The female reproductive system consists of internal and external organs. The primary internal organs are the ovaries which produce eggs and hormones. The ovaries are connected to the uterus via the fallopian tubes. The uterus holds a fertilized egg and, if pregnancy occurs, the developing fetus. The vagina is the passageway between the external genitalia (vulva) and the uterus. Key supporting structures of the uterus include the broad ligament, levator ani muscles, and transverse cervical ligament.
The sphenoid bone is a single bone that lies in the base of the skull between the frontal, temporal and occipital bones.
The sphenoid bone has a central body, paired greater and lesser wings that extend laterally from the body of the sphenoid, and two pterygoid processes descending from the junction of the body and greater wings.
dural venous sinus, their location, position and contents passing through important sinuses. their tributaries and drainage. paired unpaired sinuses. and there clinical correlation.
The sphenoid bone is a single bone that lies in the base of the skull between the frontal, temporal and occipital bones.
The sphenoid bone has a central body, paired greater and lesser wings that extend laterally from the body of the sphenoid, and two pterygoid processes descending from the junction of the body and greater wings.
dural venous sinus, their location, position and contents passing through important sinuses. their tributaries and drainage. paired unpaired sinuses. and there clinical correlation.
Congenital anomalies of pituitary glandautumnpianist
Congenital anomalies of pituitary gland.
Anatomy description with few MRI picture taken from trusted website.
pharyngeal hypophysis, duplication of pituitary gland, agenesis, craniopharygioma, ectopic posterior pituitary gland
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
Congenital anomalies of pituitary glandautumnpianist
Congenital anomalies of pituitary gland.
Anatomy description with few MRI picture taken from trusted website.
pharyngeal hypophysis, duplication of pituitary gland, agenesis, craniopharygioma, ectopic posterior pituitary gland
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology I
The slides will talk about
1. Introduction
2. Stages of follicular development
3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
introduction of neck and boundaries of neck , superficial fascia and structures present with in it, deep cervical fascia types and most importantly spaces with in it mainly about Retro-pharyngeal spaces and applied anatomy along with incision markings.
There will be scientific program,pre and post congress workshops covering vast topics like Repeated IVF failures,Endometriosis,Stimulation Protocols-Review & new strategies,Oocyte,Hands on Laparascopic suturing and Operative
hysteroscopy,Advanced Reproductive techniques,Rise & fall of Metformin,Fitness for Fertility,Letrozole in infertility and
ART,Recent Advances in ART,Ovarian Pathology,Monitoring Ovarian Function,Antagonist,Oocyte Cryo banking,Unexplained Infertility,Ovulation Induction,Embryology,Cyro Preservation& Vitrification,Oocyte Retrieval,IVF
lite,Ovarian Imaging,Ovarian Tumor,Egg donation,Oocyte Donation,GnRH antagonist in IUI,Repeated IVF failures
Incharge,Endometriosis,Reproductive Endocrinology,Oocyte Incharge,Reproductive Surgery,Androlgy for the gynecologist and more.
Ureteric injury in Gyenec Surgery, Serious complication of gynecologic surgery
Significant morbidity and long-term sequelae
Uncommon in benign gynecologic surgery
Vaginal hysterectomy has the lowest rate of ureteral injury
Laparoscopic hysterectomy has the highestThe ureters are the muscular ,thick walled narrow tubes(Right and Left)
Each measures 25-30 cm in length and extends from renal pelvis to its entry in the bladder.The ureter are located retroperitonealy and run from the renal pelvic to urinary bladder.
First part –Enter the pelvis by crossing the common iliac vessel from lateral to medial aspect at their bifurcation just medial to ovarian vessel and run downwards along with greater sciatic notch & reaches ischial spine.
The meeting is been jointly organized by ISAR - Indian Society of Assisted Reproduction & MOGS - Mumbai Obstetric & Gynecological Society.
It will be an exciting & wide ranging programme designed to engage all delegates on topics of vital importance related to the ovary.The event will be the perfect occasion for the international experts to share their leading edge knowledge on innovation and technology balanced by critically important insight into their practical application.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 003 Female Reproductive System anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The female reproductive system is a complex and highly coordinated network of organs that work together to produce eggs (ova), facilitate fertilization, nurture a developing fetus during pregnancy, and support the birth of offspring.
The female reproductive system undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle, involving the release of an egg, preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy, and menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 04 Female Reproductive System UTERUS VAGINA .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The surgical importance of the female reproductive system encompasses a wide range of procedures aimed at addressing various conditions related to reproductive health, gynecological disorders, fertility issues, and the management of reproductive cancers. Understanding the surgical importance of the female reproductive system is essential for gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, and pelvic surgeons.
ovaries, fallopian tube, component of internal genitalia, location of ovarie, boundaries of ovaries,external features of ovaries,ligaments of ovaries, support of ovaries, broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, round ligament of uterus, blood supply and lymphatics of ovaries, prts of fallopian tube, blood supply of fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, polycystic ovaries,
The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. They are the primary sex organs.
Functions: 1-Exocrine function: produce ova
2-Endocrine function: secrete estrogen & progesterone
hormones.
The Ovaries
4. Location and Description
Each ovary is oval
(almond) shaped,
measuring 3 2 1 cm.
ovarian fossa:
The ovary usually lies
against the lateral wall of
the pelvis in a depression
called the ovarian fossa,
bounded by the external
iliac vessels above and
by the obturator nerve,
the ureter & the internal
iliac vessels, behind. The
position of the ovary is
variable.
5. The ovary has: 1) 2 ends:
Upper (tubal) end: is directed up & laterally & attached to:
Ovarian fimbria of the Fallopian tube.
Suspensory (infundibulo-pelvic) ligament of the ovary,
which is a peritoneal fold that forms the upper lateral part of
the broad ligament. It transmits the ovarian vessels & nerves
from the side wall of the pelvis to the broad ligament.
Lower (uterine) end: is directed down & medially. It is attached
to the upper lateral angle of the uterus by the ligament of the
ovary.
2) 2 surfaces:
Lateral surface: related to the parietal peritoneum of the lateral
pelvic wall & obturator nerve and vessels (in the floor of the
fossa).
Medial surface: related to fimbriated end of Fallopian tube.
3) 2 borders:
Posterior border: free.
Anterior border: attached to the upper lateral part of broad
ligament by mesovarium (which transmits the ovarian nerves &
vessels to the hilum of the ovary).
6. Ligaments Of The Ovary
1) Suspensory ligament of the ovary:
It extends laterally from the tubal end
of the ovary to the side wall of the
pelvis.
It is a peritoneal fold which transmits
the ovarian vessels, nerves &
lymphatics to the broad ligament.
2) Mesovarium:
It is peritoneal fold that extends from
the upper layer of broad ligament to
the anterior border of the ovary.
It transmits the ovarian vessels &
nerves to the ovary.
3) Ligament of the ovary:
It is a fibromuscular cord that extends
from the uterine end of the ovary to
the lateral angle of the uterus.
7. Blood Supply
Arteries
The ovarian artery arises
from the abdominal aorta
at the level of the first
lumbar vertebra.
Veins
The ovarian vein drains
into the inferior vena cava
on the right side and into
the left renal vein on the
left side.
8. Lymph Drainage
The lymph vessels of the ovary follow the
ovarian artery and drain into the para-aortic
nodes
Nerve Supply:
Parasympathetic: From pelvic splanchnic
nerves (S 2, 3, 4).
Sympathetic: from T 10, 11.
The blood supply, lymph drainage, and nerve
supply of the ovary reach the ovary by
passing through the suspensory ligament of
the ovary. The vessels and nerves finally
enter the hilum of the ovary via the
mesovarium
9. The Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes
2 tortuous tubes (about
10 cm long), open on
the superolateral angle
of the uterus.
They have free end
open into the
peritoneal cavity close
to the ovary.
Lie in the upper border
of the broad ligament
10. Intramural (interstitial) part:
It is the shortest (1 cm) and narrowest part.
It passes through the wall of the superoateral angle of
the uterus to open into the uterine cavity.
Isthmus:
It is narrow and 2 cm in length .
Ampulla:
It is the longest (5 cm), thin-walled, tortuous
and widest part. It is the site of fertilization.
Infundibulum (fimbriated end):
It is 2cm in length and funnel-shaped.
It pierces the broad ligament to open into the peritoneal
cavity near the ovary. Its margins carry fimbria which
spread over the medial surface of the ovary.
Parts Of The Uterine Tube From Medial To Lateral
11. Tubal ligation:
A simple and
effective method of
birth control is to
surgically ligate the
uterine tubes,
preventing
spermatozoa from
reaching ova.
Conduct of the
ovum in the uterine
tube to the uterine
cavity is helped by:
ciliary movement of
mucosal lining &
peristaltic
movement of the
tube
12. Blood Supply Of The Uterine Tube
Arterial supply:
Medial 2/3: by the
uterine artery.
Lateral 1/3 : by the
ovarian artery.
Venous drainage:
By veins accompanying
the arteries into the
uterine and ovarian
veins.
Lymph drainage:
Most of the tubal
lymphatics pass to the
para-aortic L.Ns.
Lymphatics of the isthmus
pass to the superficial
inguinal L.Ns.
Commonest site of fertilization is
the ampulla of the uterine tube.
Implantation of the embryo in the
uterine tube rather than the uterus
can cause an ectopic pregnancy.
13. Uterus
It is a hollow pear-shaped
muscular organ.
Location:
It is located in the central
part of the pelvis:
Anterior to the rectum
posterosuperior
to the bladder.
Dimension: measuring
3 2 1 inches
14. Parts Of The Uterus
1)Fundus:
It is dome-shaped part that
lies above level of the
opening of the Fallopian
tubes.
It is completely covered by
peritoneum. It is related to
coils of small intestine &
sigmoid colon.
2) Body:
is the part extending from
level of opening of the
Fallopian tubes to the
constriction called isthmus.
It contains uterine cavity. It is
the site of implantation of the
zygote & also the site of
menstruation.
15. 3) Isthmus:
Slight constriction between the body and the cervix.
4) Cervix: it has supra-vaginal & vaginal parts
Supra-vaginal part:
Anteriorly: it is not covered by peritoneum and
related to the U.B.
Posteriorly: it is covered by peritoneum of Douglas
pouch which separates it from the rectum.
Laterally: it gives attachment to the broad ligament
and is related to the ureter and uterine vessels just
below the root of the broad ligament.
Vaginal part: is surrounded by the vaginal fornices.
16. The cavity of the uterine body is triangular in coronal section,
but it is a cleft in the sagittal plane. The cavity of the cervix, the
cervical canal, communicates with the cavity of the body
through the internal os and with that of the vagina through the
external os. Before the birth of the first child, the external os is
circular. In a parous woman, the vaginal part of the cervix is
larger, and the external os becomes a transverse slit
17. Relations Of The Uterus
Anteriorly: The body of the uterus is related anteriorly to
the uterovesical pouch and the superior surface of the
bladder. The supravaginal cervix is related to the superior
surface of the bladder. The vaginal cervix is related to the
anterior fornix of the vagina.
Posteriorly: The body of the uterus is related posteriorly to
the rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) with coils of
ileum or sigmoid colon within it.
Laterally: The body of the uterus is related laterally to the
broad ligament and the uterine artery and vein. The
supravaginal cervix is related to the ureter. The vaginal
cervix is related to the lateral fornix of the vagina.
The uterine tubes enter the superolateral angles of the
uterus, and the ligament of the ovary (posterior) and round
ligament of the uterus (anterior) are attached to the uterine
wall just below this level.
18.
19. Arterial
supply
by the uterine artery:
It is a branch of the anterior division of
internal iliac artery.
It passes medially on the floor of the pelvis in
the root of the broad ligament crossing the
ureter, about 2 cm lateral to the cervix.
It ascends along the side of the uterus in a
tortuous course between the 2 layers of the
broad ligament.
It turns laterally below the Fallopian tube to
end by anastomosis with ovarian artery, which
also assists in supplying the uterus.
It supplies: uterus + medial ¾ of Fallopian
tube + vagina.
Venous
drainage
Each venous plexus is drained by a pair of
uterine veins which ends into internal iliac
vein.
22. Lymphati
c
drainage
Fundus + upper part of the body
+ uterine tube para-aortic L.Ns
Lower part of the body
external iliac L.Ns.
Cornu of the uterus its
lymphatics pass along the round
ligament of uterus into the
superficial inguinal L.Ns.
Cervix internal iliac & external
iliac & sacral L.Ns.
Nerve
supply
Sympathetic from T12 & L1 (produce
uterine contraction & vasoconstriction).
Parasympathetic from S2, 3, 4.
(produce uterine relaxation &
vasodilatation).
23. Peritoneal Covering Of The Uterus
The peritoneum
reflected from the
rectum to the upper part
of the vagina, forming
recto-uterine pouch,
then cover the posterior
surface of the uterus,
fundus, anterior surface
of the body of the uterus
,which is reflected at
the isthmus on the
upper surface of U.B.
forming the utero-
vesical pouch. So
anterior surface of the
cervix and vagina have
no peritoneal covering
24. Broad Ligament
It is a double-layered fold of peritoneum which
extends from the side of the uterus to the side wall of
the pelvis.
Parts of the broad ligament:
Mesosalpinx: the part
between Fallopian tube
& mesovarium & and
round ligament of ovary.
Suspensory ligament of
ovary: the part lateral to
the ovary.
Mesometrium: the
remaining medial lower
part on the side of the
uterus.
25.
26. Broad Ligament
It has:1) 2 layers: upper (posterior) layer: is
related to the coils of small intestine, is connected
to the ovary by mesovarium & is pierced by the
lateral end of Fallopian tube
lower (anterior layer)
2) 4 borders:
upper free border: its medial 4/5 surrounds
Fallopian tube its lateral 1/5 forms the suspensory
ligament of the ovary
lower border: rests on the pelvic floor
medial border: attached to the side of the uterus
lateral border: attached to the side wall of the
pelvis
27. Contents Of The Broad Ligament:
2 tubes: 1-Fallopian tube: in the medial 4/5 of the
upper free border. 2- ureter at root of the ligament.
2 ligaments: round ligament of ovary & round lig. of
uterus.
2 arteries: 1)Uterine A. (in the root then along the
medial border then along the upper border).
2)Ovarian A. (in the suspensory ligament of ovary).
sympathetic nerve plexus plexus.
2 embryological remnants: epioophoron &
paraoophoron.
Connective tissue (parametrium) & lymphatics &
L.Ns.
28. Positions Of The Uterus
Normal position anteverted
anteflexed:
the long axis of the uterus is bent
forward on the long axis of the
vagina.This position is referred to
as anteversion (90 degree) of the
uterus .
the long axis of the body of the
uterus is bent forward at the level
of the internal os with the
long axis of the cervix.
This position is termed
anteflexion (170 degree)
of the uterus .
29. Abnormal position: retroverted, retroflexed
the fundus and body of the uterus are bent
backward on the vagina so that they lie in
the rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas).
In this situation, the uterus is said to be
retroverted. If the body of the uterus is, in
addition, bent backward on the cervix, it is
said to be retroflexed. Leads to back pain.
30. The uterus is supported
mainly by: A) muscles
1) the tone of the Pelvic
diaphragm (pelvic floor)
muscles: levator ani
muscles and coccygeus
muscle. resisting downward
push of uterus during
increased intra-abdominal
pressure.
2) Urogenital diaphragm: the
muscles of the deep
perineal pouch.
3) Perineal body: is a
fibromuscular body between
the vagina & anal canal;
receiving the insertions of all
perineal muscles. Thus,
maintains the integrity of the
pelvic floor.
Supporting Factors Of Uterus
31. Levator Ani Muscle
They form a broad muscular
sheet stretching across the
pelvic cavity,
they support the pelvic viscera
and resist the intra-abdominal
pressure transmitted
downward through the pelvis.
The medial edges of the
anterior parts of the levator ani
muscles are attached to the
cervix of the uterus by the
pelvic fascia.
It is incomplete anteriorly to
allow passage of urethra and
vagina in female.
Action: it supports and
maintains the pelvic viscera in
position.
32. Some of the fibers of
levator ani are
inserted into a
fibromuscular
structure called the
perineal body This
structure is important
in maintaining the
integrity of the pelvic
floor; The perineal
body lies in the
perineum between the
vagina and the anal
canal. It thus supports
the vagina and,
indirectly, the uterus.
33. and the condensations
of pelvic fascia,
which form three
important
B) ligaments.
The Transverse
Cervical,
Pubocervical,
and Sacrocervical
Ligaments
These three ligaments
are attached to the
cervix and the vault of
the vagina and play an
important part in
supporting the uterus
and keeping the cervix
in its correct position
34. Ligaments of the cervix:
1. Transverse cervical (Mackenrodt’s ) cardinal
ligament:
It is the main supporting factor of the uterus.
It a fan-shaped ligament, which is formed of condensed
extraperitoneal tissue between the side wall of the
pelvis and side of cervix & vagina.
2. Pubo-cervical ligament:
It is a condensation of extraperitoneal tissue, which
extends from the front of cervix & upper part of vagina
to the back of the pubis, around the sides of the
urethra.
3. Utero-sacral (sacrocervical) ligament:
It is a condensation of extraperitoneal tissue, which
extends from the back of the cervix to the front of 2nd &
3rd pieces of sacrum, around the sides of the rectum.
35. 4) The round ligament of the uterus,:
which represents the remains of the lower
half of the gubernaculum, extends
between the superolateral angle of the
uterus, through the deep inguinal ring and
inguinal canal, to the subcutaneous tissue
of the labium majus. It helps keep the
uterus anteverted (tilted forward) and
anteflexed (bent forward).
The round ligament of the uterus and
5)the broad ligament are considered to play
a minor role in supporting the uterus.
36. Uterine Prolapse
Damage to the levatores ani muscles
or ligaments of the cervix during
childbirth or general poor body
muscular tone may result in downward
displacement of the uterus called
uterine prolapse. In advanced cases,
the cervix descends the length of the
vagina and may protrude through the
orifice. if the perineal body is damaged
during childbirth, prolapse of the pelvic
viscera may occur.
Caesarean section: opening the
abdomen, when normal child birth is
not possible.
Hysterectomy: removal of uterus in
case of cancer.
37. Vagina
It is a fibromuscular tube extends upward &
backward from the vestibule to the cervix
It is copulatory organ in female & serve as a
passage for menstrual flow & child birth.
Its upper part
surrounding the
cervix forming
Anterior,
posterior , right lateral
and left lateral fornices.
It is 8 cm long
vaginal opening may be
partially covered by the hymen
38. Relations
Anterior wall: (7 cm)
Not covered by peritoneum
Its upper 1/3 is pierced by the cervix.
Its middle 1/3 is related to the base of U.B.
Its lower 1/3 is related to the urethra.
Posterior wall: (9 cm)
Its upper1/4 is covered by peritoneum which is reflected
to the rectum to form the recto-vaginal (Douglas pouch)
which contains coils of ileum
Its middle 2/4 related to rectum.
Its lower 1/4 is related to perineal body and anal canal.
Lateral relations (from above downwards):
Upper part: uterine artery & ureter.
Middle part: levator ani (sphincter vaginae).
Lower part : greater vestibular gland (in the perineum)
39. Fornices of vagina:
These are 4 pouches formed by the upper
part of vagina around the vaginal part of
cervix
(2 lateral, 1 anterior & 1 posterior)
The posterior fornix is the deepest one & the
only one covered by peritoneum
Lateral one related to uterine artery & ureter.
40. Arterial
supply
It is supplied by:
Uterine artery.
Vaginal artery.
Middle rectal artery.
Internal pudendal artery.
Venous
drainage
The vaginal veins form plexuses that drains into
internal iliac vein.
Lymphatic
drainage
Upper 1/3 external iliac L.Ns.
Middle 1/3 internal iliac L.Ns.
Lower 1/3 superficial inguinal L.Ns.
Nerve
supply
Upper 2/3 (pain insensitive) by autonomic fibers
Sympathetic: L1, 2
Parasympathetic: S 2, 3
Lower 1/3 (pain sensitive) brs. of pudendal nerve.
41.
42. Supports of the Vagina
The upper part of the vagina is supported by:
the levatores ani muscles
and the transverse cervical, pubocervical, and
sacrocervical ligaments. These structures are
attached to the vaginal wall by pelvic fascia.
The middle part of the vagina is supported by
the urogenital diaphragm.
The lower part of the vagina, especially the
posterior wall, is supported by the perineal body
43. External Genitalia (Vulva)
Mons pubis - Fatty area overlying the pubic
symphysis
Covered with pubic hair after puberty
Labia – skin folds
Labia majora—hair-covered skin folds
Labia minora—delicate, hair-free folds of skin
Contain the vestibule: Greater vestibular glands
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Clitoris located at the anterior regions of the labia
minora: composed of sensitive erectile tissue