There will be scientific program,pre and post congress workshops covering vast topics like Repeated IVF failures,Endometriosis,Stimulation Protocols-Review & new strategies,Oocyte,Hands on Laparascopic suturing and Operative
hysteroscopy,Advanced Reproductive techniques,Rise & fall of Metformin,Fitness for Fertility,Letrozole in infertility and
ART,Recent Advances in ART,Ovarian Pathology,Monitoring Ovarian Function,Antagonist,Oocyte Cryo banking,Unexplained Infertility,Ovulation Induction,Embryology,Cyro Preservation& Vitrification,Oocyte Retrieval,IVF
lite,Ovarian Imaging,Ovarian Tumor,Egg donation,Oocyte Donation,GnRH antagonist in IUI,Repeated IVF failures
Incharge,Endometriosis,Reproductive Endocrinology,Oocyte Incharge,Reproductive Surgery,Androlgy for the gynecologist and more.
female reproductive organ, gross anatomy of uterus, its parts,position, internal structure, its attachments, supports of uterus, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
ovaries, fallopian tube, component of internal genitalia, location of ovarie, boundaries of ovaries,external features of ovaries,ligaments of ovaries, support of ovaries, broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, round ligament of uterus, blood supply and lymphatics of ovaries, prts of fallopian tube, blood supply of fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, polycystic ovaries,
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
female reproductive organ, gross anatomy of uterus, its parts,position, internal structure, its attachments, supports of uterus, blood supply and lymphatic drainage.
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
ovaries, fallopian tube, component of internal genitalia, location of ovarie, boundaries of ovaries,external features of ovaries,ligaments of ovaries, support of ovaries, broad ligament, mesovarium, mesosalpinx, mesometrium, round ligament of uterus, blood supply and lymphatics of ovaries, prts of fallopian tube, blood supply of fallopian tube, ectopic pregnancy, polycystic ovaries,
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
This PowerPoint presentation is an overview of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of diseases, and common disorders of the Reproductive System.
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 04 Female Reproductive System UTERUS VAGINA .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The surgical importance of the female reproductive system encompasses a wide range of procedures aimed at addressing various conditions related to reproductive health, gynecological disorders, fertility issues, and the management of reproductive cancers. Understanding the surgical importance of the female reproductive system is essential for gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, and pelvic surgeons.
1- Anatomy of Female Reproductive System.pdfelphaswalela
vement along the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut
and invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the ventra
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 003 Female Reproductive System anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The female reproductive system is a complex and highly coordinated network of organs that work together to produce eggs (ova), facilitate fertilization, nurture a developing fetus during pregnancy, and support the birth of offspring.
The female reproductive system undergoes cyclic changes during the menstrual cycle, involving the release of an egg, preparation of the uterus for potential pregnancy, and menstruation if pregnancy does not occur.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
12. Location and Description Each ovary is oval (almond) shaped, measuring 3×2×1 cm. ovarian fossa: The ovary usually lies against the lateral wall of the pelvis in a depression called the ovarian fossa, bounded by the external iliac vessels above and by the obturator nerve, the ureter & the internal iliac vessels, behind. The position of the ovary is variable.
13. The ovary has:1)2 ends: Upper (tubal) end:is directed up & laterally & attached to: Ovarian fimbria of the Fallopian tube. Suspensory (infundibulo-pelvic) ligament of the ovary, which is a peritoneal fold that forms the upper lateral part of the broad ligament. It transmits the ovarian vessels & nerves from the side wall of the pelvis to the broad ligament. Lower (uterine) end:is directed down & medially. It is attached to the upper lateral angle of the uterus by the ligament of the ovary. 2) 2 surfaces: Lateral surface:related to the parietal peritoneum of the lateral pelvic wall & obturator nerve and vessels (in the floor of the fossa). Medial surface:related to fimbriated end of Fallopian tube. 3) 2 borders: Posterior border:free. Anterior border:attached to the upper lateral part of broad ligament by mesovarium (which transmits the ovarian nerves & vessels to the hilum of the ovary).
14.
15.
16.
17. The ovarian artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.
25. Parts Of The Uterine Tube From Medial To Lateral Intramural (interstitial) part: It is the shortest (1 cm) and narrowest part. It passes through the wall of the superoateral angle of the uterus to open into the uterine cavity. Isthmus: It is narrow and 2 cm in length . Ampulla: It is the longest (5 cm), thin-walled, tortuous and widestpart. It is the site of fertilization. Infundibulum (fimbriated end): It is 2cm in length and funnel-shaped. It pierces the broad ligament to open into the peritoneal cavity near the ovary. Its margins carry fimbria which spread over the medial surface of the ovary.
26. Tubal ligation: A simple and effective method of birth control is to surgically ligate the uterine tubes, preventing spermatozoa from reaching ova. Conduct of the ovum in the uterine tube to the uterine cavity is helped by: ciliary movement of mucosal lining & peristaltic movement of the tube
37. Laterally:it gives attachment to the broad ligament andis related to the ureter and uterine vesselsjust below the root of the broad ligament.
38.
39.
40. Posteriorly: The body of the uterus is related posteriorly to the rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas) with coils of ileum or sigmoid colon within it.
46. Peritoneal Covering Of The Uterus The peritoneum reflected from the rectum to the upper part of the vagina, forming recto-uterine pouch, then cover the posterior surface of the uterus, fundus, anterior surface of the body of the uterus ,which is reflected at the isthmus on the upper surface of U.B. forming the utero-vesical pouch. So anterior surface of the cervix and vagina have no peritoneal covering
56. Positions Of The Uterus Normal position antevertedanteflexed: the long axis of the uterus is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina.This position is referred to as anteversion (90 degree) of the uterus . the long axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward at the level of the internal os with the long axis of the cervix. This position is termed anteflexion (170 degree) of the uterus .
57. Abnormal position: retroverted, retroflexed the fundus and body of the uterus arebent backward on the vagina so that they lie in the rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas). In this situation, the uterus is said to be retroverted. If the body of the uterus is, in addition, bent backward on the cervix, it is said to be retroflexed. Leads to back pain.
58. Supporting Factors Of Uterus The uterus is supported mainly by: A)muscles 1) the tone of the Pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor) muscles: levator ani muscles and coccygeus muscle. resisting downward push of uterus during increased intra-abdominal pressure. 2)Urogenital diaphragm:the muscles of the deep perineal pouch. 3)Perineal body: is a fibromuscular body between the vagina & anal canal; receiving the insertions of all perineal muscles. Thus, maintains the integrity of the pelvic floor.
59. Levator Ani Muscle They form a broad muscular sheet stretching across the pelvic cavity, they support the pelvic viscera and resist the intra-abdominal pressure transmitted downward through the pelvis. The medial edges of the anterior parts of the levatorani muscles are attached to the cervix of the uterus by the pelvic fascia. It is incomplete anteriorly to allow passage of urethra and vagina in female. Action: it supports and maintains the pelvic viscera in position.
60. Some of the fibers of levator ani are inserted into a fibromuscular structure called the perineal body This structure is important in maintaining the integrity of the pelvic floor; The perineal body lies in the perineum between the vagina and the anal canal. It thus supports the vagina and, indirectly, the uterus.
61. and the condensations of pelvic fascia, which form three important B)ligaments. The Transverse Cervical, Pubocervical, and Sacrocervical Ligaments These three ligaments are attached to the cervix and the vault of the vagina and play an important part in supporting the uterus and keeping the cervix in its correct position
62. Ligaments of the cervix: Transverse cervical (Mackenrodt’s ) cardinal ligament: It is the main supporting factor of the uterus. It a fan-shaped ligament, which is formed of condensed extraperitoneal tissue between the side wall of the pelvis and side of cervix & vagina. Pubo-cervical ligament: It is a condensation of extraperitoneal tissue, which extends from the front of cervix & upper part of vagina to the back of the pubis, around the sides of the urethra. Utero-sacral (sacrocervical) ligament: It is a condensation of extraperitoneal tissue, which extends from the back of the cervix to the front of 2nd & 3rd pieces of sacrum, around the sides of the rectum.
63.
64. Uterine Prolapse Damage to the levatoresani muscles or ligaments of the cervix during childbirth or general poor body muscular tone may result in downward displacement of the uterus called uterine prolapse. In advanced cases, the cervix descends the length of the vagina and may protrude through the orifice. if the perineal body is damaged during childbirth, prolapse of the pelvic viscera may occur. Caesarean section: opening the abdomen, when normal child birth is not possible. Hysterectomy: removal of uterus in case of cancer.
65.
66. It is copulatory organ in female & serve as a passage for menstrual flow & child birth.
72. Relations Anterior wall: (7 cm) Not covered by peritoneum Its upper 1/3 is pierced by the cervix. Its middle 1/3 is related to the base of U.B. Its lower 1/3 is related to the urethra. Posterior wall: (9 cm) Its upper1/4 is covered by peritoneum which is reflected to the rectum to form the recto-vaginal (Douglas pouch) which contains coils of ileum Its middle 2/4 related to rectum. Its lower 1/4 is related to perineal body and anal canal. Lateral relations (from above downwards): Upper part: uterine artery & ureter. Middle part:levatorani (sphincter vaginae). Lower part :greater vestibular gland (in the perineum)
73. Fornices of vagina: These are 4 pouches formed by the upper part of vagina around the vaginal part of cervix (2 lateral, 1 anterior & 1 posterior) The posterior fornix is the deepest one & the only one covered by peritoneum Lateral one related to uterine artery & ureter.