Dear All, Best Greetings! This presentation is very useful to all of you to understand the steel basics, background, history, steel making process video, characteristics, metallurgical properties, iron carbon diagram, different phases in steel, effects of alloying elements, high carbon steel introduction, and application of low, medium and high carbon steel.
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
Material Science and Engineering
Ferrous Materials
Classification of Steel
Low carbon steel
Medium Carbon steel
High carbon steel
Structural steel
stainless steel
Applications
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
This topic provides an understanding on the purposes of materials testing and deformities in certain materials. It also explains on the definition and principle on mechanical properties of materials, destructive and non-destructive tests.
various types of steel basically low carbon steels and alloy steels and how the alloying elements alter the various properties of steels , a detailed study & analysis
This topic provides an understanding on the purposes of materials testing and deformities in certain materials. It also explains on the definition and principle on mechanical properties of materials, destructive and non-destructive tests.
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Stainless steel is one of the most widely used materials in dentistry for the production of dental instruments, e.g. scalpel blades and forceps, orthodontic wires, denture bases and partial denture clasps, endodontic posts and as stainless steel crowns for the treatment of severely decayed primary molars.
Classification of Tool Materials.
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Dear All, This is very comprehensive training on application of 7QC tools in industry. There is now a common demand in every industry to improve and control the process by achieving product quality with integrity. These 7-QC tools are very useful to fulfil industry demand by controlling the process. I am expecting your kind suggestions and comments to improve my presentation further. Thanks a lot everyone for your time to read this presentation. I hope it will definitely give some value addition in your routine life. Thanking you!
Dear All, I have prepared this presentation to get a better understanding of Statistical Process Control (SPC). This is a very informative presentation and giving information about the History of SPC, the basics of SPC, the PDCA approach, the Benefits of SPC, application of 7-QC tools for problem-solving. You can follow this technique in your day to day business working to solve the problems. Thanking you.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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2. -: Contents :-
• Background of metals and steel
• Invention of Steel
• Steel Making Process
• Iron Carbon Phase diagram
• Phases in Steel
• Characteristics of Steel
• Effect of Carbon Steel properties
• Effect of Alloying elements in Steel properties
• High Carbon Steel
• Characteristics of High Carbon Steel
• Application of Steels
3. -: Metals and Steel :-
• Metal is an element, compound or alloy that is a good conductor
of both electricity and heat.
• Metal crystal structure and specific metal properties are
determined by holding together the atoms of a metal
• Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with less than 2% of carbon
& with substantial quantities of Manganese.
• Steel is most widely used in construction/infrastructure (52%)
and in every aspect of our lives e.g. in cars, refrigerators and
washing machines, cargo ships and surgical scalpels because of
it’s hardness and tensile strength.
4. • Steel production can be traced back nearly 4,000
years to the start of the Iron Age.
• Sir “Henry Bessemer” inventor and engineer who
developed the first process for manufacturing
steel inexpensively (1856), leading to the
development of the Bessemer converter.
-: Invention of Steel :-
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9. -: Characteristics of Steel:-
• Weldability:
• A steels weldability determines how easily a material can be
welded with each other. Materials with low weldability are
likely to crack due to the local stresses caused from heating at the
weld joint. We need to relieve the residual stresses after the
welding through heat treatment process.
• Hardenability:
• A materials hardenability determines how easily the material
can be hardened by thermal treatment.
• The hardenability of steel is a function of the carbon content of
the material, other alloying elements, and the grain size of the
austenite.
• High hardenability refers to the ability of the alloy to produce a
high martensite percentage throughout the body of the material
upon quenching.
10. -:Characteristics of Steel:-
• Machineability:
• Machinability is the ease with which a metal can be cut
(machined) permitting the removal of the material with a
satisfactory finish at low cost. Materials with
good machinability (free machining materials) require little
power to cut, can be cut quickly, easily obtain a good finish, and
do not wear the tooling much.
• Low-carbon steels are "gummy" and stick to the cutting tool,
resulting in a built up edge that shortens tool life. Therefore,
0.20% carbon steel has the best machinability than low C steel.
• Workability:
• Workability is defined as the extent to which a material be
deformed in a specific metal working process without the
formation of cracks. If ductility of the material is high the
material can be mechanically worked with ease.
• Higher strength metals such as high carbon steel have lower
ductility making them far less workable compared to low
carbon steel which has high ductility.
11. -:Characteristics of Steel:-
• Wear Resistance:
• Wear resistance is a materials resistance to surface material
loss due to some form of mechanical action such as abrasion,
erosion, adhesion, fatigue, or cavitation.
• Surface hardness greatly affects the wear resistance of a
material. The high surface hardness of a file allows it to
wear down other metals of lower hardness without
experiencing significant wear itself. The harder materials
provide lower wear rate and friction coefficient.
• Corrosion resistance:
• Corrosion is the loss of metal due to a reaction with the
environment, and is measured as the percentage of weight
loss due to oxidation or other chemical reactions.
• Metals that are going to be exposed to rain, water, humidity, or
anything else that can cause a metal’s surface to oxidize are
vulnerable to corrosion damage. To protect against corrosion
you can use stainless or galvanized steel, titanium,
aluminum, or add & maintain a sealant layer such as paint.
12. Types of Steel
• Carbon Steels only contain trace amounts of elements besides
carbon and iron. This group is the most common, accounting for
90% of steel production. Carbon Steel is divided into three
subgroups depending on the amount of carbon in the metal:
• Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels (up to 0.3% carbon),
• Medium Carbon Steels (0.3–0.6% carbon), and
• High Carbon Steels (more than 0.6% carbon).
• Alloy Steels contain alloying elements like nickel, copper,
chromium, and/or aluminum. These additional elements are used to
influence the metal’s strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, and
machinability.
• Stainless Steels contain 10–20% chromium as their alloying
element and are valued for their high corrosion resistance. These
steels are commonly used in medical equipment, piping, cutting
tools, and food processing equipment.
• Tool Steels make excellent cutting and drilling equipment as
they contain tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, and vanadium to
increase heat resistance and durability.
16. -: Characteristic of High Carbon Steel :-
• Due to the quality of High Carbon Wire, it plays an important
role in numerous industries such as engineering, construction,
automobile, and so on. Especially the wear characteristics
and higher strength, hardness makes the High Carbon Wire
suitable for many industries such as spring industry, farm
implement industry, and high strength wires.
• Characteristic of High carbon steel:
• High Tensile Strength: The large quantity of carbon enhances
the tensile Strength of material hence used in steel strand,
spring steel wire, steel rope, and steel cord.
• Hardness: The high carbon steel is easily flame hardened and
permits it to work in different forms. It has the highest
hardness and toughness which improve performance.
• Resistance to Wear: The wear resistance increases as the
material becomes harder.
• However, some of the effects of elevated carbon levels include
reduced weldability, ductility, and impact toughness.