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Penguins
Penguins are a group of aquatic, flightless birds that live in the southern hemisphere. There are over 20 penguin species classified into 6 genera. Penguins have various adaptations for swimming, diving, thermoregulation, and respiration. They breed and nest in large colonies, with both parents caring for their single chick. Their primary threats are predators and climate change impacts on their habitats and food sources.
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Penguins
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- 3. Definition of Terms • Penguins – aquatic, flightless birds • Waddle/rookies – group of penguins (land) • Raft – group of penguins (sea/ocean) • Chick – young penguin • Colony – group of young penguin • Breeding – producing offspring • Breeding cycle – from courtship to producing the chick
- 4. Taxonomic Classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Aves • Subclass: Neornithes (modern birds) • Superorder: Neognathae • Order: Sphenisciformes • Family: Spheniscidae • Genus: 6 genera • Species: ranges from 17 to 20 living species
- 5. Examples • Aptenodytes –great penguins Aptenodytes forsteri Aptenodytes patagonicus Emperor Penguins King Penguins
- 6. Examples •Pygoscelis – Brush-tailedpenguins Pygoscelis antarcticus Chinstrap Penguin Pygoscelis adeliae Adélie Penguin Pygoscelis papua Gentoo penguin
- 7. Examples •Eudyptula – Littlepenguins Eudyptula minor Eudyptula minor albosignata Little Blue Penguin White-flippered Penguin
- 8. Examples •Spheniscus – Bandedpenguins Spheniscus magellanicus Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus demersus African Penguin Spheniscus humboldti Spheniscus mendiculus Galapagos Penguin Humboldt Penguin
- 9. Examples •Megadyptes Megadyptes antipodes Megadyptes waitaha Megadyptes antipodes Waitaha Penguin
- 10. Examples •Eudyptes – Crestedpenguins Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Eudyptes robustus Eudyptes sclateri Fiordland Crested Snares Penguin Erect-crested Penguin Penguin
- 11. Examples •Eudyptes– Crested penguins Eudyptes chrysocome Eudyptes chrysocome filholi Eudyptes c. moseleyi Southern Eastern Rockhopper Northern Rockhopper Penguin Penguin Rockhopper Penguin
- 12. Examples •Eudyptes – Crestedpenguins Eudyptes schlegeli Eudyptes chrysolophus Royal Penguins Macaroni Penguin
- 13. Distribution and Habitat •Southern hemisphere • Temperate zone • Near the equator – Bergmann’s rule
- 14. Distribution and Habitat •Islands and remote continental areas • Nutrient-rich, cold-water currents • Spend half of their lives on land, and half in the oceans
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- 16. Predation • Predators: – Adult: sharks, orcas, giant petrels, sea lions, sea leopards – Chick: giant petrels, gulls, skua – Egg: gulls, skua, sheathbill – Humans • Prey – Krill, squid, fish • But not all species eat these
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- 18. Feeding Ways • Dependon vision – Relies on bioluminescence of crustaceans, squids and fishes • Catch with their bills, and swallow it whole
- 19. Feeding Ways • Undergofasting – Breeding seasons – Courtship, nesting, incubation periods – Molting periods
- 20. Physical Characteristics • Size – Height: from 1.1 m. (3.7 ft.) to 41 cm. (16 in.) – Weight: from 41 kg. (90 lb.) to 1 kg. (2.2 lb.)
- 21. Physical Characteristics • Coloration – Countershading (dark backs, light undersides) – Distinct markings with each species – Chicks, juveniles and immature penguins have different markings
- 22. Senses • Hearing – Average hearing used by parents and chicks for locating each other – Mate recognition
- 23. Senses • Eyesight – Adapted for seeing in land and in water – Color vision sensitive to violet, blue, and green wavelengths
- 24. Senses • Smell – Not sure if they can smell – Studies on Humboldt penguins showed that this particular specie can smell
- 25. Adaptations • Swimming – Streamlined shape body • Hunches its head to the shoulders, and keeps feet pressed close to the body against the tail – Paddle-like flippers • Flattened and broadened bones • Covered with short, scale-like feathers – Solid, dense bones to overcome buoyancy – Coming to surface • Porpoising – leap in and out of the water
- 26. Adaptations • Diving* – Reduced heart rate – Reduced blood flow * Generally not exhibited by penguins
- 27. Adaptations • Respiration – Have lungs for inhaling and exhaling • Inhales and exhales rapidly at the surface – Have multiple air sacs
- 28. Adaptations • Salt secretion – Supraorbital glands – Help rid excess salt – Salts are shaken off on the bill
- 29. Adaptations • Thermoregulation – Dark plumage on dorsal side – Overlapping feathers – Tucks in flippers, and shiver to conserve heat – Fat layer – Tips up their feet – Huddle together
- 30. Adaptations • Thermoregulation – For temperate and tropical penguins • Panting • Ruffle their feathers • Hold its flippers away from the body • Lack feathers on legs and have bare patches on face
- 31. Communication • Vocalization – Individually identifiable for mating and mother- chick recognition – 3 kinds • Contact call • Display call • Threat call
- 32. Reproduction • Breeding – Sexual maturity: 3 to 8 years – Breeding season: mostly from spring to summer • King penguin – (longest breeding cycle) 14 to 16 months • Emperor penguins – during winter • Fairy penguin – (shortest breeding cycle) 50 days
- 33. Reproduction • Courtship – Males display first to establish a nest and attract a mate – 3 distinct types of display • Ecstatic or trumpeting • Mutual • Bowing
- 34. Reproduction • Courtship – Mostly monogamous – Females selects the same male for the next breeding season • If not, it is because they arrived at different times or the male failed to return to the nesting area
- 35. Reproduction • Nesting – Males arrive first to the nesting area – Females follow 1 to 5 days after – They nest on the place where they hatched – Nesting areas vary: • Some near beaches, or steep areas, or burrowed deposits
- 36. Care of theChicks • Both parents feed the chick – Regurgitated food • Cover the chick with brood patch • Male penguin cares for the chick when the female leaves for food
- 37. Ecological Role • Serveas food for other species – Without them, those species will have to catch other prey, which might disrupt the food chain – Ex. leopard seals would shift to krill diet which would decrease the survival of other species eating the same thing
- 38. References • http://www.pinguins.info/Engels/taxonomie_eng.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neognathae • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neornithes • www.pinguins.info • http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/penguin.htm • http://www.penguinscience.com/education/ask_answers_4.php • http://www.penguinworld.com/map/map.php • http://www.penguinworld.com/profpenguin/faq.html • http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/penguins/facts3.htm • http://laaquariumvolunteers.org/index.php?topic=animal&id=104 • http://www.buzzle.com/articles/penguin-facts.html • www.arkive.org
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Editor's Notes
- #5 As opposed to Archaeornithes and Enantiornithes birds which have teeth neognath – fused metacarpals and modern jawbones There are other species under different subfamilies
- #6 emperor - largest
- #14 Blackfooted penguin larger species are in cold places
- #15 - Free from land predators
- #17 - Krill – shrimp-like crustacean - For example, Adelie eat small krills only. Most of the time smaller penguins eat krill and squid, larger ones eat fishes.
- #20 For building up fat layer for reserves Length of fasting depends on sex, species and type of fasting
- #21 - emperor, fairy penguin
- #22 - Avoidance of predators and catching of prey’ Dark blends with ocean depth when viewed from above light blends with the light surface of the sea when viewed from below
- #29 - Not a penguin, but just to show the supraorbital gland
- #30 Overlapping feathers – waterproofing from cold water Trapping of air – provide thermal insulation Tips feet – to lessen contact with ice
- #32 Contact – to search for members Display – between partners Threat – defending and warning against enemies
- #33 Breeding season – varies from species to species Why winter? So that the conditions for the growing chick would be favorable
- #34 Ecstatic – for males, used to defend its nest, attracts females, and warn other males; outstretched flippers and squawk Mutual – done in unison Bowing – strengthen recognition among partners
- #37 - Able to recognize their chick through the distinctive call