40. ZEN GARDEN
 15 stone of different size, carefully composed in five groups-one group of 5
stones ,2 group of 3 stones, 2 groups of 2 stones.
 Stones surrounded by white gravels,which is carefully raked each day by the
monks.
 Only vegetation – some moss around the stones.
 The garden is meant to be viewed from a seated position on the veranda of
the
hojo, the residence of the abbot of the monastery.
 The stone arranged so that the entire composition cannot b be seen at once
from the veranda.
 Also arranged so that when looking from any angle ( other thsn from above)
only 14 of the boulders are visible at one time.
 It is traditionally said that only through attaining enlightment would one be
able to view the 15 boulders
the garden is a rectangle of 248 square meters(2675 square feet) 25m x 10m

41. •Wall behind the garden is an important element.
•It is made of clay, which has been stained by age with subtle brown and orange tones.
•In 1977, the tile roof of the wall was restored with tree bark to its original
appearance. Has rock garden
•Temple also has a water garden,kyoyochi pond. Cherry trees have recently been planted
north west of the pond.
•Ryonji also has tea houses and tea gardens.
•Near tea house is a famous stone water basin, with water continually flowing for ritual
purification.
•Because of the low height of the basin, the user must bend over to use it
in a sign of reverence and humility.
•In addition to the rock garden, there are ponds, moss and landscape gardens reached via
pathways which wind through patches of trees of cherry, pine, and camellia.
•The largest pond garden (actually more like a small lake in dimension), which 12th century
CE,das to the has two islands andhonours Benten,on one of these is a small shrine which is
considered aspicious as it
•the spirit of music and creativity.
•As is typical of Japanese landscape gardens,the pathway around the pond deliberately
takes the walkeroof sight of the water except
at specific viewpoints of which there are seven in this se

42. TSUKUBAI WATER FOUNTAIN
•The temple grounds are full of features which remind the visitor
of some of the key principles of Buddhism.
•For example, a small water basin in the north garden, given to
the temple in the 17thcentury CE, takes the form of a Chinese
coin and an inscription on it, which can beread both horizontally
and vertically,i.e. learning should be pursued for its own end and
states: 'Learn only satisfaction', not for money.

44. 2-hojo
1-

45. 5-Rockgarden
6-stroll garden
3-main gate
4-stroll garden

47. PRINCIPLES

49. Nature and balance
Curves and simple

50. Line
Contrast

51. Thank you