Thigh - Anterior Compartment Anatomy contains many muscles and important Triangle the Femoral triangle. This slide gives you a diagramatic representation of the Ant.Compt and also Apllied anatomy facilitating Integrated Teaching.
Thigh - Anterior Compartment Anatomy contains many muscles and important Triangle the Femoral triangle. This slide gives you a diagramatic representation of the Ant.Compt and also Apllied anatomy facilitating Integrated Teaching.
Muscles of foot by Thiru Murugan, MSc.pptxthiru murugan
Muscles of the Foot
The foot has two surfaces
The Dorsal Surface
The tendons of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg are situated on theDorsal aspect of the foot
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Peroneus Tertius
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Anterior TibialArtery
The Plantar Surface
The Plantar Surface of the foot is also known as the sole of the foot
It is covered in a layer of thick cornified skin that is nevertheless sensitive
Under the skin is a layer of loculated subcutaneous fat
There are four layers of intrinsic muscles that are present in the foot
Four layers of Intrinsic Muscles
1st Layer
1st Layer Foot
1st Layer Foot
1st Layer Foot
2nd Layer Foot
2nd Layer Foot
3rd Layer Foot
3rd Layer Foot
3rd Layer Foot
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
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Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
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Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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11. Extensor Digitorum
Brevis
Extends the toes when the
foot is fully dorsiflexed
Originates from the superior
surface of the anterior calcaneum
Inserts via 4 tendons
to toes 1-4
12. The Dorsalis Pedis Artery
supplies the foot and is a direct
continuation of the
Anterior Tibial Artery
Dorsalis
Pedis Artery
Anterior Tibial
Artery
13. The Dorsalis Pedis Artery
supplies the foot and is a direct
continuation of the
Anterior Tibial Artery
Anterior Tibial
Artery
The pulse may be felt
between the medial and
lateral Malleoli
Dorsalis
Pedis Artery
15. The Plantar Surface of the foot
is also known as the sole of
the foot
sole of right foot
16. It is covered in a layer of thick
cornified skin that is
nevertheless sensitive
sole of right foot
17. Under the skin is a layer of
loculated subcutaneous fat
sole of right foot
18. Under the subcutaneous fat is
a thick fascial layer that covers
all the muscles in the foot –
the Plantar Aponeurosis or
Plantar Fascia
sole of right foot
19. There are four layers of
Intrinsic Muscles
that are present in the foot
sole of right foot
27. 1st
Layer
Abductor Hallucis
Originates from
•Medial process of the Calcaneum
•Flexor retinaculum
•Plantar aponeurosis
Inserts onto medial side of base of
Proximal Phalanx of Great Toe
Abducts the Great Toe
sole of right foot
30. 1st
Layer
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Splits into 4 tendons that enter the
tendon sheaths of toes 2-5
Each tendon splits into two slips at the base of the
proximal phalanx to allow the tendon of Flexor
Digitorum Longus to pass through
The slips then reunite and insert onto the sides of
the shaft of the
middle phalanx of toes 2-5
sole of right foot
32. 1st
Layer
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Inserts onto the lateral aspect of the base
of the proximal phalanx of the little toe
sole of right foot
Originates from
•Lateral and medial Calcaneal tubercles
•Plantar aponeurosis
33. 1st
Layer
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Originates from
•Calcaneal tuberosity
•Plantar aponeurosis
Inserts onto the lateral aspect of the base
of the proximal phalanx of the little toe
Abducts the little toe
sole of right foot
34. 2nd
Layer
Consists of the Long Flexor Tendons
and
intrinsic muscles (lumbricals and flexor
accessorious)
sole of right foot
44. 2nd
Layer
Lumbricals
Originate from the Tendons of
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Lumbrical Tendons insert onto the medial
aspect of the dorsal digital expansions of
toes 2-5
sole of right foot
45. 2nd
Layer
Lumbricals
Assist in maintaining extension of
IP joints of the toes
sole of right foot
Originate from the Tendons of
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Lumbrical Tendons insert onto the medial
aspect of the dorsal digital expansions of
toes 2-5
49. 2nd
Layer
Flexor Digitorum Accessorius
Originates from the
Calcaneum by 2 heads
Inserts onto the tendon of
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Assists Flexor Digitorum Longus
in flexing the toes 2-5
sole of right foot
55. 3rd
Layer
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Originates in 2 parts:
•Medial limb from the medial and
intermediate cuneiforms and from
the tendon of Tibialis Posterior
•Lateral limb from the Cuboid and
Lateral Cuneiform
sole of right foot
56. 3rd
Layer
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Inserts onto either side of the base
of the Proximal Phalanx of Big Toe
sole of right foot
Originates in 2 parts:
•Medial limb from the medial and
intermediate cuneiforms and from
the tendon of Tibialis Posterior
•Lateral limb from the Cuboid and
Lateral Cuneiform
57. 3rd
Layer
Flexor Hallucis Brevis
sole of right foot
Originates in 2 parts:
•Medial limb from the medial and
intermediate cuneiforms and from
the tendon of Tibialis Posterior
•Lateral limb from the Cuboid and
Lateral Cuneiform
Inserts onto either side of the base
of the Proximal Phalanx of Big Toe
which it flexes
59. 3rd
Layer
Adductor Hallucis
Originates by 2 heads:
•Oblique Head - bases of 2,3,4 metatarsals
•Transverse head – from plantar
metatarsophalangeal ligaments of 3,4,5 toes
sole of right foot
60. 3rd
Layer
Adductor Hallucis
Inserts onto:
•Lateral Sesamoid
•Base of the Proximal Phalanx
Originates by 2 heads:
•Oblique Head - bases of 2,3,4 metatarsals
•Transverse head – from plantar
metatarsophalangeal ligaments of 3,4,5 toes
sole of right foot
62. 3rd
Layer
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Originates from medial part of plantar
surface of base of the 5th
Metatarsal
sole of right foot
63. 3rd
Layer
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Originates from medial part of plantar
surface of base of the 5th
Metatarsal
Inserts onto lateral side of base of
Proximal Phalanx of Little Toe
sole of right foot
64. 3rd
Layer
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Originates from medial part of plantar
surface of base of the 5th
Metatarsal
Inserts onto lateral side of base of
Proximal Phalanx of Little Toe
Flexes Metatarso-phalangeal Joint
(MTPJ) of Little Toe
sole of right foot
69. 4th
Layer
Dorsal Interossei
Insertion
1st
dorsal interossei inserts onto the medial
aspect of proximal phalanx of the second toe
The other three insert onto the lateral aspect
of proximal phalanges of toes 2,3,4
respectively
sole of right foot
74. 4th
Layer
Plantar Interossei
sole of right foot
There are 3 Plantar Interossei
They are unipennate muscles.
Originate from medial sides of
3, 4, 5 metatarsals
Adduct toes 3, 4, 5 (towards the 2nd toe)
Flex MTP joints
Extend IP joints
75. In Summary
1st
Layer
• Abductor Hallucis
• Flexor Digitorum Brevis
• Abductor Digiti Minimi
2nd
Layer
• Flexor Hallucis Longus
• Flexor Digitorum Longus
• Flexor Accessorius
• Lumbricals
3rd
Layer
• Flexor Hallucis Brevis
• Adductor Hallucis
• Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
4th
Layer
• Plantar Interossei
• Dorsal Interossei
(also included in the fourth
layer are the tendons of
Tibialis Posterior and
Peroneus Longus)
76. To try and remember the layers think of
1st
layer – 1 Flexor between 2 Abductors
2nd
Layer – All the long flexors and their accessories
3rd
layer – 1 adductor between 2 Flexors
4th
Layer – the Interossei
77. To try and remember the layers think of
1st
layer – 1 Flexor between 2 Abductors
Abductor Hallucis - Flexor Digitorum Brevis - Abductor Digiti Minimi
2nd
Layer – All the long flexors and their accessories
Flexor Hallucis Longus - Flexor Digitorum Longus – Flexor Accessorius -
Lumbricals
3rd
layer – 1 Adductor between 2 Flexors
Flexor Hallucis Brevis - Adductor Hallucis - Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
4th
Layer – the Interossei
Plantar Interossei - Dorsal Interossei
82. The Posterior Tibial Artery accompanies the Tibial Nerve
and passes behind the Medial Malleolus through the
Tarsal Tunnel
It divides into
•Medial Plantar Artery
•Lateral Plantar Artery
Lateral Plantar
Artery
sole of right foot
84. Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin Lateral condyle of Tibia, upper
2/3 anterior fibular shaft,
interosseous membrane
Insertion Splits into 4 tendons, inserts via
extensor expansions onto dorsum
of middle and distal phalanges.
Part of extensor expansion
complex
Action Extend toes 2 - 5 and dorsiflexes
ankle
Nerve Supply Deep peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply Anterior tibial artery
Anterior Leg
85. Extensor Hallucis Longus
Origin Anterior surface of the fibula,
interosseous membrane
Insertion Base of distal phalanx great toe
Action Extends great toe and dorsiflexes
ankle
Nerve Supply Deep peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply Anterior tibial artery
Anterior Leg
86. Tibialis Anterior
Origin Lateral condyle of tibia, proximal
2/3rds lateral surface tibia,
interosseous membrane
Insertion Medial and plantar surfaces of
medial cuneiform and base of
first metatarsal
Action Dorsiflexor of ankle, invertor of
foot
Nerve Supply Deep peroneal nerve (L4, L5)
Blood Supply Anterior tibial artery
Anterior Leg
87. Fibularis Tertius
Origin Distal 1/3rd
anterior surface of
fibula
Insertion Base of dorsal aspect 5th
metatarsal
Action Dorsiflexes foot;
everts foot weakly
Nerve Supply Deep peroneal nerve (L5, S1)
Blood Supply Anterior tibial artery
Anterior Leg
88. Abductor Digiti Minimi
Origin Medial and lateral processes of
calcaneal tuberosity and
intervening plantar surface of
calcaneum. Plantar aponeurosis
Insertion Lateral side of base of proximal
phalanx of 5th
toe and head of 5th
metatarsal
Action Flexes and abducts 5th
toe
Supports lateral longitudinal arch
Nerve Supply Lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply Medial and lateral plantar
arteries
1st
Layer Foot
89. Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Origin Medial process of calcaneal
tuberosity
Insertion Splits into four tendons that
insert onto the sides of the shaft
of the middle phalanx of toes 2-5
(Each tendon splits into two at
the base of the proximal phalanx
and then reunites to form a
tunnel allowing the tendon of
Flexor Digitorum Longus to pass)
Action Flexes toes 2-5, supports medial
arch
Nerve Supply Medial plantar nerve
Blood Supply Medial and lateral plantar
arteries
1st
Layer Foot
90. Abductor Hallucis
Origin Medial process of calcaneal
tuberosity, and flexor
retinaculum
Insertion Medial sesamoid and medial
aspect base of proximal phalanx
of big toe
Action Flexes and abducts big toe,
supports medial longitudinal arch
Nerve Supply Medial plantar nerve
Blood Supply Medial and lateral plantar
arteries
1st
Layer Foot
91. Lumbricals
Origin Lateral 3 are bipennate between the
tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
Medial lumbrical is from the medial
aspect of the medial tendon of FDL
Insertion Dorsal extensor expansion
Action Extends toes at IP joints and flexes
MTP joints
Nerve Supply 1st
lumbrical – medial plantar nerve
2-4 lumbricals - lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply Medial and lateral plantar arteries
2nd
Layer Foot
92. Flexor Accessorius
(Quadratus Plantae)
Origin Medial and lateral sides of
calcaneus
Insertion Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Action Assists flexor digitorum longus to
flex toes 2-5 when ankle joint is
plantarflexed
Nerve Supply Lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply Medial and lateral plantar arteries
2nd
Layer Foot
93. Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Origin Base of the 5th
metatarsal and the
sheath of peroneus longus
Insertion Lateral side of the base of the
proximal phalanx of 5th
toe
Action Flexes MTP joint of 5th
toe
Nerve Supply Lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply Lateral plantar artery
3rd Layer Foot
94. Adductor Hallucis
Origin Oblique head: base of 2,3, 4
metatarsals
Transverse head: plantar
metatarsal ligaments, deep
transverse ligament
Insertion Lateral sesamoid and lateral side
of base of proximal phalanx of big
toe
Action Adducts and flexes MTP joint of
big toe
Nerve Supply Lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply Medial and lateral plantar arteries
3rd Layer Foot
95. Flexor Hallucis Brevis
Origin Arises by medial and lateral
tendons from cuboid, cuneiforms
and tendon of tibialis posterior
Insertion Medial slip to medial side, and
lateral slip to lateral side of base of
proximal phalanx of big toe
Action Flexes MTP joint of big toe and
supports medial longitudinal arch
Nerve Supply Medial plantar nerve
Blood Supply Medial and lateral plantar arteries
3rd Layer Foot
96. Plantar Interossei
Origin Lower medial aspects of the shafts
of metatarsals 3, 4, 5
Insertion Medial side of bases of proximal
phalanges of toes 3, 4, 5 and
corresponding dorsal extensor
expansions
Action Adducts 3, 4, 5 toes to axis of 2nd
toe. Assists lumbricals in extending
IP joints whilst flexing MTP joints
Nerve Supply Lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply Lateral plantar artery
4th
Layer Foot
97. Dorsal Interossei
Origin 4 bipennate muscles from the
inner aspects of all 5 metatarsals
Insertion Base of proximal phalanges and
dorsal extensor expansions of
medial side of 2nd
toe and lateral
side of toes 2, 3, 4
Action Abducts toes 2,3,4 away from axis
of 2nd
toe. Assists lumbricals in
extending IP joints whilst flexing
MTP joints
Nerve Supply Lateral plantar nerve
Blood Supply Lateral plantar artery
4th
Layer Foot