Feet modifications in birds
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Birds have evolved various modifications to their feet depending on their environment and locomotion. Some key foot modifications include: 1. Running or cursorial feet with reduced toes for fast running in ostriches, bustards, and emus. 2. Perching feet with three toes directed forward and a rear-facing hallux for gripping branches in birds like sparrows and robins. 3. Webbed feet with lobes or fully united toes for efficient swimming in aquatic birds such as ducks, grebes, and pelicans.
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Food variety ,Food materials and sources ,What do other animals eat? ,Plant parts and animal products as sources of food ,Herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
2 hrly gs ch 08 vertebrates part 1
The document discusses different types of animals classified based on their characteristics. It describes vertebrates as animals with backbones divided into five groups - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It provides details about each group's defining features like temperature regulation, locomotion organs, habitats and diet. Fish live in water and have gills, scales and fins. Amphibians can live on land and water, have moist skin and undergo metamorphosis. Reptiles are scaly and lay eggs, include snakes, lizards, turtles and crocodiles. Birds are warm-blooded, lay eggs and have feathers, beaks and wings to fly with some flightless exceptions.
Components of food
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibres, their sources and significance for human health
Balanced diet; diseases and disabilities due to food deficiencies.
Unit2 Locomotory organs.pptx
The document discusses the locomotory organs (legs and wings) of insects. It describes the basic body plan of insects, which consists of 3 main body regions - head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax contains 3 segments that each bear a pair of legs. The legs are typically segmented into 5 parts - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The document outlines different types of leg modifications including saltatorial (jumping), raptorial (seizing), fossorial (digging), cursorial (running), and natatorial (swimming) legs. Each modification is adapted to specific insect behaviors and environments.
Different kinds of materials
Objects around us,
Properties of materials,
Appearance,Hardness
Solubility,Float /sink
Transparent
Electricity and circuits
Electricity and Circuits
Electricity , Electric Cell ,Battery,Electric Bulb, Electric Circuit ,Electric Switch ,Electric Conductors and Insulators
Separation of substances
The document describes different types of animals categorized by their physical characteristics and habitats. It discusses the key differences between vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as subgroups of vertebrates such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. It also describes how animals are classified based on where they live (terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal, aerial) and what they eat (herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, parasite, scavenger). Adaptations for protection and endangered species are briefly covered.
Mammals
Mammals are characterized by warm-bloodedness, hair or fur, highly developed brains, muscular diaphragms, mammary glands, and parental care. They have four-chambered hearts, skulls with teeth and jaws, and two sets of teeth. Mammals have four limbs adapted for locomotion like walking, running, swimming, flying or burrowing. They maintain a constant body temperature through homeothermy. Their skin has hair and glands. Mammals are classified into monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
Similar to Feet modifications in birds (20)
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Flight adaptations in birds
Birds have many adaptations for flight including feathers that are light and reduce drag, hollow bones to decrease weight, strong flight muscles, and other anatomical features like fused vertebrae and sternums that provide rigidity. Their circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems are also highly specialized to support the high energy demands of flight, with large hearts, lungs with air sacs, and high calorie diets. These extensive morphological and anatomical adaptations allow birds to achieve powered flight and maneuverability in the air.
Brain of scoliodon
The brain of Scoliodon is divided into three primary parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the olfactory lobes and cerebrum. The cerebellum covers the diencephalon in the midbrain. The hindbrain consists of a highly developed cerebellum and medulla oblongata, which controls involuntary activities. There are eight cavities or ventricles in the brain that are connected, including the rhinocoel, paracoels, diocoel, optocoel, epicoel, and metacoel.
Reproductive system of scoliodon
The document describes the male and female reproductive systems of the dogfish (Scoliodon). In males, the main organs are the testes, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. The claspers are modified pelvic fins used for fertilization. In females, the ovaries release eggs into the oviducts, where shell glands secrete egg casings and fertilization occurs internally via the male's claspers. The dogfish is ovoviviparous - eggs develop into live young in the uterus, nourished initially by a yolk sac that later forms a placenta.
Parental care in amphibia
This document summarizes parental care behaviors in amphibians. It discusses how amphibians protect their eggs and offspring in two main ways: 1) by constructing nests, nurseries or shelters like mud nests, foam nests, and tree nests, and 2) through direct nursing behaviors like transporting tadpoles, protecting eggs on their bodies, and carrying egg clusters. Some frogs and toads build elaborate nests and carry out brooding behaviors to shelter eggs and developing young from harm until they are able to survive independently. Parental care is well-developed in amphibians due to its importance for offspring survival and propagation of their genes.
Mimicry in insects
Protective mimicry
Concealing mimicry
Warning mimicry
Aggressive mimicry
(a) Concealing mimicry
Alluring mimicry
Conscious mimicry
Poisonous and non poisonous snakes
This document summarizes poisonous and non-poisonous snakes found in India. It identifies three main poisonous snakes as the krait, cobra, and viper. It describes their physical attributes and behaviors. The krait has hexagonal scales and neurotoxic venom. The cobra can expand its neck hood and has neurotoxic venom. The viper has a pit or loreal pit between its eyes, movable fangs, and injects venom when threatened. Two non-poisonous snakes highlighted are the rat snake and python. The rat snake aggressively defends itself but is not poisonous, while the python grows very large and preys on other animals. The document also examines the poison apparatus and different types of
Mouth parts of insect
This document discusses the different types of insect mouthparts. It begins by describing the basic components of mandibulate mouthparts which are found in more primitive insects and include the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, hypopharynx, and labium. It then describes the main types of mouthparts: biting and chewing, lapping, piercing and sucking, sponging, and siphoning. For each type, it provides details on how the different mouthpart components are modified for that function. Grasshoppers and beetles are provided as examples for biting and chewing, while bees, mosquitoes, houseflies, and butterflies are discussed as examples for the other mouthpart types.
More from nusratperween2 (7)
Recently uploaded
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Recently uploaded (20)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
Feet modifications in birds
- 1. Feet modifications in birds
- 2. Objectives • Types of feet modifications in birds • Examples of birds for feet modification
- 3. Introduction • Depends on environment they live • Manner of locomotion Hallux
- 4. 1. Running or Curssorial Feet • Strong , powerful • Number of toe reduced • Hind toe is elevated, reduced or absent • Example: Ostrich – 2 toes , outer smaller without nail
- 5. • Example: Bustards ,Coursers, Emu , Rhea, Cassowary – only 3 Toes directed forward Emu Rhea
- 7. 3. Perching Feet • Majority of birds • 3 toes directed forward , slender • Hallux is posterior & strong for faster the foot to branch • Example : Crow, Sparrow, Robin, Bulbul
- 8. 4. Swimming • Webbed • Modified as propellers • Example: Diving birds – Coots , Grebes – web is lobed, toes are free
- 9. • Swimming birds: Ducks and Teals – 3 outer toes are webbed Teals
- 10. • Example: Pelican, Cormorant – all toes are united Pelican Cormorant
- 11. 4. Climbing Feet • Grasping • Climb on vertical surface • 2nd and 3rd toe pointed forward • 1st and 4th toe pointed backward • Example: Parrot , Wood Pecker
- 12. 5. Clinging Feet • All 4 toes are pointed forward • To cling steep faces of cliffs, or curves of house • Example: Swifts, Marfincts , Humming Bird
- 13. 6. Scratching Feet • Strong, stout, strongly developed claws • For running and scratching the earth • Male birds- pointed bony spur for defense • Example: fowls, Pheasants, Quails
- 14. 7. Raptorial Feet • Carnivorous, Predatory birds • For grasping prey • Strong sharp, curved claw • Underside of toe presence of large and fleshy bulb- Tylari example: Hawks • Horne spines- for grasping slippery preys frogs fish etc – Asprey, Ketupa
- 16. 8. Wadding Feet • Marshy birds • Leg and toes – exceptionally long , slender • Can easily walk on vegetation • Web absent or poorly developed
- 17. Lapwing
- 18. Snipe Jacana
- 19. Other modifications • Pectinate claw: scratching feather of head
- 20. • Flesh fringes of the skin, on side of toe- ruffle grouse- for walking on ice