The document describes a finite element analysis of the dissipation energy and temperature distribution in rubber bushings. It begins with an introduction to rubber bushings and how the heat generated from their viscoelastic damping can lead to degradation over time. It then outlines the development of a finite element method to model viscoelastic structures and calculate their dissipation energy based on strain and stress. The method is applied to analyze how the dissipation energy density and temperature distribution in a rubber bushing core vary with excitation frequency and amplitude. Experimental dynamic testing is also conducted to evaluate the simulation results.
A refined energy-based model for friction stir processing of Al- Zn-Mg alloyIJERA Editor
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising solid state surface modification technique. Also, considered as an
innovative technique that the FSPwas employed to modify the surface layer of aluminium alloy. The FSP passes
of only two passes were applied on aluminium alloy samples. A rotating tool with a pin and shoulder is inserted
into a single piece of material and results in significant microstructural changes in the processed zone, due to
intense plastic deformation. It has been proved to be an effective way to refine the microstructure of aluminium
alloys, and thereby improve the mechanical properties. In procedural phenomenon there are different parameters
adjustment have been worked out to refine microstructure and several properties characterised to TEM, SEM,
FESEM and mechanical properties. In this study, a refined energy based model that estimates the energy
generated due to friction and plastic deformation is presented with the help ofexperimental and theoretical
results available in many literatures. The model is applied to 7xxx series of aluminium alloys.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element modeling to simulate the hot rolling process and investigate the effects of various process parameters. The study developed a 3D finite element model of the hot rolling process using Abaqus software. It then analyzed how changes in parameters like slab thickness, rolling speed, roll diameter, thickness reduction, and temperature affect outcomes like temperature distribution, stress, strain, and roll force. The model was validated by comparing its predictions to theoretical results from previous studies. The results showed that increasing rolling speed, roll diameter, or thickness reduction increased roll force, while increasing temperature decreased roll force. Higher speeds also decreased minimum slab surface temperature.
Analyze the thermal properties by varying geometry material and thickness of ...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research from multiple papers on analyzing the thermal properties of engine cylinder fins by varying the fin geometry, material, and thickness. The key points are:
1) A model of cylinder fins was created in ProEngineer and analyzed in ANSYS to determine temperatures, heat flux, and thermal gradients.
2) Simulations were run for rectangular fins made of materials like magnesium, aluminum alloys, and beryllium at thicknesses of 3mm and 2.5mm.
3) The simulations showed that reducing fin thickness from 3mm to 2.5mm increased heat transfer rates, with maximum rates reaching over 20W/mm2 for some materials.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE ...ijiert bestjournal
The following paper discusses the effect of tempera ture in analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder. The paper is a part of the series of papers published under the analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder.
Weightage Allocation to influential parameters in FSW for Yield Strength Eval...IJERA Editor
The document discusses weightage allocation to influential parameters in friction stir welding (FSW) for evaluating yield strength. It identifies rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, and tool pin radius as the most influential parameters. An analytical study is conducted to determine the optimal range of parameters based on the maximum temperature generated. Empirical relationships are developed to represent the effect of each parameter on yield strength. Based on the sensitivity of each parameter, weightages of 0.0375, 0.155, 0.307, and 0.5 are allocated to rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, and pin radius respectively, in a single relationship to calculate yield strength.
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing ProcessIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Burnishing, a cold working process, is a very simple and effective method of improving surface properties, which can easily be carried out using existing machines, such as lathe. With changing trends in manufacturing industry, special attention is given on surface finish along with dimensional accuracy and tight geometrical tolerances. Burnishing comes in mind as one of popular finishing process because it is completely chip-less as compared to other finishing processes such as grinding, honing etc. The purpose of the research was to demonstrate burnishing process on ferrous metals namely mild steel alloy. Parametric analysis was done using speed and feed rate as input parameters and surface roughness & surface micro hardness as response variables. Burnishing was performed using Hindustan machine tools (HMT) power lathe (NH 26 model)
A refined energy-based model for friction stir processing of Al- Zn-Mg alloyIJERA Editor
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a promising solid state surface modification technique. Also, considered as an
innovative technique that the FSPwas employed to modify the surface layer of aluminium alloy. The FSP passes
of only two passes were applied on aluminium alloy samples. A rotating tool with a pin and shoulder is inserted
into a single piece of material and results in significant microstructural changes in the processed zone, due to
intense plastic deformation. It has been proved to be an effective way to refine the microstructure of aluminium
alloys, and thereby improve the mechanical properties. In procedural phenomenon there are different parameters
adjustment have been worked out to refine microstructure and several properties characterised to TEM, SEM,
FESEM and mechanical properties. In this study, a refined energy based model that estimates the energy
generated due to friction and plastic deformation is presented with the help ofexperimental and theoretical
results available in many literatures. The model is applied to 7xxx series of aluminium alloys.
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element modeling to simulate the hot rolling process and investigate the effects of various process parameters. The study developed a 3D finite element model of the hot rolling process using Abaqus software. It then analyzed how changes in parameters like slab thickness, rolling speed, roll diameter, thickness reduction, and temperature affect outcomes like temperature distribution, stress, strain, and roll force. The model was validated by comparing its predictions to theoretical results from previous studies. The results showed that increasing rolling speed, roll diameter, or thickness reduction increased roll force, while increasing temperature decreased roll force. Higher speeds also decreased minimum slab surface temperature.
Analyze the thermal properties by varying geometry material and thickness of ...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research from multiple papers on analyzing the thermal properties of engine cylinder fins by varying the fin geometry, material, and thickness. The key points are:
1) A model of cylinder fins was created in ProEngineer and analyzed in ANSYS to determine temperatures, heat flux, and thermal gradients.
2) Simulations were run for rectangular fins made of materials like magnesium, aluminum alloys, and beryllium at thicknesses of 3mm and 2.5mm.
3) The simulations showed that reducing fin thickness from 3mm to 2.5mm increased heat transfer rates, with maximum rates reaching over 20W/mm2 for some materials.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IN ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE ...ijiert bestjournal
The following paper discusses the effect of tempera ture in analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder. The paper is a part of the series of papers published under the analysis of creep in an isotropic uniform composite cylinder.
Weightage Allocation to influential parameters in FSW for Yield Strength Eval...IJERA Editor
The document discusses weightage allocation to influential parameters in friction stir welding (FSW) for evaluating yield strength. It identifies rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, and tool pin radius as the most influential parameters. An analytical study is conducted to determine the optimal range of parameters based on the maximum temperature generated. Empirical relationships are developed to represent the effect of each parameter on yield strength. Based on the sensitivity of each parameter, weightages of 0.0375, 0.155, 0.307, and 0.5 are allocated to rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, and pin radius respectively, in a single relationship to calculate yield strength.
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing ProcessIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Burnishing, a cold working process, is a very simple and effective method of improving surface properties, which can easily be carried out using existing machines, such as lathe. With changing trends in manufacturing industry, special attention is given on surface finish along with dimensional accuracy and tight geometrical tolerances. Burnishing comes in mind as one of popular finishing process because it is completely chip-less as compared to other finishing processes such as grinding, honing etc. The purpose of the research was to demonstrate burnishing process on ferrous metals namely mild steel alloy. Parametric analysis was done using speed and feed rate as input parameters and surface roughness & surface micro hardness as response variables. Burnishing was performed using Hindustan machine tools (HMT) power lathe (NH 26 model)
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Automotive Disc Brake Composite Rotorinventionjournals
The heat generated due to friction during braking operation causes several important negative effects on the brake system. It is then important to determine the temperature field of the brake disc. In the present work, a transient thermo-mechanical finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to determine the braking efficiency of a Carbon Ceramic disk brake and compared to a Glass Fiber (S-2) brakes. The aim of the work is to investigate the rise of the temperature of the disk brake under severe braking conditions and the stresses generated from it. The investigation will be done using ANSYS software. ANSYS is a powerful FE package used to determine stress, strain and heat transfer in complicated problems
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
SELECTION OF THE DISC BRAKE MATERIAL USING PIN ON DISC APPARATUSijiert bestjournal
An automobil e brake disc is a device used for slowing or stopping the motion of a wheel while it runs at certain speed. The mostly used brake disc material is cast iron which consumes much fuel due to high specific gravity. The main aim is to develop the material selection and select optimum material for the application of brake disc system for better working. Th e paper describes the tribological behavior of the conventional materials i.e . Gray cast Iron,Structural steel,Aluminum and High speed steel (HSS) . In this paper to check major tri biological parameters for these four materials and try to suggest better new material compared to conventional existing material. After Test on wear machine we f ind the best suitable material for disc brake applications because of its low wear rate,low frictional force,low coefficient of friction,low cost,better mechanical properties than o ther.
INFLUENCE MECHANISM OF THICKNESS AND VISCOSITY OF FLAT ENERGY DIRECTOR TO THE...adeij1
The research in this paper is an essential part of a bigger effort to develop ultrasonic welding using flat energy directors (FED) in thermoplastic composites. It mainly focused on assessing the effect of the changes in thickness and viscosity of FED on welding strength and welding strength stability. Furthermore, the welding and failure mechanisms were investigated by monitoring the real-time temperature evolution at the interface and analyzing the welding area (WA) and the macro and
microfracture surface. From the experimental results, the use of FED with thinner thickness (0.1-0.2 mm) and slightly higher viscosity greatly improved weld strength and weld strength stability. Due to the effect of glass fibers forming a mechanical interlocking effect between the adherend and FED, joints with 20% SGF/PP FED also had a surprisingly excellent weld quality. Welding area analysis indicated a significantly positive correlation between the lap shear strengthⅠand the welded area for the joints with FED. Based on real-time temperature curves, thinner FED had an improvement on the initial temperature
rate and the most temperature curves leveled off at the onset melting temperature (Tonset) of the FED after a time-lapse of about 0.4 s. Morphology analysis showed that the melting and flow of matrix at the interface started at the edges of the overlap; the melting area and morphology of the interfaces with 1% EG/PP FED and 20% SGF/PP are much bigger and coarse. And failure mechanisms of the joints with FED are a combination of adhesive failure, cohesive failure, and fiber-matrix debonding failure.
STUDY ON PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARGE RING-SHAPED FORGING DEP...IAEME Publication
Large ring-shaped forgings manufactured by ring rolling, as heavy as 10 tons, are greatly affected by cooling. In the present study, controlled cooling was performed to improve the mechanical properties of large ring-shaped forgings. To quantify cooling rate, thermocouples were used to measure the cooling rate and the microstructures of the products were observed during still air cooling, fan cooling, mist control cooling, and water quenching. The temperature distribution measured in the four cooling methods was used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient in each cooling method by the inverse method. The mechanical properties were tested with specimens obtained from the test block for each cooling method, and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves were obtained by using measured microstructure contents. The mechanical properties of the regions corresponding to the regions of the specimens were calculated on the basis of the CCT curves and the heat transfer coefficients. The experimental values and the analytical values of the strength of the products manufactured by each cooling method were compared to verify that the mechanical properties at each region of the products depending on the cooling methods may be predicted
Thickness optimization of thick walled circular cylinder by heat treatmentIRJET Journal
1. The document analyzes the thickness optimization of thick walled circular cylinders through heat treatment. It determines the maximum internal pressure capacities of untreated and heat treated cylinders using analytical calculations and finite element analysis in ANSYS.
2. The untreated cylinder can sustain a maximum internal pressure of 80MPa. The heat treated cylinder's maximum pressure capacity is improved to 110MPa. Further reducing the heat treated cylinder's thickness by 5mm reduces its maximum pressure to 90MPa.
3. Modal analysis of the reduced thickness heat treated cylinder shows natural frequencies from analytical calculations agree with ANSYS results within 3%. Its working frequencies from 21.5-45.7Hz avoid resonance conditions.
The document summarizes research on solid-state recycling of light metals reinforced with inclusions through Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). It discusses how ECAP can be used to directly recycle metal scraps and chips to produce finished products with ultrafine grain microstructure and improved mechanical properties. The document reviews factors that influence the ECAP process like die angles, temperature, pressing speed and force. It also summarizes research on using ECAP to produce aluminum matrix composites reinforced with ceramic particles like silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, and boron carbide, and how this can enhance properties for applications.
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
FE Simulation Modelling and Exergy Analysis of Conventional Forging Deformati...IJERA Editor
The present paper examines the deformation behaviour of geometrical specimens of an aluminium alloy undergoing axial compression in a Universal Testing Machine under dry condition. It is observed that researchers have made attempts to investigate alternate specimens for friction calibration. It is found that ring compression test is recommended as the standard test for determination of coefficient of friction, because it gives reliable results. The effect of weight percentage of silicon carbide on microstructure, hardness and upsetting load is studied. The friction factor at die metal interface is evaluated by ring compression tests and its effect on non-uniform deformation is investigated. The experimental results are finally compared with those obtained by FEA simulation and modelling. In order to validate the predictability of these specimens, real experiments on them are carried out. Rings of standard dimensional ratio 6:3:1 in the same machine. Friction predictions from both specimen are found to be in close match, proposed alternate specimen offers a powerful tool for friction prediction in the absence of ring specimen. Some aspects of Exergy calculations have been in the past repeatedly used to quantify the quality and quantity of energy used in thermal energy processes. This attempt to drive a exergy utilization and compare for the first time two entirely different manufacturing processes, material processing by a mechanical method of straining of the material and thermal processing during cold forging of the same mass of the material using exergy formulation as metric. The exergy analysis of material processing is determined by performed work and utilized heat transfer using mechanical and thermal processes
The document reviews research on thermal, thermo-mechanical, and thermal stress distribution during friction stir welding (FSW). Several studies have used experimental, theoretical, numerical, and analytical methods to analyze temperature distribution, heat generation, residual stresses, and other thermal effects during FSW. Finite element modeling has been widely used to model thermal phenomena and compare results to experimental data. The research shows that temperature, heat input, and process parameters significantly impact weld properties. Understanding thermal effects is important for optimizing FSW parameters and conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN GRINDING BY FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISBijoy Das
This document discusses a finite element analysis of stress distribution during grinding. The analysis models the temperature distribution and resulting stresses in a titanium workpiece under different grinding conditions (dry, wet, wet with pneumatic barrier) and infeeds (10, 20, 30 microns). The model calculates heat flux, temperature, and stresses based on material properties, grinding power, and heat transfer considerations. Results show that temperature profiles and residual stresses vary significantly depending on grinding environment and infeed parameters. Wet grinding and lower infeed generate less tensile stress than dry grinding or higher infeed rates.
Design &Analysis of Pure Iron Casting with Different MouldsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Automotive Disc Brake using FEM.IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designs and analyzes an automotive disc brake using finite element analysis (FEA). 3D models of a disc brake for a Bajaj Pulsar 220F motorcycle were created with different hole shapes and patterns. An FEA thermal analysis was conducted using ANSYS to investigate the temperature distribution on the discs during braking. The analysis considered factors like heat flux, heat transfer coefficients, and boundary conditions. Results for maximum temperature and stresses in the different disc designs were compared to determine which optimized heat dissipation and thermal performance. The goal was to understand how variations in disc geometry like holes and vents affect temperature rise and durability.
Verification of johnson cook material model by sanjeev n ksanjeevnks
This document discusses the verification of Johnson-Cook material model constants for aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 to simulate friction stir welding using finite element analysis. It finds that the Johnson-Cook constants have a significant impact on the accuracy of simulation results for temperature, forces, and defect formation. The study tests various constants reported in literature and finds that with constants A=369 MPa, B=684 MPa, n=0.73, C=0.0083, m=1.7, the simulation results most closely match experimental findings. It concludes the selection of accurate material constants is important for finite element modeling of friction stir welding and other severe plastic deformation processes.
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This document summarizes research on optimizing parameters for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys. It first provides background on FSW and discusses how parameters like tool rotation speed, tilt angle, and travel speed affect weld strength. The document then reviews several other studies investigating these parameters. One study found that a tool rotation speed of 900 rpm, travel speed of 75 mm/min, and axial force of 3 kN produced the highest tensile strength for an aluminum alloy. Another identified tilt angle as the most influential parameter for weld strength. Finally, the document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize FSW parameters for aluminum alloy, identifying tilt angle as most significant. It concludes that tool rotation speed, travel
Transient Stability Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System in Power World SimulatorIJERA Editor
It is widely accepted that transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power
system.
The objective of this paper was to investigate and understand the stability of power system
In this paper, modelling and transient stability analysis of IEEE 9 bus system was performed using POWER
WORLD SIMULATOR. The load flow studies were performed to determine pre-fault conditions in the system
using Newton-Raphson method. With the help of three-phase balanced fault, the variations in power angle and
frequency of the system were studied. Frequency is a reliable indicator if deficiency condition in the power
systems exists or not. For three-phase balanced fault, fast fault clearing time was analysed to bring back the
system to the stability. Further, comparison between Runga method and Euler method for better results was
performed. Hence, impact of load switching on system was also computed so as to bring system to steady state.
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare. It includes a stock photo and text prompting the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation. The document encourages creativity and sharing presentations on the Haiku Deck platform hosted on SlideShare.
Pivotal is a talent acquisition and management firm founded in 2003 that focuses on technology, consumer goods, chemicals, engineering, banking and consulting industries. It provides sales, marketing, technical, HR and finance professionals through services like campus recruitment, executive search, and mid-career hiring. Pivotal has strong relationships with major Indian IT companies and aims to quickly and consistently deliver high quality candidates while understanding clients' businesses and goals.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Automotive Disc Brake Composite Rotorinventionjournals
The heat generated due to friction during braking operation causes several important negative effects on the brake system. It is then important to determine the temperature field of the brake disc. In the present work, a transient thermo-mechanical finite element analysis (FEA) is performed to determine the braking efficiency of a Carbon Ceramic disk brake and compared to a Glass Fiber (S-2) brakes. The aim of the work is to investigate the rise of the temperature of the disk brake under severe braking conditions and the stresses generated from it. The investigation will be done using ANSYS software. ANSYS is a powerful FE package used to determine stress, strain and heat transfer in complicated problems
This document reviews various welding techniques. It begins by introducing welding as a process for joining materials like metals through melting and discusses some common welding techniques like shielded metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, and flux-cored arc welding. The document then reviews literature on optimizing welding parameters and their effects on weld properties. Specifically, it looks at research optimizing parameters for gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding. The document describes the methodology for conducting experiments on gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding of austenitic stainless steel to analyze properties like hardness, strength and corrosion resistance under varied welding conditions.
SELECTION OF THE DISC BRAKE MATERIAL USING PIN ON DISC APPARATUSijiert bestjournal
An automobil e brake disc is a device used for slowing or stopping the motion of a wheel while it runs at certain speed. The mostly used brake disc material is cast iron which consumes much fuel due to high specific gravity. The main aim is to develop the material selection and select optimum material for the application of brake disc system for better working. Th e paper describes the tribological behavior of the conventional materials i.e . Gray cast Iron,Structural steel,Aluminum and High speed steel (HSS) . In this paper to check major tri biological parameters for these four materials and try to suggest better new material compared to conventional existing material. After Test on wear machine we f ind the best suitable material for disc brake applications because of its low wear rate,low frictional force,low coefficient of friction,low cost,better mechanical properties than o ther.
INFLUENCE MECHANISM OF THICKNESS AND VISCOSITY OF FLAT ENERGY DIRECTOR TO THE...adeij1
The research in this paper is an essential part of a bigger effort to develop ultrasonic welding using flat energy directors (FED) in thermoplastic composites. It mainly focused on assessing the effect of the changes in thickness and viscosity of FED on welding strength and welding strength stability. Furthermore, the welding and failure mechanisms were investigated by monitoring the real-time temperature evolution at the interface and analyzing the welding area (WA) and the macro and
microfracture surface. From the experimental results, the use of FED with thinner thickness (0.1-0.2 mm) and slightly higher viscosity greatly improved weld strength and weld strength stability. Due to the effect of glass fibers forming a mechanical interlocking effect between the adherend and FED, joints with 20% SGF/PP FED also had a surprisingly excellent weld quality. Welding area analysis indicated a significantly positive correlation between the lap shear strengthⅠand the welded area for the joints with FED. Based on real-time temperature curves, thinner FED had an improvement on the initial temperature
rate and the most temperature curves leveled off at the onset melting temperature (Tonset) of the FED after a time-lapse of about 0.4 s. Morphology analysis showed that the melting and flow of matrix at the interface started at the edges of the overlap; the melting area and morphology of the interfaces with 1% EG/PP FED and 20% SGF/PP are much bigger and coarse. And failure mechanisms of the joints with FED are a combination of adhesive failure, cohesive failure, and fiber-matrix debonding failure.
STUDY ON PREDICTION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LARGE RING-SHAPED FORGING DEP...IAEME Publication
Large ring-shaped forgings manufactured by ring rolling, as heavy as 10 tons, are greatly affected by cooling. In the present study, controlled cooling was performed to improve the mechanical properties of large ring-shaped forgings. To quantify cooling rate, thermocouples were used to measure the cooling rate and the microstructures of the products were observed during still air cooling, fan cooling, mist control cooling, and water quenching. The temperature distribution measured in the four cooling methods was used to calculate the heat transfer coefficient in each cooling method by the inverse method. The mechanical properties were tested with specimens obtained from the test block for each cooling method, and continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves were obtained by using measured microstructure contents. The mechanical properties of the regions corresponding to the regions of the specimens were calculated on the basis of the CCT curves and the heat transfer coefficients. The experimental values and the analytical values of the strength of the products manufactured by each cooling method were compared to verify that the mechanical properties at each region of the products depending on the cooling methods may be predicted
Thickness optimization of thick walled circular cylinder by heat treatmentIRJET Journal
1. The document analyzes the thickness optimization of thick walled circular cylinders through heat treatment. It determines the maximum internal pressure capacities of untreated and heat treated cylinders using analytical calculations and finite element analysis in ANSYS.
2. The untreated cylinder can sustain a maximum internal pressure of 80MPa. The heat treated cylinder's maximum pressure capacity is improved to 110MPa. Further reducing the heat treated cylinder's thickness by 5mm reduces its maximum pressure to 90MPa.
3. Modal analysis of the reduced thickness heat treated cylinder shows natural frequencies from analytical calculations agree with ANSYS results within 3%. Its working frequencies from 21.5-45.7Hz avoid resonance conditions.
The document summarizes research on solid-state recycling of light metals reinforced with inclusions through Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). It discusses how ECAP can be used to directly recycle metal scraps and chips to produce finished products with ultrafine grain microstructure and improved mechanical properties. The document reviews factors that influence the ECAP process like die angles, temperature, pressing speed and force. It also summarizes research on using ECAP to produce aluminum matrix composites reinforced with ceramic particles like silicon carbide, aluminum oxide, and boron carbide, and how this can enhance properties for applications.
Application of Taguchi Method to Study the Effect of Saw Parameters on Nickel...IJERA Editor
Submerged arc welding is most widely used in industries and research organizations. In this work the effect of of various parameters on Nickel element transfer was studied. L9 Orthogonal array was used & three factors Welding Current, Arc Voltage, Welding Speed were taken. Test material was AISI SS 304 plates. It is concluded that welding current is the most significant factor for the transfer of Nickel element to the weld metal. It is also concluded that with an increase in the value of arc voltage & welding speed Nickel element shows a decreasing trend
FE Simulation Modelling and Exergy Analysis of Conventional Forging Deformati...IJERA Editor
The present paper examines the deformation behaviour of geometrical specimens of an aluminium alloy undergoing axial compression in a Universal Testing Machine under dry condition. It is observed that researchers have made attempts to investigate alternate specimens for friction calibration. It is found that ring compression test is recommended as the standard test for determination of coefficient of friction, because it gives reliable results. The effect of weight percentage of silicon carbide on microstructure, hardness and upsetting load is studied. The friction factor at die metal interface is evaluated by ring compression tests and its effect on non-uniform deformation is investigated. The experimental results are finally compared with those obtained by FEA simulation and modelling. In order to validate the predictability of these specimens, real experiments on them are carried out. Rings of standard dimensional ratio 6:3:1 in the same machine. Friction predictions from both specimen are found to be in close match, proposed alternate specimen offers a powerful tool for friction prediction in the absence of ring specimen. Some aspects of Exergy calculations have been in the past repeatedly used to quantify the quality and quantity of energy used in thermal energy processes. This attempt to drive a exergy utilization and compare for the first time two entirely different manufacturing processes, material processing by a mechanical method of straining of the material and thermal processing during cold forging of the same mass of the material using exergy formulation as metric. The exergy analysis of material processing is determined by performed work and utilized heat transfer using mechanical and thermal processes
The document reviews research on thermal, thermo-mechanical, and thermal stress distribution during friction stir welding (FSW). Several studies have used experimental, theoretical, numerical, and analytical methods to analyze temperature distribution, heat generation, residual stresses, and other thermal effects during FSW. Finite element modeling has been widely used to model thermal phenomena and compare results to experimental data. The research shows that temperature, heat input, and process parameters significantly impact weld properties. Understanding thermal effects is important for optimizing FSW parameters and conditions.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN GRINDING BY FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSISBijoy Das
This document discusses a finite element analysis of stress distribution during grinding. The analysis models the temperature distribution and resulting stresses in a titanium workpiece under different grinding conditions (dry, wet, wet with pneumatic barrier) and infeeds (10, 20, 30 microns). The model calculates heat flux, temperature, and stresses based on material properties, grinding power, and heat transfer considerations. Results show that temperature profiles and residual stresses vary significantly depending on grinding environment and infeed parameters. Wet grinding and lower infeed generate less tensile stress than dry grinding or higher infeed rates.
Design &Analysis of Pure Iron Casting with Different MouldsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Automotive Disc Brake using FEM.IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that designs and analyzes an automotive disc brake using finite element analysis (FEA). 3D models of a disc brake for a Bajaj Pulsar 220F motorcycle were created with different hole shapes and patterns. An FEA thermal analysis was conducted using ANSYS to investigate the temperature distribution on the discs during braking. The analysis considered factors like heat flux, heat transfer coefficients, and boundary conditions. Results for maximum temperature and stresses in the different disc designs were compared to determine which optimized heat dissipation and thermal performance. The goal was to understand how variations in disc geometry like holes and vents affect temperature rise and durability.
Verification of johnson cook material model by sanjeev n ksanjeevnks
This document discusses the verification of Johnson-Cook material model constants for aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 to simulate friction stir welding using finite element analysis. It finds that the Johnson-Cook constants have a significant impact on the accuracy of simulation results for temperature, forces, and defect formation. The study tests various constants reported in literature and finds that with constants A=369 MPa, B=684 MPa, n=0.73, C=0.0083, m=1.7, the simulation results most closely match experimental findings. It concludes the selection of accurate material constants is important for finite element modeling of friction stir welding and other severe plastic deformation processes.
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This document summarizes research on optimizing parameters for friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys. It first provides background on FSW and discusses how parameters like tool rotation speed, tilt angle, and travel speed affect weld strength. The document then reviews several other studies investigating these parameters. One study found that a tool rotation speed of 900 rpm, travel speed of 75 mm/min, and axial force of 3 kN produced the highest tensile strength for an aluminum alloy. Another identified tilt angle as the most influential parameter for weld strength. Finally, the document describes using the Taguchi method to optimize FSW parameters for aluminum alloy, identifying tilt angle as most significant. It concludes that tool rotation speed, travel
Transient Stability Analysis of IEEE 9 Bus System in Power World SimulatorIJERA Editor
It is widely accepted that transient stability is an important aspect in designing and upgrading electric power
system.
The objective of this paper was to investigate and understand the stability of power system
In this paper, modelling and transient stability analysis of IEEE 9 bus system was performed using POWER
WORLD SIMULATOR. The load flow studies were performed to determine pre-fault conditions in the system
using Newton-Raphson method. With the help of three-phase balanced fault, the variations in power angle and
frequency of the system were studied. Frequency is a reliable indicator if deficiency condition in the power
systems exists or not. For three-phase balanced fault, fast fault clearing time was analysed to bring back the
system to the stability. Further, comparison between Runga method and Euler method for better results was
performed. Hence, impact of load switching on system was also computed so as to bring system to steady state.
This short document promotes the creation of Haiku Deck presentations on SlideShare. It includes a stock photo and text prompting the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation. The document encourages creativity and sharing presentations on the Haiku Deck platform hosted on SlideShare.
Pivotal is a talent acquisition and management firm founded in 2003 that focuses on technology, consumer goods, chemicals, engineering, banking and consulting industries. It provides sales, marketing, technical, HR and finance professionals through services like campus recruitment, executive search, and mid-career hiring. Pivotal has strong relationships with major Indian IT companies and aims to quickly and consistently deliver high quality candidates while understanding clients' businesses and goals.
Maximum PowerPoint Tracking of PV System Based on a SEPIC Converter Using Fuz...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the MPPT (Maximum power point tracking) operation of PV (Photovoltaic) system based
on a SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inverter Converter) converter using fuzzy logic controller. MPPT method
such as Incremental conductance base on FLC (Fuzzy Logic Controller) is used to extract maximum output
power of the PV system. PV energy is the most essential energy resources since it is pollution free, clean and
endless. The FLC proposed scheme is interface with the MPPT to generate the PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
for the SEPIC controller for maximum power point tracking operation.FLChas used Mamdani’s method for
convergent and divergent of membership function. FLC is used for more efficient performance under the
variation in different atmosphere. The fuzzy logic controller with SEPIC for MPPT scheme extract the
maximum power point tracking without any change in the voltage at the inverter at different load condition. The
behavior of the converter and controller tested in simulation at different operating conditions. Proposed scheme
is used for accurately tracking maximum point and also send the smooth, error free signal to the inverter.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Finger Movement Based Wearable Communication & Navigation Aid for partially d...IJERA Editor
The FMBWCN Aid is a portable and wearable multi-purpose system for the partially disabled. The Aid is a
glove-based system in which different trained finger movements leads to different modes of operation of the
system such as APR Voice Module and Wheelchair Controller Module. The finger movements (bending
movement) leads to the flexion of the flex sensor attached to the glove. Flexion leads to change in resistance of
the flex sensors, which will be recorded via a microcontroller (Arduino Uno) and different sets of movement of
the fingers will lead to different modules of operation as specified in the default settings of the FMBWCN Aid.
Comparison of Cell formation techniques in Cellular manufacturing using three...IJERA Editor
This document compares three cell formation techniques for cellular manufacturing: Rank Order Clustering 2 (ROC-2), Direct Clustering Analysis (DCA), and Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART). It evaluates the performance of each using grouping efficiency and the number of exceptional elements. The key findings are that ART outperforms the other two techniques, providing faster computation and the ability to handle large industrial problems. ART is an artificial neural network approach that can dynamically adapt machine-part cells. The document concludes ART is an effective method for machine-part cell formation in cellular manufacturing.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Trace Analysis of Driver Behavior on Traffic Violator by Using Big Data (Traf...IJERA Editor
This study aims to prove the effectiveness of traffic safety education program for traffic violators. Traffic
violators who finished the traffic safety education programs were tracked down. In order to analyze the
effectiveness of traffic safety education program, traffic violator’s data during ten-year period were used. This
study analyzed how traffic violators changed their attitudes about traffic law abidance. Also predicted social benefits from traffic
safety education program for traffic violators. Effectiveness of traffic accident prevention through traffic safety
education program is approximately 93%. In terms of social benefits, it shows more than $12 billion Even
though the effectiveness of traffic safety education program represents remarkable results, but this program is
made for traffic violators who have already committed traffic offenses in the past. So in order to prevent traffic
violations in advance, specific education program for potentially risky drivers is necessary.
Ibrahim Hassan Ali has over 16 years of experience in engineering roles including project director, maintenance manager, and automation manager. He currently serves as the Engineering Director for Al Bayan Holding Group in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where he manages industrial plants producing spiral pipes, pipe coatings, and steel structures. Previously, he held maintenance and project management roles for several industrial plants in Saudi Arabia and Egypt.
Machining of Aircraft Bearing Rings using High Quality Bearing SteelIJERA Editor
Bearing rings for Aircraft application are machined using high quality M50 High Speed Steel conforming to
AMS 6491B. The raw material for the rings of Ball bearing is prepared from a single bar stock using trepanning.
Special collet type soft jaw and Mandrels were devised and used on CNC Lathes to reduce manufacturing
problems like ovality. Raceway forms are turned using single point copy turning insert. The problems faced
during rings manufacture were discussed in this study.
Developing an Environmentally Sustainable Hot Mix Asphalt Using Recycled Conc...IJERA Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc
Seismic Drift Control in soft storied RCC buildingsIJERA Editor
The document discusses seismic drift in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with soft first stories. It analyzes a 6-story RC building model in different seismic zones using STAAD-Pro software. Response spectrum analysis was performed and results like average displacement and inter-story drift are presented in tables for the bare frame and with a soft story at the ground floor. The analysis shows drift exceeds permissible limits for some zones, especially for the soft story model. Therefore special consideration is needed in design of buildings with vertical irregularities like soft stories.
Studying nanotube-based oscillators and their application as memory cells via...IJERA Editor
A nanoscale continuum model of carbon nanotube-based oscillators is proposed in this paper. In the continuum
model, the nanotube is discretized via the meshfree particle method. The atomistic interlayer interaction between
the outer and inner tubes is approximated by the interlayer interaction between particles. The mechanical
behaviors of oscillators are studied and compared well with molecular dynamics simulation results. The
nanotube-based oscillator can be employed to design a nanoelectromechanical system. In this system, two
electrodes are attached on the top of the outer tube so that the induced electromagnetic force can overcome the
interlayer friction. The mechanisms of such nanoelectromechanical systems as memory cells are also considered.
This document introduces indefinite pronouns, which are pronouns without a specific referent. It notes that indefinite pronouns are formed from combinations of prefixes like "every-", "some-", "no-", "any-" and suffixes like "-body", "-one", "-thing", "-where". The document directs the reader to a video that explains how these prefixes and suffixes can be combined to form indefinite pronouns and their meanings.
Interference Minimization Protocol in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network f...IJERA Editor
1) The document describes a proposed Interference Minimization Protocol (IMP) for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HTWSNs) to improve quality of data transmission. 2) HTWSNs experience interference during data transmission that degrades quality, and IMP aims to minimize this interference by estimating link capacities and identifying high interference areas. 3) Simulation results show that IMP reduces interference and energy consumption compared to not using the protocol, especially with multiple events occurring simultaneously in the network.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Calculation and comparison of circuit breaker parameters in Power World Simul...IJERA Editor
A circuit breaker has ratings that an engineer uses for their application. These ratings define circuit breaker
performance characteristics. A good understanding of Ratings allow the electrical engineer to make a proper
comparison of various circuit breaker designs.
In this research work, the different ratings of circuit breaker were calculated. The other objective of this work
was comparison between ratings of existing circuit breaker and calculated ratings in POWER WORLD
SIMULATOR. Further, the impact of time delay in circuit breaker was studied. These calculations were
performed for rated current of 400 & 630 Amps. The results performed in POWER WORLD SIMULATOR
were shown better and information gained from the analysis can be used for proper relay selection, settings,
performances and coordination.
Experimental Analysis and Investigation for Thermal Behaviour of Ventilated D...ijsrd.com
In the present review, we discuss works that have been published in the last 15 – 20 years that are based on the computational and experimental analysis of thermal properties of disc brake rotor of various types; new applications of the theory of heat conduction, convection and radiation. As the rapid development of computer engineering have led to a considerable increase in the number of solvable problems, and the refining of mathematical methods and approaches enables one to construct analytic solutions of these problems. In the paper, we outline the main directions of investigation of the processes of interaction of bodies with regard for heat release. We describe computational methods in more detail as compared with other approaches, because, to our mind, they are very promising for deriving simple engineering relations for braking processes on the basis of the equations of the thermal dynamics of friction; also the actual braking system is much transient and a lot of variable changes at a time which becomes very difficult to calculate experimentally.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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Structural and Thermal Analysis of Metal - Ceramic Disk BrakeIJSRD
Disk brakes are using from so many years in automotive and still researches are going on in this field for decreasing the temperature effect so that by this we can operate easily. Many new materials are introduced for the disk brake rotor to withstand high temperature produced during braking action. Apart from the high temperature property, the disc rotor materials must also have high thermal conductivity property, as this property decides the amount of heat dissipation to the air stream from the disk rotor. A brake material with good temperature and high thermal conductivity property gives maximum efficiency by overcoming the problem of thermo-mechanical instability [TEI] in the rotor which is more common in low thermal conductivity brake rotor material. In the present work, a Grey cast iron material and metal-ceramic has been chosen for the disk brake rotor. Number of methods before already introduced to know the history of the different materials related to disk brakes, analysis will be done in 2d and 3d in analytical and numerical methods. With different types of assumptions these numerical methods ranges from finite differences to finite elements. To conclude the temperature history for the Grey cast iron material, and metal-ceramic, a numerical simulation technique called finite element method is used. Transient analysis is carried out in ANSYS to predict temperature distribution as a function of time in the disk brake rotor. The results from the transient analysis are compared. As the brake rotor can be treated as the coupled field problem, it is mandatory to do structural analysis after performing thermal analysis in ANSYS to study the stability and rigidity behavior of the rotor material. The results from the transient analysis are given as the input to the structural analysis in order to conclude the stress distribution and displacement in disk brake rotor under thermal loading. The stability behavior of different brake rotor material is compared to facilitate the conceptual design of the disk brake system.
CFD INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL SEAL FOR IMPROVE THERMAL PROPERTY BY USING D...Er Sandeep Duran
The paper constitutes the method to improve the heat transfer rate in mechanical seal for decreasing the interface temperature of the seal face. Different factors that affect the performance of mechanical seal are friction, wear and its thermal characteristics. Concept of Fourier’s law of heat conduction through cylindrical surfaces is used for optimizing the heat transfer rate. Composite material for mating ring with different thermal conductivity is used to increase the heat transfer rate to enhance the seal performance.
Cfd investigation of mechanical seal for improve thermal property by using di...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to investigate improving the thermal properties of mechanical seals by using composite materials in the mating ring. The study found that a mating ring made of a composite of carbon graphite and silicon carbide more effectively dissipated heat compared to a ring made of just carbon graphite. Specifically, the interface temperature of the composite ring was lower, indicating increased heat transfer. This suggests composite materials could enhance seal performance by reducing temperatures.
IRJET- Experimental Analysis for Thermal Performance of Muffler Guard Hero Xt...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental analysis of the thermal performance of a muffler guard for a Hero XTREME 200R motorcycle. The study designs and models a basic and modified muffler guard using CAD software. Temperature measurements are taken at points on the basic and modified guards under idling and running engine conditions using an infrared thermometer. Graphs of the temperature data show the modified guard with vertical and horizontal holes cut into the big end reduced temperatures compared to the basic guard design. The modifications aim to improve heat transfer and lower muffler guard temperatures for enhanced performance and component life.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR THERMAL WATER HEATER USING ALUMINIUM THIN FIL...AnonymousClyy9N
1) The document discusses the design and finite element analysis of a solar thermal water heater using an aluminum thin film. A 3D model of the system was created in Creo Parametric and analyzed for thermal buckling behavior and heat generation in Ansys.
2) An experimental prototype was fabricated and tested, showing that the aluminum thin film was able to generate significant heat from sunlight to heat water.
3) The analysis and experiments demonstrated the structural stability of the thin film under thermal and pressure loads, indicating its viability for solar thermal applications.
Investigation of temperature and thermal stress in Disc BrakesVenkat Swaroop
1) The document investigates the temperature and thermal stress in a ventilated disc brake system during braking using a 3D thermo-mechanical coupling model.
2) It builds a multi-body model of the ventilated brake disc and pad assembly that considers heat generation at the contact interface as well as convection heat transfer.
3) The model simulates the braking process from an initial speed of 100 kph down to 0 kph over 4.72 seconds, calculating the temperature field, thermal stress, and thermal distortion at each time step for validation against experimental data.
Thermal Expansivity Behavior and Determination of Density of Al 6061-Sic-Gr ...IJMER
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) covers a very wide range of materials to simple
reinforcements of castings with low cost refractory wool, to complex continuous fires lay
Design and Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake for Minimizing TemperatureIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the design and thermal analysis of disc brakes to minimize temperature. Different shapes and slot designs were modeled for a disc brake rotor using CATIA software and thermal analysis was performed using ANSYS. The results from static structural and transient thermal analysis for the original design and 5 new designs under various loading conditions are presented and compared. The analysis shows that the new design 5 performs the best with maximum stresses and temperature below the original design, indicating improved thermal conductivity and heat dissipation. This optimized design can help improve brake performance and safety.
Introduction : Simulation of thermal stresses in Disc BrakesHari Swaroop
During braking, friction between the disc and pad converts kinetic energy to heat energy, suddenly increasing the disc's temperature. Upon cooling, residual thermal stresses remain. Plastic deformation occurs due to thermal expansion/contraction, and after repeated braking cycles, cracks may initiate on the disc surface, leading to failure. The thesis uses finite element analysis to obtain the temperature profile and stresses in the disc under repeated braking to establish a basis for predicting low cycle fatigue life based on plastic strain amplitude.
Stress distribution in grinding by finite element analysisBijoy Das
This document discusses a finite element analysis of stress distribution during grinding. A model is developed to evaluate stress induced during surface grinding of titanium grade 1. Temperature distribution in the grinding zone is modeled, and heat flux entering the workpiece is calculated for dry, wet, and wet with pneumatic barrier conditions. Residual stresses are then computed based on thermal and structural loading. Results show that stress generated can be minimized by using coolant and controlling infeed rate, and that simulation of experimental findings is possible using this technique.
This document presents the results of a steady state thermal analysis of a rotor disc brake. A 3D model of the rotor disc was created in SolidWorks and meshed using ANSYS. The model was subjected to a maximum temperature of 50°C and analyzed using two different materials: aluminum and structural steel. The total heat flux and heat flux direction were compared between the materials. The analysis found that structural steel experienced less total heat flux than aluminum under the applied convection heat transfer conditions. Therefore, it was concluded that structural steel would be the better material choice for the rotor disc to reduce thermal losses.
IRJET- Review on An Innovative Approach to Study the Thermal Performance of M...IRJET Journal
This document reviews thermal performance analysis of a muffler heat shield for the Hero Xtreme 200R motorcycle. It discusses how heat shields protect components from high exhaust temperatures through conduction, convection, and radiation. The authors conducted computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using ANSYS to optimize the design of the muffler heat shield. Their results showed the optimized design could reduce pressure drop in the exhaust system by up to 13% through minor design changes to the perforated pipe. The document also provides background on heat shield applications in automotive exhaust systems and prior studies analyzing thermal behavior and heat transfer in exhaust components.
3 dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis of both thermal and mechanica...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a 3D finite element analysis of the thermal and mechanical response during friction stir welding of 2024-T3 aluminum plates. A coupled thermal-mechanical model is used to sequentially analyze the temperature distribution during welding and resulting thermal residual stresses. Both the heat input from the tool shoulder and pin are considered. The model predicts the highest tensile stresses occur in the longitudinal direction within the heat affected zone. Various process parameters are analyzed, including bottom surface heat transfer conditions and thermal contact conductance at interfaces. The results agree well with published experimental data.
- The document discusses the use of finite element analysis to model thermal barrier coatings on diesel engine pistons. Thermal barrier coatings can increase piston performance by reducing surface temperatures.
- The analysis compared coated pistons made of AlSi alloy and steel. It found that coating both materials reduced maximum surface temperatures, by 28% for AlSi and 17% for steel.
- Finite element modeling is useful for virtually prototyping thermal barrier coating systems and analyzing how coating thickness, material properties, stresses, and boundary conditions impact temperature distribution.
A Study on Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Hot Rolling & Estimation of Residual...IOSR Journals
The major problem in rolling process is the defects like fire cracks, severe sticking in a billet mill,
and etc. This paper deals with the study on reducing or minimizing the defects of rolling process. The analysis
has been carried out for different temperature i.e. 100°c, 150°c, 200°c, 250°c. As the temperature goes on
increasing correspondingly the residual stresses decreases. Hot rolling process helps in reduced residual
stresses at high temperature & helps in formation of smooth granular structure of product. Due to the symmetry
of the rolling components, half the model is built & the analysis is carried out with 4 roller sizes varying from
8mm to 20mm with 4mm increment & the results were tabulated by using ANSYS. This will helps in estimation
of residual stresses.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
An Experimental Investigation for Wear Rate Optimization on Different Gear Ma...IJERA Editor
An Experimental Investigation for Wear Rate Optimization on Different Gear Materials (EN8, 8620 & MILD
STEEL) Using Hardening.” mainly focuses on the mechanical design and analysis of gearbox as transmit the
power and live long life. Gears play an essential role in the performance of many products that we rely on in
our everyday lives. Gears are mainly used in lathes machines, automobiles and all torque transmitting units. The
improved mechanical properties achieved by hardening process. This research focuses on optimizing wear rate
of different gear materials using hardening process. The main Objective of this research is to find out the best
material for manufacturing gear by hardening process.
THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF AN EXHAUST MANIFOLD OF A MULTI CYLINDER EN...IAEME Publication
This document describes a thermal and structural analysis of an exhaust manifold for a multi-cylinder engine. A 3D model of the exhaust manifold was created in NX CAD software. Thermal analysis was performed to determine the temperature distribution, and coupled field analysis was conducted to calculate deflections and stresses under pressure and thermal loads. Modal analysis identified six natural frequencies between 0-1500Hz and their corresponding mode shapes. Harmonic analysis generated displacement-frequency graphs and calculated peak deflections and stresses at resonance frequencies. The analyses showed a maximum deflection of 0.1mm and Von Mises stress of 115MPa, below the yield strength, confirming the design can withstand operating loads.
Similar to FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber Bushing (20)
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Build the Next Generation of Apps with the Einstein 1 Platform.
Rejoignez Philippe Ozil pour une session de workshops qui vous guidera à travers les détails de la plateforme Einstein 1, l'importance des données pour la création d'applications d'intelligence artificielle et les différents outils et technologies que Salesforce propose pour vous apporter tous les bénéfices de l'IA.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber Bushing
1. Zhengui Zhang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.48-62
www.ijera.com 48|P a g e
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of
Rubber Bushing
Zhengui Zhanga
, Haiyan H Zhang*a
a
Mechanical Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, US
Abstract
Rubber bushings used in the vehicle or aerospace can reduce the noise and vibration and absorb the shocks. The
heat accumulation in the rubber components is attributed to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of rubber and
leads to degeneration of mechanical properties. The viscoelastic damping is treated as the major mechanism of
dissipation energy, which is heat source of temperature rising in bushing. A finite element method is expanded
from elastic structure to viscoelastic structure and computes the dissipation energy distribution in the rubber
core. Based on that heat source, the temperature distribution of rubber bushing under radial harmonic excitation
has been calculated using finite volume method. The frequency and amplitude effect on dissipation energy and
temperature distribution are described. The radial dynamic testing is carried out and the temperature is recorded
using thermal imager to evaluate the simulation. As complement, the dynamic torsional testing is also carried
out explore the possible failure zone of rubber bushing under different types of loading.
Keywords: Rubber bushing; Viscoelastic; Finite element; Temperature; Dynamic testing.
I. Introduction
Rubber bushings installed on the automotive
suspension system work as connecting components
and isolator. Bushing can connect the small parts
with the body of vehicle and also can minimize the
transmission of noise and small vibration from a
source to receiver[1]. Because of its elasticity and
inherent damping, rubber bushings play a more and
more important and critical role, especially, those
engineering rubbers with carbon black fillers.
Vehicles installed rubber components with better
serving life have great advantages in the globally
competitive market.
Compared with any other metal material used in
the vehicle system, rubber has a higher capacity of
energy storage. Rubber bushings are expected to be
strong enough to undertake a certain loading and also
high damping ability to reduce the vibration and
noise. However, the basic disadvantage of high
damping material is the thermal effect, which leads to
fatigue and shortens components’ serving life.
Because of the nonlinear mechanical behavior of
rubber, the stress- strain curve forms elliptical loop
under cycle loading, which represents the energy
dissipation and results in heat built up in the rubber
products[2].
This heat accumulation is known as the primary
reason of rubber degeneration after long time service,
such as aging, hardening and damping losing and so
on. The temperature of rubber bushing increases as
the cumulative hysteretic energy and the much lower
thermal conductivity of rubber material compared
with steel. The self heating degenerated the
mechanical properties of material and caused the
thermal failure of bushings[3]. Furthermore, the
aforementioned temperature influence doesn't include
the effect of chemical changes, which occurs due to
aging or continuous vulcanization. The chemical
processes of rubber are dependent on the temperature
and those processes can stimulate the degradation of
fatigue life at elevated temperature or long periods
serving. In sum, the material properties are weakened,
aging process is speeded, and the desired life
expectation of rubber components is shortened due to
the heat generated within the rubber[4].
As heat generation during service is a major
concern of rubber components’ lifetime, numerous
researchers have investigated the heat generation
mechanism, as well as the effect on mechanical
properties and lifetime expectation. There are several
mechanisms accounting for dissipation energy
accumulated in rubber components. One reason is the
hysteresis damping, which is dependent on strain
amplitude, strain temperature and average strain
range[5]. Hysteresis is small at low strain but
maximized at high-strain and it can help the material
retain its fracture toughness and fatigue resistance.
Strain-crystallization and Mullins effect are two
factors accounting for the hysteresis at high strain.
The carbon black related rate-independent hysteresis
and the rubber’s viscoelastic lead to the hysteresis at
low strain. The Mullins effect describes initial
transient softening of rubber shown in the stress-
strain curve before it reaches to a steady state,
nonlinear response[6-8]. Strain crystallization takes
place at higher strain and leads to increase of stiffness
and hysteresis[9]. The time-dependent viscoelastic
damping is another major mechanism accounting
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Zhengui Zhang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.48-62
www.ijera.com 49|P a g e
for energy dissipation during deformation. The
magnitude of energy loss in viscoelastic rubber is
larger compared with the purely viscous behavior,
which is associated with the mobility of molecular
chains in polymer.
Many researchers investigated the temperature
distribution in the rubber products with heat flow
governing equations. Clark[10] developed a model
to investigate the thermal equilibrium of pneumatic
tire with solution about temperature. Later, with
the development of the finite element method,
thermal model has constructed on the basis of the
finite stress and strain analysis, which was
economically and reasonably to predict the heat
distribution of the rubber components. Yeow[11]
developed a three dimensional model and used the
finite difference method to calculate the
temperature distribution of tyre on the influence of
various parameters. Becher[12] simulated the
dissipation energy and temperature distribution of
loaded tires using a rheological model combining
the viscous Maxwell elements and plastic Prandtl
elements. Those numerical approaches to predict
the temperature distribution of tire during rolling
assume the temperature independent deformation
of structure. Yeong[13] carried out the FEA
simulation to get the temperature of tire under
dynamic condition using the experimental date
about total strain energy and hysteresis energy loss.
Actually, the bi-directional iteration was employed
in some publications, in which the structure
deformation and temperature are mutually affected
[14-16]. That strategy to solve the temperature
filed of rubber components has been widely
accepted by many researchers. In sum, the
mechanisms of heat generation in the viscoelastic
material were discussed in many publications,
especially the external excitation induced
hysteresis damping[17]. One of the problems in
predicting the temperature distribution is the
proper the heat transfer model and heat transfer
coefficients. Some of the researchers started from
the surface temperature of rubber component to
estimate the heat transfer coefficient of rubber,
which results were close to the analysis
solution[18, 19]. However, most of literatures
focus the thermal behavior of the tire and few
reports specified on the rubber bushing. As the
critical role of rubber bushing and even longer
expected service life compared with tire, the heat
generation mechanism and temperature
distribution is very important to evaluate the
performance of rubber bushing. Furthermore, the
linear viscoelastic model is much easier to be
manipulated in the frequency domain rather in the
time domain during the FEA program[20]. Thus,
in this research, the FEA is employed to explore
dissipation energy distribution of rubber
components under harmonic excitation. In this
initial work, the one way structure-thermal
coupling is adopted to simulate the temperature
distribution without considering the temperature
effect on the structure. With the temperature
distribution obtained in this research, the heat
concentration in rubber bushing can be identified,
which is conductive to the design optimization.
The origination of this article is listed as
follows. Part 2 elaborates the pre-processing and
post processing of FEA program in dealing with
viscoelastic structure. Especially, the calculation
procedure of energy in each element is specified,
including the potential energy, kinetic energy and
dissipation energy. Before directly apply the FEA
program to the dynamic analysis about rubber
bushing, a simple clamped beam is tested in the
Part 2. After the tentative verification with
viscoelastic beam, Part 3 compares dissipation
energy density of rubber core under radial
harmonic excitation at different frequency and
amplitude. Part 4 talks about the heat transfer
simulation using the finite volume method to
predict the temperature distribution of rubber
bushing based on the heat source calculated in part
3.
Part 5 presents results of the experimental
dynamic radial testing and torsional testing.
II. The Finite element program
development
FEA can analyze complicated structure
without simplifying to simple and general structure
as doing in the theoretical analysis and that
advantage makes it more powerful and applicable.
Especially, with the development calculation
capability of computer, the degree of freedom
(DOF) of the structure is almost exponentially
increased and corresponding solution becomes
even more concisely elaborated. The
incompressible 3-D viscoelastic solid is modeled
with Hex20 element, which has 20 nodes and 60
DOF. Since the compounding ingredients and
operating parameters affect the heat generation of
rubber[21], the quantitative description of this
material should be specified. Considering the
limited experimental measurement for parameter
identification and the real working environment of
rubber bushing, the standard linear model is chosen
as the constitutive model of rubber in the following
FEA programming. Rubber coupon cut from the
rubber bushing is used to identify the parameters
of standard linear model and thermal properties.
The parameters of the constitutive model are
identified with the dynamic mechanical analyze
(DMA), which give the spring and dashpot
coefficients as E1=0.8 MPa, E2=1.07MPa and
η=0.00323MPa.s in the frequency range 0-
3. Zhengui Zhang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.48-62
www.ijera.com 50|P a g e
100HZ[22]. The governing equation of forced
damped vibration under harmonic excitation is
written as[23],
PuMωCiωK 2
ˆ (1)
Where the P is forcing function and uˆ is the forced
frequency response. The matrix in the bracket is the
dynamic stiffness matrix ]Kˆ[ D
, which is formed after
the assembly of stiffness, mass, and damping matrix
in the FEA program. The modulus of the viscoelastic
structure is dependent on the modulus of the material,
which is frequency dependent,
22
1
1
2
1
EE
iE
E1
E
E
i
E
)(
ˆ (2)
With this frequency function of modulus, the FEA
program developed for elastic structure can expand to
viscoelastic structure and termed as Simplex program
in following discussion. For convenience, the
modulus of rubber is set as 1MPa in the definition of
material properties. And then, multiply the dynamic
stiffness 0K of the viscoelastic structure with the
frequency function 2Eωφ . Since the initial real
variable 0K turn to complex variable ]Kˆ[ after this
treatment, the numerical solutions are complex
variables. The displacement of each node is
composed of two components,
)]cos(ωu)sin(ωi[u)sin(ωu)cos(ω[u
e]iu[uu
IRIR
IR
tttt
iwt
(3)
With the displacements at each node, the
stress and strain can be calculated from the quadratic
hexahedral interpolations. Figure 1gives the sketch of
the 27 integration points used in the Simplex program.
The strain and stress of the 27 integration points in
each element can be obtained from the displacement
of the 20 nodes in each element.
Figure 1. Integration points inside the Hex20 element.
The sampling weights points and weights for Gauss
Lagrange quadrature are
]0.600.6[tsr iii
and
]9/59/89/5[Wi ; That gives 0.6/r ,
0.6/s and 0.6/t . The strain and stress at
each node can be extrapolated using the Equation 4,
27
1p
ppi
εt)s,(r,Nε and
27
1p
ppi
t)s,(r,Nσ (4)
Where, t)s,(r,Np
is the shape function; p
ε and p
are strain and stress of each integration point. In this
approach, multiple stress and strain have been
assigned to those nodes shared by two or more
elements. To solve this problem, nodal strain and
stress are averaged to produce a smooth distribution.
The complex stress and strain at each interpolation
point are represented as,
)]cos(ω)sin(ωi[)]sin(ω)cos(ω[ IRIR tttt (5)
)]cos(ω)sin(ωi[)]sin(ω)cos(ω[ IRIR tttt (6)
With the strain and strain, the dissipation energy of
this system is ready to calculate. The energy
equilibrium of a system under external load is givenas,
DτUW (7)
Where W is the work done by the external force, U
is the strain energy stored in the system, is the
kinetic energy stored in the system and D is the
dissipation energy. In each cycle, the kinetic energy
and strain energy are conservative and do not
contribute to energy accumulation or dissipation.
Thus, to keep the energy conservation, the energy
obtained from the external load should be equivalent
to the dissipation energy calculation from the loop
area forming by strain and stress. In the Simplex
program, the loading tpi
and the corresponding
displacement tui
of each node are collected. The
increment of displacement at each time step is
1tu(t)ud ii tui
, and the work done by the
external load at each node can calculate from the
summation over tuidtpi
in the time domain. The
summation of loop area calculated from each pair of
the force and displacement is the total external work
done to the system.
In the structure made of elastic material, the
strain energy is related to the displacement square or
strain square. For the simple spring and mass system,
the strain energy can be easily estimated through
2
Ku2/1 . Nevertheless, in a structure with
viscoelastic material, square of the displacement does
not mean the magnitude of the response because the
4. Zhengui Zhang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.48-62
www.ijera.com 51|P a g e
displacement is complex. The general expression of
the strain energy in each element is given as,
0
L
T
L
T
V
dVuBDBu
2
1
U
0
(8)
While it is not convenient to calculate the 0
dV since
the mesh is not uniform for some complicated
structure, thus, the isoparametric volume is
recommended to replace 0
dV as
dVcJedrdsdtJedV0
, where J is the Jacobian
matrix. Therefore, the strain energy of the element
turns to,
udVJBDBu
2
1
U ceL
T
V
L
T
0
(9)
As to the Hex20 element, the complex strain of the
27 interpolation points are derived from LBu and the
complex stress σ of the 27 interpolation points are
derived using DBu L . Where D is the stress-strain
matrix and LB matrix of Hex20 is,
N1,Ix
yz
xy
z
y
x
L
A00
AA0
0AA
A00
0A0
00A
B
, and
N1,Iz
y
x
z,
y,
x,
A
A
A
.
.
.
0
0
0
(10)
The dissipation energy at each interpolation point
displays from plotting the real part of stress against
real part of strain, which are extracted from the
complex stress and strain. Similarly, the strain t
and stress tσ shows the existence of phase delay
and the loop area formed in each integration point
can be calculated from,
tdεtσissD
πf2/1t
0t
(11)
It is important to point out that strain and stress in
Equation 11 are real components since only the real
parts of the stress and strain are extracted at the very
beginning of the calculation. The integral of the
product of stress and strain in time domain gives the
dissipation energy in one integration point and the
summation over the 27 interpolation points represents
the dissipation energy of a Hex20 element.
To calculate the potential energy using the Simplex
program, the real part of the displacement of each node
in the Hex20 element is extracted. Potential energy of
the Hex20 element is simply written as,
uku
2
1
U
T
(12)
The stiffness matrix K of each element is,
ceL
T
V
L dVJBDBk (13)
With the definition of stiffness matrix in Simplex, the
time dependent strain of the 27 interpolation points
are obtained by multiplying displacement with
matrix LB . Then, the time dependent stress of the 27
interpolation points are obtained by multiplying strain
with matrix D. The summation of the product of
stress and strain at the 27 interpolation points is the
total potential energy in each Hex20 element.
The kinetic energy calculation is based on the mass
matrix of Hex 20 element, which is formed as,
ceJ
V
IIJ
dVJt)s,(r,h)t,s,(r,ρhm
c
(14)
With the lumped mass of each node, the kinetic
energy is directly calculated from the square of the
real part of the velocity multiplying half of the
lumped mass. To verify the energy conservation of
the system, the kinetic energy of the whole system is
summed up over all nodes. The real part velocity
comes from the complex displacement at each node,
ωtcosωuωtsinωuν IR (15)
To test the reliability of the Simplex program in
developing the dissipation energy, a clamped beam is
practiced before analyzing the more complicated
cylindrical rubber bushing. The viscoelastic beam is
meshed into 40 elements and vertical harmonic
loading force is applied on the central line of the
structure. The frequency scan gives the first damped
natural frequency as 33.5Hz. With the Simplex
program, the external work done on the clamped
beam, potential energy, kinetic energy and
dissipation energy (strain energy) of the viscoelastic
structure at different excitation frequency are
calculated. Figure 2(a) shows the accumulated work,
the dissipation energy, potential energy and kinetic
energy in one cycle at 1HZ and 45 HZ. The structure
experiences deformation slowly under the quasi-static
excitation at1HZ.
5. Zhengui Zhang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.48-62
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Figure 2. Energy accumulation at 1HZ and 45HZ.
Kinetic energy is quite small compared with
others since the velocity of the nodes is fairly slow
under low frequency excitation. Thus, a scale 1000 is
multiplied to enlarge the variables of kinetic energy
in the plot. The potential and kinetic energy variation
change in time domain but the ending value is
consistent with beginning value after one cycle.
Because excitation at 1HZ is approximated to the
quasi-static deformation, the different between the
ending value of dissipation energy and beginning
value is very small after one cycle. But the external
work calculated from the loading and the
corresponding displacement at central zone of beam
overlaps with the dissipation energy accumulation in
time domain. Figure 2 confirms energy conservation
in the system and verifies the accuracy of Simplex
program development. Figure 2(b) explores the
frequency effect on dissipation energy and the result
indicates that the excitation at 45HZ accumulated
much faster and higher than that at 1HZ. As
expected, the kinetic energy and potential energy are
still conservative after one cycle and the integral of
dissipation energy follows with the variation of
external work accumulation.
Figure 3 shows the periodicity of dissipation
energy under harmonic excitation. The derivative of
external work and dissipation energy over time are
plotted as dt(work) and dt(strain). No matter under
excitation 1HZ or 45HZ, the curve of dt(work) and
dt(strain) are sinusoidal function. Then, the external
work and dissipation energy built up are definitely
periodic because they are calculated from the integral
of periodic function. With this principle, the heat
generation rate of a structure under harmonic
excitation is a constant if the thermal effect of the
structure is ignored.
Figure 3 Periodicity of the external work and strain energy (dissipation energy).
III. The dissipation energy density in
rubber bushing
Figure 4 (a) shows the nonuniform displacement
of rubber core under the vertical loading force
applied at the outer surface of the rubber core to
simulate the dynamic tensile test. The inner surface
of the rubber is attached with the steel shaft and
treated as fixed boundary in the model. The real part
and magnitude of displacements decrease from the
outer surface to the inner surface of rubber core.
Figure 4 (b) shows the frequency dependence of the
displacement. The node at the top of the bushing has
6. Zhengui Zhang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.48-62
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been selected. Because of the high natural frequency
of the viscoelastic cylindrical rubber bushing, the
frequency effect at lower frequency is dominated by
the properties of viscoelastic material rather than the
resonance effect. Thus, with the increase of module
with the frequency, the real part and magnitude of the
displacement decrease. The peak value of imaginary
displacement under frequency scan is corresponding
to the damping behavior of the material used in this
simulation.
Figure 4. Displacements (a) Nodes arranged in radial from low to high position; (b) top node at different
frequency.
Figure 5 shows the dissipation energy
distribution of rubber core at excitation frequency
10HZ. Since the top node has the maximum
displacement, the displacement of the top node is
taken as the excitation amplitude. The highest
dissipation energy density appears at the top and
bottom loading zone of the rubber bushing. When the
excitation amplitude is doubled to 2mm, the
magnitude of dissipation energy increases a lot while
the distribution is kept. The dissipation energy
distribution in radial direction is similar to the
tendency of displacement. Combining the amplitude
effect, it is clear that the higher the displacement, the
higher is the accumulated dissipation energy.
Figure 5. Density of dissipation energy in rubber core (a) Amplitude=1mm; (b) amplitude=2mm.
7. Zhengui Zhang Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 1, (Part - 2) January 2016, pp.48-62
www.ijera.com 54|P a g e
Figure 6. Density of dissipation energy in rubber core (a) 30HZ; (b) 60HZ; (c) 90HZ.
Figure 6 displays the frequency effect on the
magnitude of dissipation energy. In this testing range
of frequency, the DMA test on rubber coupon shows
monotonously increase of modulus. Thus, under the
same loading force, the amplitudes decease at rising
excitation frequency. That effect results in 1mm,
0.8mm, 0.688mm and 0.662mm amplitude at 10HZ,
30HZ, 60 HZ and 90HZ excitation respectively. The
fast increase of modulus happens below 60HZ in
current material and the modulus approaches to
constant when excitation frequency approximates to
100HZ. From 10HZ to 30HZ, the stiffness of the
structure changes significantly and leads to almost
20% reduction of amplitude. Nevertheless, after
60HZ, the slowly increase of modulus just slightly
affects the stiffness and has little effect on the
excitation amplitude.
IV. The numerical temperature
distribution
The stress-thermal analysis is based on the
assumption that the mechanical properties of linear
viscoelastic material is temperature independent, as
thermo-rheologically research about the rubber is
needed if dealing with the temperature dependent
material[24]. The heat conductivity and other thermal
properties are measured using the hot disk thermal
analysis instrument, which is based on the transient
plane source (TPS) method. The specific heat and
heat transfer coefficients are estimated using the rule
of mixture assuming the compositions of rubber are
carbon black and polymer and neglecting the trivial
components. The physical and thermal properties of
rubber used in this research are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Physical properties of rubber
Properties Poisson’s ratio Heat transfer coeff Static Modulus
Value 0.495 10(W/(m2.K)) 0.01(GPa)
Heat Capacity Thermal diffusivity Density Thermal conductivity
1611.44(J/Kg.K) 0.202(mm2/s) 952.54 (Kg/m3) 0.343(W/m.K)
There are some assumptions about the heat
transformation simulation on rubber bushing. Firstly,
heat source of rubber bushing comes from the
frequency dependent viscous damping. Secondly, the
outer surface of the steel sleeves is exposed to
ambient air at room temperature. The heat convection
is the main approach to transfer the heat from rubber
bushing to air. Thirdly, the inner steel sleeve is
installed on the balancing bar of the suspension
system and the heat transform from the inner surface
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is relative slow. Finally, the cross section of the
rubber bushing is modeled considering the negligible
heat transfer in axial direction. The mesh of the
rubber core tallies with FEA element distribution in
the process of dissipation energy calculation.
Figure 7. (a) Sketch the radial mesh of rubber bushing; (b) control volume
Figure 7(a) is part of the radial mesh of rubber
bushing and Figure 7(b) is the control volume of
rubber. The governing equation of transient heat
transfer problem in the cylindrical coordination
system is written as,
S
r
T
rλ
rr
1
x
T
λ
xt
T
ρc
)()( (16)
According to the definition of control volume, heat
transfer governing equations of current rubber
bushing are classified into three cases. The first
governing equation applies to control volume inside
of rubber,
ΔVSaaaaaa pp
0
SNWEp
(17)
Where
ee /)( x
Δr
a
rp
E ,
ww
W
/)( x
Δr
a
rp
,
nn
xn
n
/)( r
Δr
a ,
ss
xs
S
/)( r
Δr
a ,
Δt
ΔVρc
a p
0 p)(
,
and ΔrΔxrr0.5ΔV sn )( . The second
governing equation applies to the control volume at
the boundary between the steel sleeves and air,
bTaΔ
rr1/h
T
TaTaT
rr1/h
Δ
aa SSr
f
WWEEp
r
np
nnnnnn /)(
)
/)(
( (18)
Where p
0
p
0
p TaΔVSb . The third control volume
describes the thermal equilibrium between the
interface of rubber and steel. As to rubber at the
interface, the governing equation in Equation 17 still
applicable after replacing the coefficients to
Δt
ΔVρcρc
a p
0 ))()(( sn
and
ΔrΔxrr0.5ΔV sn )( . Whereas the governing
equation of the steel is changed to Equation 19 since
the heat built up in the steel is negligible and treated
as zero,
ΔxΔrrr0.5Saaaaaa snpp
0
SNWEp s)(
(19)
Where p
0
p
0
snc TaΔxΔrrr0.5Sb s)( .
With the dissipation energy generation rate estimated
from the Simplex program, the temperature
distribution at the cross section of rubber bushing
becomes available. Figure 8 shows the temperature
rising on the cross section after different loading
period and the excitation at 10HZ is chosen
according to a field test about rubber bushing
installed on the exhaust system. The temperature of
rubber core increases obviously with the constant self
heating rate. The plots indicates that the maximum
temperature of rubber bushing changes from 315K,
330K, and 340K to 350K after loading time 600s,
1800s, 3600s and 7200s. The thermal conductivity of
steel is 10 to 100 times higher than that of rubber. As
a result, the temperature gradient in the steel is much
lower than rubber’s, and the later shows much higher
temperature at the top and bottom loading zone than
the middle area. The author tries to assign the thermal
conductivity of rubber with a number 10 times higher
than the measured value and the temperature gradient
in rubber core is highly reduced. However, the low
heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity of
rubber definitely causes the heat and temperature
rising concentrated in certain area.
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Figure 8. Surface temperature distribution of the rubber bushing at 10HZ; (a) 600s; (b)1800s; (c)3600s; (d)
7200s.
The amplitude effect on the temperature
distribution of rubber bushing at 10HZ excitation is
given in Figure 9. After 120s, 1mm amplitude
excitation leads to the maximum temperature 303K
while the 2mm amplitude excitation displays a
maximum temperature 315K. Figure 8(a) indicates
that 600s is needed to reach that temperature 315K if
the excitation is applied with1mm amplitude. Thus,
this comparison may imply a short service life of
rubber bushing under larger deformation since the
temperature increases much quickly in that case.
Figure 9. Temperature distribution of rubber at amplitude (a) 1mm; (b) 2mm.
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Figure 10. Temperature distribution at frequency (a) 30HZ; (b) 60HZ; (c) 90HZ.
The frequency effect on temperature rising inside
of rubber bushing is presented in Figure 10.
Because of the increasing modulus of rubber
material in the test frequency range, especially the
big increase in the range 0~45HZ, the amplitude
deceases from 0.8mm, 0.688mm to 0.622mm as the
excitation frequency increases from 30HZ, 60HZ to
90HZ. Thus, the temperature distribution of rubber
bushing after 120s as shown in Figure 10 should
combine the influence of frequency and amplitude.
The higher frequency means more cycles in unit time
while the corresponding low amplitudes leads to
lower dissipation energy in per cycle. As a result, the
excitation at 60HZ presents apparent increase of
temperature compared with that at 30HZ, however,
the excitation at 90HZ gives a close temperature as
the 60HZ excitation due to the comprehensive effect
of amplitude and frequency. If the modulus of
material is frequency dependent, the higher frequency
definitely causes more dissipation energy and higher
temperature.
V. Dynamic testing
With the Simplex program and heat transfer
simulation, the temperature distribution of rubber
bushing under vertical dynamic loading with
different excitation frequency and amplitude are
predicted. To verify reliability of the numerical
calculation, the dynamic radial testing is carried out
to compare with the simulation results. Torsional
dynamic test is also required since torsional loading
is one of the major loading types of rubber bushing
and that result is significant to explore the failure
mechanism. However, the MTS equipment has
restricted specification about the dimension of
samples in order to fit them into the clamps. The
fixtures prepared for radial and torsional dynamic
testing are designed and machined. Figure 11(a) is
the original profile of rubber bushing and Figure
11(a) and(c) are fixtures incorporating the bushings
for radial test and torsional test.
Figure 11 (a) Rubber bushing; (b) tension/compression fixture; (c) Torsion fixture
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Figure 12. Dynamic radial test (a) Out of phase at 10HZ and amplitude 1mm; (b) the amplitude dependence of
the stiffness at 10HZ.
The sinusoidal signal is chosen for the dynamic
test and the input amplitude and frequency of each
loading is specified. To have apparent temperature
variation in a few minutes, the amplitude should be at
least 1mm and the test range of the instrument is no
more than 2mm. The recorded time for each case is
dependent on the time required to have at least three
steady cycles. The temperature rising of rubber
bushing during the dynamic test is recorded using the
thermal imager. The environment temperature of the
dynamic testing is about 298K. Figure 12(a) plots the
phase shift between displacement and force at
excitation at 10HZ and 1mm amplitude. Figure 12(b)
records the influence of amplitude on the dynamic
stiffness of rubber bushing. The dynamic stiffness at
amplitude 0.2mm is higher than that at 1mm and
1.5mm. The tendency indicates that increasing the
excitation amplitude leads to the softening of rubber
components.
Figure 13. Temperature distribution on the surface of rubber core (a) Digit camera; (b) thermal; (c) numerical
simulation.
Figure 13 compares the temperature distribution
obtained from the dynamic testing with the heat
transfer simulation. Because of the special design of
the fixture, only part of the surface of rubber bushing
can be photographed using the thermal imager. The
temperature shown in Figure 13 is the rubber bushing
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after 120s excitation at 10HZ and 1mm amplitude. To
have the general distribution of temperature, six
points are spotted in circumferential direction and the
corresponding temperatures are listed in Table 2.
Point 4 and 5 are symmetric over the horizontal line
of the structure and displays same temperature. The
maximum temperature appears at the top loading
zone, which is close to the external surface of rubber
core. As the spotted point is far away from the top
loading zone, the temperature decreases gradually
and reaches to lowest at the horizontal line. Even
though the bottom part of the temperature is invisible,
the symmetrical structure and the sinusoidal loading
assure the symmetry of temperature distribution.
Thus, the dynamic testing temperature distribution
matches well with the simulation result. Furthermore
after 120s, the simulation gives a maximum
temperature 303K and the dynamic test gives a
maximum temperature 302K. The slightly lower
temperature in the dynamic testing can attribute to
the heat transfer from the surface to ambient.
Generally speaking, it is confident to declare the
reliability of Simplex program and FVM simulation
in predicting the temperature distribution of rubber
bushing.
Table 2: Temperature distribution on the surface of
rubber bushing
Points No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Temp(K) 303.0 302.5 300.8 300.7 300.7 300.9
Figure 14 shows a series of photos captured by
the thermal imager at different time. Those photos are
numbered from left to right and then from top to
bottom. The maximum temperature changes from
300.2K to 301.9K in 100s.Temperature from three
points are collected from each photo and plotted in
Figure 15 to explore the heat concentration in rubber
core.
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Figure 14. Temperature distribution on the surface of rubber core (a) t=4s; (b) t=15s; (b) t=31s; (b) t=45s; (b)
t=58s; (b) t=72s; (b) t=84s; (b) t=99s.
sp3 is a point close to the top loading zone and
has the higher temperature that the other two points.
sp1 is a point close to the central horizontal line and
has the lowest temperature. Figure 14 indicates the
temperature gradient of rubber core in circumference
becomes more and more evident. At the beginning,
the temperature of the three points are pretty close,
especially that at the points sp2 and sp3. During the
cycle loading, the temperature at point sp1 increases
much slower than that at the other two points. This
quick temperature rising of point sp3 can attribute the
higher heat generation rate in that area. Nevertheless,
heat fast rising temperature make the top loading
zone as the most easy damaged place of rubber
bushing under the radial loading and that result is
helpful to investigate the stability of this structure.
Figure 15. Rubber bushing surface temperature rising
over time.
Figure 16. Temperature distribution of rubber bushing at torsional amplitude 5o
and excitation frequency 10HZ
(a) Digit camera; (b) thermal.
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Table 3: Temperature distribution at torsional angle
5o
and 10HZ
Points
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Temp
(K)
303.2 304.8 306.4 309.1 311.4 309.0 307.5
Figure 16 is the digital photo and thermal photo
recorded using thermal imager in order to explore the
dynamic performance of rubber bushing under
torsional testing. Torsional degree and frequency are
specified as 5o
and 10HZ respectively. Because the
deformation under torsional degree 5o
is relative
larger than that under radial amplitude 1mm, the
temperature rising under torsional test is quicker than
that under the radial testing. Similarly, a group of
points are spotted to explore the temperature
distribution in radial direction. The locations of those
points are clearer in the digital photo and the
temperatures of selected points are list in Table 3.
During the torsional test, the outer surface of the
rubber core is fixed by the fixture and the torque is
transmitted through the inner shaft. As a
consequence, the points close to the inner shaft
experience the higher deformation and have more
dissipation energy accumulation. While in the
circumferential direction, the deformation is uniform
as the amplitude angle and radius determine the
displacement. Finally, the inner surface zone of the
rubber core becomes the concentration of heat built
up and displays highest temperature. Point 6 is
located on the interface of rubber and steel, thus, the
temperature distribution in radial starts to decrease
from this point. The thermal behavior of torsional
testing identifies another easy failure zone of bushing
as the inner surface of rubber core, where special
attention is required for operation and design in
future.
VI. Conclusion
The FEA program is developed to analyze the
frequency dependent viscoelastic structure. In view
of the out of phase between stress and strain, the
dissipation energy density inside of the rubber
component has been investigated. The principle and
approach to calculate the external work, potential
energy, kinetic energy and dissipation energy are
elaborated and the clamped beam is practiced to
verify the energy calculation with the principle of
energy conservation. The periodicity of the
dissipation energy under the harmonic excitation
indicates the constant heat generation rate. The
thermal properties are measured using TPS and the
boundary condition of the heat transfer simulation is
set to simulate the dynamic radial testing. The FVM
allows different heat source at each control volume,
and the heat generation of each volume comes from
the dissipation energy calculated from the Simplex
program. To verify the accuracy and applicability of
the Simplex program and following heat transfer
simulation, dynamic radial testing is carried out. That
results are recorded using indicates thermal imager
and experimental temperature matches well with the
simulated. The radial testing indicates that the higher
temperature appears around vertical loading zone
while the higher temperature at torsional testing
appears at the central but close to the inner surface of
the steel sleeves. Those results presents the easy
failure zone of rubber bushing under different loading
and shed a light on the design optimization.
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