The intraembryonic coelom begins developing in the 3rd week as a horseshoe-shaped cavity in the cardiogenic and lateral mesoderm. By the 4th week, the coelom divides into three cavities - the pericardial cavity and two pericardioperitoneal canals that connect to the large peritoneal cavity. During the 5th-7th weeks, folds form that separate these cavities, with the pericardioperitoneal canals closing off. Meanwhile, the diaphragm develops from the fusion of the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery of the esophagus, and muscular ingrowth from the body walls.
the process by which a bilaminar germ disc is formed within the second week of development. second week is a week of two's. development and clinical implications or correlates. the formation of the 2 fluid cavities
the process by which a bilaminar germ disc is formed within the second week of development. second week is a week of two's. development and clinical implications or correlates. the formation of the 2 fluid cavities
Development of heart in embryology.
● Formation and position of the heart tube.
● Formation and position of the heart loop
● Mechanism of cardiac looping
● Formation of the embryonic ventricle
● Development of the sinus venosus
● Formation of the cardiac septa
● Atrial septation
● The atrio-ventricular canal
● The muscular interventricular septum
● The septum in truncus arteriosus and the cordis conus
05.28.09(a): Development of the Gastrointestinal System Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Embryology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Embryology
You can watch the video on my you tube channel: https://youtu.be/I0FaX-iQfa0
Medulla oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII.
Development of heart in embryology.
● Formation and position of the heart tube.
● Formation and position of the heart loop
● Mechanism of cardiac looping
● Formation of the embryonic ventricle
● Development of the sinus venosus
● Formation of the cardiac septa
● Atrial septation
● The atrio-ventricular canal
● The muscular interventricular septum
● The septum in truncus arteriosus and the cordis conus
05.28.09(a): Development of the Gastrointestinal System Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Embryology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Embryology
You can watch the video on my you tube channel: https://youtu.be/I0FaX-iQfa0
Medulla oblongata or more simply medulla is part of brain stem which forms base of the brain stem. It contains pyramid, olive and above pyramidal structure, there is decussation of pyramids which explains why each part of brain controls opposite part of body. Adding to that medulla also has several nuclei which controls activity of cardiovascular system and respiratory system. Medulla also has nuclei for controlling reflexes of vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing. It has also nuclei for test, hearing and balance. Medulla also contains nuclei of cranial nerve number VIII, IX, X, XI and XII.
The skin is divided into two parts: the superficial part, the
epidermis; and the deep part, the dermis (Fig. 1.4). The
epidermis is a stratified epithelium whose cells become flat
tened as they mature and rise to the surface. On the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is extremely
thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions. In other areas of the body, for example, on the ante
rior surface of the arm and forearm, it is thin. The dermis is
composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. It shows considerable
variation in thickness in different parts of the body, tending
to be thinner on the anterior than on the posterior surface.
It is thinner in women than in men. The dermis of the skin
is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the
superficial fascia, otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue.
The skin over joints always folds in the same place, the
SKIN CREASES (Fig. 1.5). At these sites, the skin is thinner
than elsewhere and is firmly tethered to underlying struc
tures by strong bands of fibrous tissue.
The appendages of the skin are the nails, hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
The nails are keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of
the tips of the fingers and toes. The proximal edge of the
plate is the root of the nail (see Fig. 1.5). With the exception
of the distal edge of the plate, the nail is surrounded and
overlapped by folds of skin known as nail folds. The sur
face of skin covered by the nail is the nail bed (see Fig. 1.5).
Hairs grow out of follicles, which are invaginations
of the epidermis into the dermis (see Fig. 1.4). The folli
cles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded
extremities, called hair bulbs, penetrate to the deeper part
of the dermis. Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and
The skin is divided into two parts: the superficial part, the
epidermis; and the deep part, the dermis (Fig. 1.4). The
epidermis is a stratified epithelium whose cells become flat
tened as they mature and rise to the surface. On the palms of
the hands and the soles of the feet, the epidermis is extremely
thick, to withstand the wear and tear that occurs in these
regions. In other areas of the body, for example, on the ante
rior surface of the arm and forearm, it is thin. The dermis is
composed of dense connective tissue containing many blood
vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. It shows considerable
variation in thickness in different parts of the body, tending
to be thinner on the anterior than on the posterior surface.
It is thinner in women than in men. The dermis of the skin
is connected to the underlying deep fascia or bones by the
superficial fascia, otherwise known as subcutaneous tissue.
The skin over joints always folds in the same place, the
SKIN CREASES (Fig. 1.5). At these sites, the skin is thinner
than elsewhere and is firmly tethered to underlying struc
tures by strong bands of fibrous tissue.
The appendages of the skin are the nails, hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
The nails are keratinized plates on the dorsal surfaces of
the tips of the fingers and toes. The proximal edge of the
plate is the root of the nail (see Fig. 1.5). With the exception
of the distal edge of the plate, the nail is surrounded and
overlapped by folds of skin known as nail folds. The sur
face of skin covered by the nail is the nail bed (see Fig. 1.5).
Hairs grow out of follicles, which are invaginations
of the epidermis into the dermis (see Fig. 1.4). The folli
cles lie obliquely to the skin surface, and their expanded
extremities, called hair bulbs, penetrate to the deeper part
of the dermis. Each hair bulb is concave at its end, and
he peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It is composed of mesothelial cells that are supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue and is embryologically derived from the mesoderm.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BODY
CAVITIES
• The intraembryonic coelom begins to develop
near the end of the 3rd week.
• By the 4th week it appears as a horseshoe-
shaped cavity in the cardiogenic and lateral
mesoderm.
2
3. Drawing of a dorsal view of a 22-day embryo showing the outline of the horseshoe-shaped intraembryonic
coelom. The amnion has been removed, and the coelom is shown as if the embryo were translucent. The
continuity of the intraembryonic coelom, as well as the communication of its right and left limbs with the
extraembryonic coelom, is indicated by arrows. B, Transverse section through the embryo at the level shown in
A
3
4. 2 Midsagittal sections of embryos at various stages of development showing cephalocaudal folding and its
effects upon position of the heart, septum transversum, yolk sac, and amnion. Note that, as folding progresses,
the opening of the gut tube into the yolk sac narrows until it forms a thin connection, the vitelline (yolk sac)
duct, between the midgut and the yolk sac (D). Simultaneously, the amnion is pulled ventrally until the
amniotic cavity nearly surrounds the embryo. A. 17 days. B. 22 days. C. 24 days. D. 28 days. 4
5. THE EMBRYONIC BODY CAVITY
• The intraembryonic coelom becomes the
embryonic body cavity, which is divided into
three well-defined cavities during the fourth
week which are:
• A pericardial cavity
• Two pericardioperitoneal canals
• A peritoneal cavity
5
6. Figure 8-3 Illustrations of the mesenteries and body cavities at the beginning of the fifth week. A, Schematic
sagittal section. Note that the dorsal mesentery serves as a pathway for the arteries supplying the developing
gut. Nerves and lymphatics also pass between the layers of this mesentery. B to E, Transverse sections through
the embryo at the levels indicated in A. The ventral mesentery disappears, except in the region of the terminal
esophagus, stomach, and first part of the duodenum. Note that the right and left parts of the peritoneal cavity,
separate in C, are continuous in E
6
8. Body Cavities
• These body cavities have a parietal wall lined by
mesothelium (future parietal layer of peritoneum) derived
from somatic mesoderm and a visceral wall covered by
mesothelium (future visceral layer of peritoneum) derived
from splanchnic mesoderm.
• The peritoneal cavity (the major part of intraembryonic
coelom) is connected with the extraembryonic coelom at
the umbilicus.
• The peritoneal cavity loses its connection with the
extraembryonic coelom during the 10th week as the
intestines return to the abdomen from the umbilical cord.
8
9. Intraembryonic Coelom
• Appears as a horseshoe-
shaped cavity in the
cardiogenic area and
lateral mesoderm by the
4th week
• The bend in this cavity
indicates the future
pericardial cavity & the
limbs indicate the future
pleural and peritoneal
cavities
• The greater part of each
limb opens laterally into
the extra-embryonic celom
(EEC)
EEC
9
10. • The curve of the cavity represents the future
pericardial cavity and its lateral extensions
represent the future pleural and peritoneal
cavities
10
11. Folding of embryo
• In the 4th week also the embryonic disc will
fold.
• Lateral parts of the intraembryonic coelom
move together on the ventral aspect of the
embryo.
• When the caudal part of the ventral
mesentery disappears, the right and left parts
of the intraembryonic coelom merge to form
the peritoneal cavity
11
12. Folding of embryo
• During cranial folding of embryo,
the pericardial cavity comes to lie
ventral to the foregut
• The pericardioperitoneal canals:
• arise from the dorsal wall of
the pericardial cavity
• pass on each side of the
foregut (future esophagus)
• lie dorsal to septum
transversum
• open into the peritoneal
cavity
12
13. • During horizontal folding, the
limbs of the coelom are brought
together on the ventral aspect of
the embryo
• The coelom is lined by
mesothelium derived from the
somatic mesoderm (parietal layer)
and the splanchnic mesoderm
(visceral layer)
• The peritoneal cavity looses its
connection with the
extraembryonic coelom during the
10th week
Parietal
layer
Visceral
layer
13
14. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BODY
CAVITIES
• Until the 7th week, the embryonic pericardial
cavity communicates with the peritoneal
cavity through paired pericardioperitoneal
canals.
• During the 5th and 6th weeks, folds (later
membranes) form near the cranial and caudal
ends of these canals.
14
15. Division of Embryonic Coelom
• Partitions appear to separate the
pericardioperitoneal canals from
• the pericardial cavity and
• the peritoneal cavity
15
16. • As the lung buds grow into the pericardioperitoneal
canals, a pair of membranous ridges is produced in
the lateral wall of each canal:
The pleuropericardial folds cranial to the
developing lungs
The pleuroperitoneal folds caudal to the
developing lungs
16
17. Pleuropericardial Membranes
• The bronchial buds grow
laterally from the caudal end
of the trachea into the
pericardioperitoneal canals
(future pleural cavities)
• As the pleural cavities expand
ventrally, they grow into the
body wall in the angle
between the body wall and a
ridge raised by the common
cardinal vein and the phrenic
nerve
17
18. • This results in splitting the
mesenchyme into:
An outer layer that
forms the thoracic wall
An inner layer that
forms the pleuro-
pericardial membrane
18
19. • With the growth and
descent of the heart
and expansion of the
pleural cavities, the
pleuro-pericardial
membranes expand
and move medially
19
20. • By 7th week, the membranes fuse with the
mesenchyme ventral to the esophagus
forming the primordial mediastinum, thus
closing the pleuropericardial openings .
20
21. • The right
pleuropericardial
opening closes
slightly earlier
than the left (right
common cardinal vein
is larger than the left
and so raises a bigger
fold) Phrenic nerve
21
22. Pleuroperitoneal Membranes
• Develop from the
pleuroperitoneal folds that
are attached dorsolaterally to
the body wall and their free
edges project into the caudal
part of the
pericardioperitoneal canals
• As the developing lung enlarges cranially and liver expands caudally,
these folds become more prominent and gradually become
membranous which will be invaded by the myoblasts (primitive
muscle cells).
22
23. • During 6th week, the
pleuroperitoneal
membranes extend
ventromedially and fuse
with the dorsal mesentery
of the esophagus and the
septum transversum
This results in closure of the
pericardioperitoneal openings. The right
opening closes slightly earlier than the left
23
26. What is a mesentery?
• Double layer of
peritoneum enclosing a
mass of mesoderm
• Connects the organ to the
body wall
• Carries vessels, nerves &
lymphatics for the organ
• Is the site where the
visceral peritoneum
continues as parietal
peritoneum
26
32. • The diaphragm develops
from four embryonic
components:
1. Septum transversum
2. Pleuroperitoneal
membranes
3. Dorsal mesentery of
esophagus
4. Muscular ingrowth
from lateral body walls
1
3
2
4
32
33. Septum Transversum
• A thick plate of
mesodermal tissue
• Lies:
Between the pericardial
cavity and the yolk sac
Ventral to the foregut
and the pleuro-
peritoneal canals
• Grows dorsally from the
ventrolateral body wall
33
34. • Forms an incomplete
partition between the
thoracic cavity and the
abdominal cavity
• Expands and fuses with
the pleuroperitoneal
membranes and the
mesenchyme ventral to
the esophagus
Septum transversum is the primordium of
the central tendon of the diaphragm
34
35. • During 6th week, the
three basic components:
–Pleuroperitoneal
membranes
–Mesoesphagus
–Septum transversum
1
1
3
2
fuse with each other and form a complete
partition between the thoracic and abdominal
cavities
35
36. • During 9th – 12th weeks the
lungs and pleural cavities
enlarge, burrowing into the
body wall, splitting it into:
External layer that becomes
part of the body wall
Internal layer that contributes
muscles to peripheral portions
of diaphragm, extending to the
parts derived from the
pleuroperitoneal membranes
36
37. Body wall: peripheral
muscular part
Pleuroperitoneal
membranes: form large
portion of fetal
diaphragm but
represent a smaller
portion in infants
Septum transversum:
Central tendon
Dorsal mesentery of
esophagus: Crura
37
38. Positional Changes & Innervation of the Diaphragm
• During the 4th week, the
septum transversum lies
opposite the 3rd – 5th
cervical somites
• During 5th week, myoblasts
from these somites move
to the developing
diaphragm bringing their
nerve fibers with them
38
39. • Rapid growth of the body of
embryo result in further
descent of diaphragm
• By the 6th week, the
diaphragm lies at the level
of the thoracic somites
• By the end of 8th week the
dorsal end of diaphragm
lies at the level of first
lumbar vertebra
39
40. • When the 4 parts of the
diaphragm fuse, the
mesenchymal cells from the
septum transversum extend
into the other three parts,
change into myoblasts, and
give rise to the muscles of the
diaphragm.
• Thus phrenic nerve supplies
all the muscles of diaphragm
The phrenic nerve also supplies sensory fibers to
diaphram except in the peripheral region which is
derived from the body wall and brings its nerve supply
(lower intercostal nerves) with it
40
41. Gastroschisis and Congenital Epigastric
Hernia
• This uncommon hernia occurs in the median
plane between the xiphoid process and
umbilicus.
• Gastroschisis and epigastric hernias result from
failure of the lateral body folds to fuse completely
when forming the anterior abdominal wall during
folding in the fourth week.
• The small intestine herniates into the amniotic
cavity, which can be detected prenatally by
ultrasonography.
41
42. Congenital Hiatal Hernia
• There may be herniation of part of the foetal
stomach through an excessively large
oesophageal hiatus-the opening in the
diaphragm through which the oesophagus and
vagus nerves pass; however, thi.
• Although hiatal hernia is usually an acquired
lesion occurring during adult life, a
congenitally enlarged esophageal hiatus may
be the predisposing factor in some cases
42
43. Congenital Pericardial Defects
Defective
• Fusion of the pleuropericardial membranes
separating the pericardial and pleural cavities
results in a congenital defect of the
pericardium.
43