Landscaping provides beautification, recreation, and ecological balance. It involves planting ornamental plants in an aesthetic way to create naturalistic effects. Key principles include combining beauty and utility, dividing the area into parts with individual plans, and allowing gardens and buildings to merge seamlessly. Factors like human preferences, the site characteristics, views, heritage, and climate must be considered in landscape design. Landscaping provides benefits like increasing property values, improving air quality, sequestering carbon, and creating a habitat for wildlife.

1. Landscaping : A Tool For
Beautification, Recreation and
Ecological Balance
Division of Floriculture & Landscaping
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi-110012
BABITA SINGH

2. LANDSCAPING
It is an aesthetic branch of horticulture which
deals with the planting of ornamental plant in
such a way that it creates a picturesque effect.
Or
It is decoration of tract of land with plants and
other garden material so as to produce a
picturesque and naturalistic effect in a limited
space.

3. PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPING
 It is ideal like painting which express some single
thought or feeling.(Joy,bold,retired,quiet etc.)
 Beauty and utility should be harmoniously
combined.
 Area should be divided into different parts and
plan should be conceived for each area.
 Let the garden and building merge into each
other.
 Simplicity of design should be aimed
 It should have open space.
 Over crowding of plant and object should be
avoided.

4. FACTOR AFFECTING THE LANDSCAPE DESIGN
 Human choice
 The site
 Vies
 Heritage
 Climate
 Soil

5. Different elements of Landscape
design/gardening
Water
Pavement
Building
Plant material
Land

6. Simplicity
Line

7. Focal Point or Emphasis
Form

8. Texture
Colou

9. Balance
Repetition

10. Variety

11. STYLES OF GARDENING
 Formal styles: Plan is made on the paper
then land is selected accordingly. It is
symmetrical.
 Informal styles:Refelects naturalistic
effect of total view. It is asymmetrical.
 Free style: Combines the good points of
both formal and informal.

12. FORMAL GARDEN

13. INFORMAL GARDEN

14. SOME FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE LANDSCAPES
 Topography
 Soil structure
 The climate
 The homes
 Buildings
 Other Physical Structures
 Intended Use of the property
 Clients Wants
 Surrounding
 Irrigation facilities

15. IMPORTANCE OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING

16. Beautification Aesthetic Benefits
Trees and other life forms supported by them have
a positive value in scenic quality. Trees change
skyline, add variety of form, colour and texture to
otherwise dull and monotonous cities.
They soften the harshness of concrete structures,
complement architectural lines and provide
background settings to buildings.

18. Attractive Landscapes
Make People Feel
Better

19. Family and social benefits
 A beautiful outside space can be used
to relax, play and entertain in it.
 It is an area that can be used to spend
quality time in.
 Children can play in a safe
environment.

20. INCREASE PROPERTY VALUE
Estate agents and property experts are
quick to point out that a well-
landscaped garden can increase the
value of home dramatically as well as
to attract the business opportunities
and appreciation in the real estate
value.

21. Functions of plant material in landscape design
1) Architectural - act as wall (vertical plane), ceiling (overhead
plane) and floors (base plane).
2) Aesthetic -
• Provide visual accents / beautification.
• Complementors - Unity with building - Repetition
• Unifiers - Society street plantation
• Emphasizers - accentuate certain points - in front of
gate,
on path.
• Acknowledgers - Back side of sculpture / statue or
symbols.
• Softeners - harshness or rigidity or dryness of
structure
reduced.
• View - Around temple or building or historical
Enfacement monument.

22. Plant material as an Emphasizer

23. FRAGRANCE IN THE GARDEN-
IS A SOFT & SWEET
AESTHETIC TOUCH TO THE
HUMAN MIND

24. Cesternum diarnum

25. Harshringar

26. HEDGES
Clipped beech hedge, allowed
to grow as high as a house in
order to serve as a windbreak
 A hedge or hedgerow is a line of
closely spaced shrubs and tree
species,
 Planted and trained in such a way
as to form a barrier or to mark the
boundary of an area.
 Hedges used to separate a road
from adjoining fields or one field
from another,
 Hedges of sufficient age to
incorporate larger trees, are known
as hedgerows.
 It is also a simple form of topiary.

27. EDGES
A plant used all along the
edge of a bed to frame the
plants within; creates a
formal appearance
 Sweet allysum
 Pansy
 Candytuft
 Escholzia
 Petunia
 Nastratitium
 Stock
 Verbena

28. HERBACEOUS BORDER
A picturesque view of
herbaceous garden
 A herbaceous border is a
collection of perennial
herbaceous plants (plants
that live for more than two
years and are soft-stemmed
and non-woody)
 Arranged closely together,
 Usually to create a dramatic
effect through colour, shape
or large scale.

29. BOWER & PERGOLA
Pergola covered in
Bougainvillea.
 A pergola is a garden feature
forming a shaded walk or
passageway of pillars that support
cross beams and a sturdy open
lattice, upon which woody vines
are trained.
 As a type of gazebo, it may also be
an extension of a building,
 As protection for an open terrace
or a link between pavilions.

30. TOPIARY
It may be true, as I believe it is, that the natural form of a tree is the
most beautiful possible for that tree, but it may happen that we do not
want the most beautiful form, but one of our own designing, and
expressive of our ingenuity" (James Shirley Hibberd).
 Topiary is the art of creating
sculptures in the medium of
clipped trees, shrubs and sub-
shrubs.
 The shrubs and sub-shrubs
used in topiary are evergreen,
have small leaves or needles,
produce dense foliage, and
have compact and/or columnar
(e.g. fastigiated) growth habits.

31. GAZEBO
Parts of Gazebo
 A gazebo is a pavilion
structure, often octagonal,
commonly found in parks,
gardens, and spacious
public areas.
 Gazebos are freestanding,
or attached to a garden
wall, roofed, and open on
all sides; they provide
shade, basic shelter,
ornamental features in a
landscape, and a place to
rest.
 Some gazebos in public
parks are large enough to
serve as bandstands, or
rain shelters.

32. ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS

33. TEMPERATURE
 Plants can be successfully used to mitigate
heat.
 Their leaves intercept, reflect, absorb and
transmit solar radiation.
 Trees are called nature's air conditioners,
because they lower air temperature, shade
buildings in the summer and block winter
winds.
 A single large tree can produce the cooling
effect of 10 room size air conditioners
operating 24 hours/day.
 Dew and frost are less common under trees,
because less radiant energy is released from
the soil in those areas at night.

34. ENERGY CONSERVATION
Garden’s trees, hedges, grasses and
shrubs can protect home from harsh
winter winds while capturing the winter
sun.
In the summer the garden’s trees and
hedges can absorb heat from the sun
to help keep your home cooler.

35. AIR QUALITY
 Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, suspended particulate
matter, lead, ammonia and carbon monoxide are the major
air pollutants which cause respiratory and other health
problems.
 Plants help in controlling air pollution through acting as
biological and physical nets. They cleanse the air by
intercepting and slowing dust and other particulate materials
causing them to fall out, and by absorbing pollutant gases.
 Plants increase humidity and thus help in settling of
particulates. Increased wind turbulence by plants dispenses
pollutants. Fragrance of many flowers masks unpleasant
odours, thereby imparting freshness to air.

36. PRECIPITATION AND HUMIDITY
 Plants intercept precipitation and slow its
decent to soil surface, thus increasing
infiltration and reducing run-off and soil
erosion.
 Pubescence on leaves helps in water
entrapment. Plants with horizontal
branching and rough bark are most
effective.
 Humidity is increased in hot and dry
season by means of transpiration.

37. NOISE ABATEMENT
 Vegetation along the highways can screen
vehicular noise from reaching the
adjoining habitations.
 Plants also create “background” noise of
rustling of leaves and wind through the
branches that can help muffle other
noises.
 Plants having thick and fleshy leaves with
petioles which allow higher degree of
flexibility and vibration are best suited for
use as noise screens.

38. CARBON SEQUESTRATION
 Increase in CO2 accounts for about 65 percent of the
current direct positive radiative forcing due to
greenhouse gases produced as a result of human
activities.
 The atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased
30 percent since pre-industrial times, as a result of
increasing emissions from fossil fuel combustion,
land conversion and cement production and
continues to increase by 0.4 percent per year (Dunne
and Harte, 2001).
 Plants offer environmental and ecological services
along with aesthetic values. Trees and other
ornamental plants are crucial to the sequestration of
carbon form atmosphere and play an important role
in reducing carbon foot print.

39. WATER QUALITY/EROSION
 Plants prevent harmful pollutants contained
in the soil from getting into waterways,
reduce top soil erosion, slow down water
run-off, and remove nutrients and sediments,
while increasing groundwater recharge.
 Reducing the flow of storm water reduces
the amount of pollution that is washed into a
drainage area.

40. WIND PROTECTION AND AIR MOVEMENT
 Trees perpendicular to wind direction may
reduce the wind speed up to a distance of
2–5 times the height of the tallest tree on
windward side and 30–40 times on the
leeward side.
 Trees can be planted to funnel or baffle
wind away from areas - both vertical and
horizontal concentration of foliage can
modify air movement patterns.
 Plants can also be used effectively to
control snowdrift.

41. GLARE AND REFLECTION CONTROL
 Dense foliage absorbs about 70 percent of
the sun's rays, reflects 17 percent and
transmits about 13 percent.
 Trees and shrubs help control light scattering,
light intensity and modify predominant
wavelengths on a site.
 Trees block and reflect
sunlight and artificial
lights to minimize eyestrain.

42. ECOLOGICAL BALANCE
 Adding trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses, plants and hedges to
the landscaped garden can attract wildlife such as birds,
insects and squirrels.
 Addition of extra element like bird tables in the garden, then
they likely to attract even more animals.
 Natural landscaping really is a haven for wildlife because it
offers shelter from predators and natural food supplies that
are available all year long.
 Bio-aesthetic planning aims at enhancing biodiversity along
with beautification of environment. Biological diversity has
direct consumptive value in food, agriculture,medicine etc.

43. RECREATION
 Gardens and landscaped areas enhance the quality of life.
 Providing beautiful areas for recreation and relaxation, open
spaces in dense urban environments, appropriate spaces for
people of all ages and abilities, and facilities that support
community activity and cohesion.
 According to the American Journal of Preventive Medicine,
the “creation of or enhanced access to places for physical
activity combined with informational outreach” produced a
48.4% increase in frequency of physical activity in addition
to a 5.1 percent median increase in aerobic capacity, reduced
body fat, weight loss, improved flexibility and an increase in
perceived energy( Sherer, 2006).
CONTD….

44.  Gardening is considered a moderate to heavy intensity
physical activity, and has been linked to significant
beneficial changes in total cholesterol, HDL
cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure (Armstrong,
2000).
 plants can generate changes in such things as muscle
tension, and brain electrical activity.
 Through colors and textures gardeners can invoke
emotions of calm, tranquility, and happiness.

45.  Concept & Planning
 Designing
 Development
 Maintenance

46. CATEGORIES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS
 Trees
 Shrubs
 Hedges
 Creepers and Climbers
 Herbaceous border
 Annuals and Perennials
 Lawns and Ground covers
 Pot plants

47. MAINTENANCE & GARDEN OPERATIONS
 Seasonal & Herbaceous plants
 Transplanting
 Potting & repotting
 Defoliation
 Disbudding & Pinching
 Tree works, Shrubs & Hedges
 Training
 Pruning
 Lopping
 Trimming
 Lawn Maintenance
 Mowing
 Rolling
 Aeration

48. TRANSPLANTING
 Transplanting or replanting is the technique
of moving a plant from one location to
another.
 Transplanting has a variety of applications,
including:
 extending the growing season by starting
plants indoors, before outdoor
conditions are favorable;
 protecting young plants from diseases
and pests until they are sufficiently
established;
 avoiding germination problems by
setting out seedlings instead of direct
seeding.

49. PLANTING OF TREES
 Small/Med Trees : 3-4 M
 Large Trees : 6-8 M
 Pit : Maxi. 3 ft
 Media : FYM, Sand, soil
and insecticides
 Timings: For Evergreen:
Feb-March or Monsoon
 For Deciduous . Dec-Jan

50. REPOTTING
 Repotting is an important part of
keeping healthy houseplants.
The best time of year to repot is
in spring, before the new flush of
summer growth. Here are signs
you need to repot:
 Roots protruding from the
bottom of the pot
 The plant stops growing or
becomes limp
 The plant is root bound

51. DEFOLIATION
 Defoliating or leaf-cutting is a
technique that involves
removing the leaves
 It forces the plant to produce
a replacement set of leaves in
a second 'false' Spring flush
of growth.
 This replacement set of
leaves results in increased
ramification and leaf density,
a reduction in leaf size and
internode length and finally,
superior Autumn colours.

52. DISBUDDING & PINCHING
 "Pinching" refers to the removal,
with thumb and forefinger, of the
end growth of a plant.
 This encourages lush, dense
branching, and better flowering.
 Annuals –
Salvia, marigolds, petunias
etc., all benefit from early
pinching in order to avoid
leggy growth. Zinnias, in
particular, seem to demand it.

53. TRAINING
 A primary objective of training and
pruning is to develop a strong tree
framework that will support fruit
production.
 Improperly trained trees generally
have very upright branch angles,
which result in serious limb
breakage under a heavy fruit load.
 Another goal of annual training
and pruning is to remove dead,
diseased, or broken limbs.

54. PRUNING
 Pruning is the process of
removing certain above-ground
elements from a plant; in
landscaping this process
usually involves removal of
diseased, non-productive, or
otherwise unwanted portions
from a plant.
 The purpose is to shape the
plant by controlling or directing
plant growth, to maintain the
health of the plant, or to
increase the yield or quality of
flowers and fruits.
Pruning when there's a branch
collar:- Note the swollen area where
the branch joins the trunk, this is
known as the collar, do not cut off
the collar

55. LOPPING
 Lopping is a very severe form of
pruning which involves
removing all branches and
growths down to a few large
branches or to the trunk of the
tree.
 When performed correctly it is
used on very young trees, and
can be used to begin training
younger trees for pollarding or
for trellising to form an espalier.

56. LAWN MOWING
GRASS TYPE HEIGHT
Bahia Grass; Fescue, Tall; Blue Grama; Buffalo
Grass
2 to 3 inches
Bent grass 1/4 to 1 inch
Bermuda grass ( common) 3/4 to 1-1/2 inches
Bermuda grass ( hybrid) 1/2 to 1 inch
Centipede grass; Zoysia grass 1 to 2 inches
Fescue, fine; St. Augustine grass 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches
Kentucky Bluegrass 1-3/4 to 2-1/2 inches
Ryegrass (Annual and Perennial) 1-1/2 to 2 inches
 Proper mowing is one of the most important practices in
keeping your lawn healthy.
 Ideal Mowing Heights

57. TRIMMING  The stem plants will always need to
be trimmed, that's just the way they
grow.
 The best way to trim them is to cut
back the stems just above a
branch 1/3 -1/2 of the way to the
top.
 Correctly trimming your plants will
allow them to remain healthy and
give you the look and shape you
want.

58. PESTS SYMPTOMS PESTS SYMPTOMS
Aphids. White flies.
Scale
insects.
Thrips.
Mealy
bugs.
Fungus
gnats.
Plant Protection- Major Pests

59. DISEASES SYMPTOM DISEASES SYMPTOM
CANKER MILDEW.
ANTHRCANOSE DIEBACK
BLOTCH LEAF SPOT
DISEASES OF HOUSE PLANTS

60. Thanks