ABSTRACT:- Burnishing, a cold working process, is a very simple and effective method of improving surface properties, which can easily be carried out using existing machines, such as lathe. With changing trends in manufacturing industry, special attention is given on surface finish along with dimensional accuracy and tight geometrical tolerances. Burnishing comes in mind as one of popular finishing process because it is completely chip-less as compared to other finishing processes such as grinding, honing etc. The purpose of the research was to demonstrate burnishing process on ferrous metals namely mild steel alloy. Parametric analysis was done using speed and feed rate as input parameters and surface roughness & surface micro hardness as response variables. Burnishing was performed using Hindustan machine tools (HMT) power lathe (NH 26 model)
Effect of process parameters on material removal rate during grinding of hot ...IJMER
Grinding can be described as a multi-tooth metal cutting operation in which material is
generally removed by shearing and ploughing in the form of micro sized chips by the abrasive grits of
the grinding wheel. This paper presents an important investigation of material removal behaviour during
grinding of hot work steel AISI H11 under different working environments (dry, wet cooling and
compressed gas) and process parameters ( feed rate, depth of cut and wheel speed). During the
experimental investigation, Aluminimum oxide grinding wheel was used to perform cutting action. It was
observed that under compressed gas, increase in depth of cut and decrease in feed rate resulted in
significant increase in material removal rate.
Effect of process parameters on surface roughness during grinding of hot work...IJMER
The major demands in machining of parts are closely controlling both geometrical accuracy
and dimensional of engineering component made up of difficult to shape material is increasing
continuously. Surface roughness is the important output responses in the production with respect to
quality and quantity respectively. The abrasive machining grinding process is mostly used to attain the
closer tolerances with better surface finish. In this work the AISI H11 hot work steel was used to
investigate the role of different working environments (dry , wet cooling and compressed gas) and
process parameters ( feed rate, depth of cut and wheel speed) on surface roughness. It was observed
that under wet cooling environment, decrease in feed rate, depth of cut and increase in wheel speed
resulted in significant increase in surface quality
Optimization of Metal Removal Rateon Cylindrical Grinding For Is 319 Brass Us...IJERA Editor
Cylindrical grinding is one of the most important metal cutting processes used extensively in the Metal finishing operations. Metal removal rate and surface finish are the important output responses in the production with respect to quantity and quality respectively. The objective of this paper is to arrive at the optimal grinding conditions that will maximize metal removal rate when grinding IS 319 brass. Empirical models were developed using design of experiments by Taguchi L9 Orthogonal Array and the adequacy of the developed model is tested with ANOVA.
Effect of Process Parameters on Micro Hardness of Mild Steel Processed by Sur...IOSR Journals
Surface grinding process can be utilized to create flat shapes at a high production rate and low
cost.. In this investigation, indigenously designed set up were used for evaluating the surface grinding process
was established. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of surface grinding process
parameters i.e. Inlet pressure of coolant, grinding wheel speed, work-piece speed, and nozzle angle on the micro
hardness of the mild steel specimen. In the present study Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table type
surface grinding machine fitted with test rig is used and cutting fluid is applied through the convergent nozzle to
throw the cutting fluids at the cutting zone. In order to evaluate the effect of selected process parameters, one
variable approach has been used in the present study. Plots of various Micro Hardness responses have been
used to determine the relationship between the output response and the input parameters. The value of
microhardness of grinded mild steel work-piece varies from 292.63 to 370.73 HV
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Effect of process parameters on material removal rate during grinding of hot ...IJMER
Grinding can be described as a multi-tooth metal cutting operation in which material is
generally removed by shearing and ploughing in the form of micro sized chips by the abrasive grits of
the grinding wheel. This paper presents an important investigation of material removal behaviour during
grinding of hot work steel AISI H11 under different working environments (dry, wet cooling and
compressed gas) and process parameters ( feed rate, depth of cut and wheel speed). During the
experimental investigation, Aluminimum oxide grinding wheel was used to perform cutting action. It was
observed that under compressed gas, increase in depth of cut and decrease in feed rate resulted in
significant increase in material removal rate.
Effect of process parameters on surface roughness during grinding of hot work...IJMER
The major demands in machining of parts are closely controlling both geometrical accuracy
and dimensional of engineering component made up of difficult to shape material is increasing
continuously. Surface roughness is the important output responses in the production with respect to
quality and quantity respectively. The abrasive machining grinding process is mostly used to attain the
closer tolerances with better surface finish. In this work the AISI H11 hot work steel was used to
investigate the role of different working environments (dry , wet cooling and compressed gas) and
process parameters ( feed rate, depth of cut and wheel speed) on surface roughness. It was observed
that under wet cooling environment, decrease in feed rate, depth of cut and increase in wheel speed
resulted in significant increase in surface quality
Optimization of Metal Removal Rateon Cylindrical Grinding For Is 319 Brass Us...IJERA Editor
Cylindrical grinding is one of the most important metal cutting processes used extensively in the Metal finishing operations. Metal removal rate and surface finish are the important output responses in the production with respect to quantity and quality respectively. The objective of this paper is to arrive at the optimal grinding conditions that will maximize metal removal rate when grinding IS 319 brass. Empirical models were developed using design of experiments by Taguchi L9 Orthogonal Array and the adequacy of the developed model is tested with ANOVA.
Effect of Process Parameters on Micro Hardness of Mild Steel Processed by Sur...IOSR Journals
Surface grinding process can be utilized to create flat shapes at a high production rate and low
cost.. In this investigation, indigenously designed set up were used for evaluating the surface grinding process
was established. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of surface grinding process
parameters i.e. Inlet pressure of coolant, grinding wheel speed, work-piece speed, and nozzle angle on the micro
hardness of the mild steel specimen. In the present study Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table type
surface grinding machine fitted with test rig is used and cutting fluid is applied through the convergent nozzle to
throw the cutting fluids at the cutting zone. In order to evaluate the effect of selected process parameters, one
variable approach has been used in the present study. Plots of various Micro Hardness responses have been
used to determine the relationship between the output response and the input parameters. The value of
microhardness of grinded mild steel work-piece varies from 292.63 to 370.73 HV
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. A brief and concise review of the contributions made by the previous researchers in the area of extrusion process has been presented. Steel material and aluminium alloys are mostly used by researchers as die and billet material in extrusion process. FEM modeling of extrusion process is carried out by employing axisymmetric conditions in most cases. Meshing of the work piece is generally done by using axisymmetric quadrilateral elements. Experimental set-up and tools utilized in formation of extrusion process are presented and discussed. FEM results are presented in terms of variation of punch stroke, punch force.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Statistical Modeling of Surface Roughness produced by Wet turning using solub...IDES Editor
Machining tests were carried out by turning En-
31steel alloy with tungsten carbide tools using soluble oilwater
mixture lubricant under dif ferent machining
conditions. First-order and second-order surface roughness
predicting models were developed by using the experimental
data by applying response surface methodology and factorial
design of experiments. The established equations show that
the feed rate is the main influencing factor on the surface
roughness followed by tool nose radius and depth of cut. It
increases with increase in the feed rate but decreases with
increase in the cutting velocity and tool nose radius,
respectively. The predicted surface roughness values of the
samples have been f ound to lie close to that of the
experimentally observed values. There is an improvement
in surface finish by 10% with wet machining as compared
to dry machining.
Grain refinement, which is obtained by changing the size of grain structure by different techniques, is a preferred method to improve simultaneously the strength and plasticity of metallic materials.
The presentation involves "Principles of Equal-channel Angular Pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement", its applications and advantages in the field of technology and research.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. A material is pushed through a die of the desired cross-section. A brief and concise review of the contributions made by the previous researchers in the area of extrusion process has been presented. Steel material and aluminium alloys are mostly used by researchers as die and billet material in extrusion process. FEM modeling of extrusion process is carried out by employing axisymmetric conditions in most cases. Meshing of the work piece is generally done by using axisymmetric quadrilateral elements. Experimental set-up and tools utilized in formation of extrusion process are presented and discussed. FEM results are presented in terms of variation of punch stroke, punch force.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Statistical Modeling of Surface Roughness produced by Wet turning using solub...IDES Editor
Machining tests were carried out by turning En-
31steel alloy with tungsten carbide tools using soluble oilwater
mixture lubricant under dif ferent machining
conditions. First-order and second-order surface roughness
predicting models were developed by using the experimental
data by applying response surface methodology and factorial
design of experiments. The established equations show that
the feed rate is the main influencing factor on the surface
roughness followed by tool nose radius and depth of cut. It
increases with increase in the feed rate but decreases with
increase in the cutting velocity and tool nose radius,
respectively. The predicted surface roughness values of the
samples have been f ound to lie close to that of the
experimentally observed values. There is an improvement
in surface finish by 10% with wet machining as compared
to dry machining.
Grain refinement, which is obtained by changing the size of grain structure by different techniques, is a preferred method to improve simultaneously the strength and plasticity of metallic materials.
The presentation involves "Principles of Equal-channel Angular Pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement", its applications and advantages in the field of technology and research.
Surface Quality Improvement Using Modified Tool Clamping In Boring OperationsIJRES Journal
Boring operations are challenging owing to limited process performance due to inherent tool overhang and resulting vibrations. The tool vibrations can be suppressed with insertion of suitable damping methodology. The present work adopts a method suitable for machine operators, where in insertion of packing sheets at the boring tool support has been suggested. Insertion of number of layers causes frictional phenomenon to dissipate the exciting energy thereby damping the vibrations. Substantial improvement of surface quality of the internally machined surfaces has been noticed in the experiments
Regression analysis of shot peening process for performance characteristics o...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Investigations on The Effects of Different Heat Transfer Coefficients in The ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the metal machining, the cutting fluid has become a tough problem in term of the health of works and environmental protection. The heat transfer coefficients of the water-based fluid, mineral oil and plant oil are distinct. An investigation focused on the effects of different heat transfer coefficients (h) on the cutting thickness compression ratio, chip formation, stress distribution and specific cutting energy is presented and discussed. In this study, three heat transfer coefficients have been simulated by Third WaveAdvantedge in machining AISI 1045 steel during different cutting speeds.It has been shown that the Mises stress and temperature are both affected by the heat transfer coefficient. When the h reaches higher, the Mises stress increases and the temperature shows the opposite trend. Also, the results can be found that the chip compression ratio decreases and shear angle increases when hrises. The relationship between specific cutting energy and heat transfer coefficients can be found in this paper.
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
OPTIMIZATION OF TURNING PROCESS PARAMETER IN DRY TURNING OF SAE52100 STEELIAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of SAE52100 steel. Carbide inserts were used for machining of SAE 52100 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) & material removal rate of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality
products with increased productivity.
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Analysis of process parameters in dry machining of en 31 steel by grey relati...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth of cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presentswork of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
ANALYSIS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS IN DRY MACHINING OF EN-31 STEEL by GREY RELATI...IAEME Publication
This paper presents the optimization of surface roughness & material removal rate in dry turning of EN-31 steel.Carbide inserts were used for machining of EN-31 to study effects of process parameters [Cutting speed (S), Feed (F) and depth o f cut (d)]. These models can be effectively used to predict the surface roughness (Ra) of the workpiece. The big challenge of the Micro, small& medium industries in India for achieving high quality products with increased productivity.Paper presents work of an investigation of turning process parameters on EN-31 material, for optimization of surface roughness, material removal rate.The experiment is carried out by considering three controllable input variables namely cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut.The design of experiment and optimization of surface roughness is carried out by using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array & Grey Relational analysis.
Similar to Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process (20)
Drying of agricultural products using forced convection indirect solar dryerIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- Drying of three agricultural products namely potato slices, onion slices and whole grapes was done using an indigenously designed and fabricated forced convection indirect solar dryer and under open sunlight. The diurnal variation of temperature, relative humidity in the solar dryer was also compared with the ambient temperature and relative humidity during March and April 2017 for all the three products. The study showed increase of temperature and lower humidity inside the drying chamber at different time interval. Hourly moisture loss for all the three agricultural products in the drying chamber and open sun drying was also compared and the percentage of moisture loss in the drying chamber was found to be higher compared to open sun drying for all the products. The mass of water removed for all the three products in the drying chamber was also found to be higher than the open sun drying. Results of the study showed that forced convection indirect solar dryer is better than the open sun drying method for drying the agricultural products more efficiently.
The Problems of Constructing Optimal Onboard Colored RGB Depicting UAV SystemsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:-The problems of constructing optimal adaptive onboard color RGB depictingUAV systems have been analyzed. The problem of optimal formation of color signals of RGB color system has been formulated and solved by implementing the adaptive flight mode of UAVs containing an onboard imaging system. An adaptive UAV mode with an imaging system on board is proposed, which consists of adaptive changes in flight altitude depending on the wavelength of the received color signal. As a result of the optimization of the proposed operating mode of the UAV imaging system, an analytic formula for adaptive device control has been obtained. Recommendations have been given on the practical implementation of the proposed method.
Flexible Design Processes to Reduce the Early Obsolescence of BuildingsIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:- This work intends to analyze the processes of flexibility to improve the adaptability to the users and to define some strategies to delay building obsolescence. Some approaches that address the architectural flexibility processes are studied to understand the rapid transformation of user lifestyles and changes in needs and performance building requirements. Obsolescence is often characterized by the lack of flexibility in the structure and walls, as well as services that change rapidly according to the different uses of buildings. This poses a threat to the built environment, since a large number of buildings are demolished having still years of useful life. In this way, different types of obsolescence are analyzed, focusing on some structural, economic, functional and social aspects of the construction and the use of buildings, seeking the capacity to design and produce adaptive buildings that are more resilient to obsolescence. Thus, some concepts of flexibility and flexible process are presented to promote adaptability in buildings. However, flexibility is a complex process, a long way to achieve adaptability to the built environment and the changing needs of users. The method used in this analysis takes into account the diversity of the design process, making some considerations about the interrelation of the social, functional and technical aspects. Finally, some conclusions about the design methods faced by a flexible approach process can lead to more useful and adaptable spaces for future transformations in order to extend the life cycle and prevent early obsolescence of buildings.
Study on Performance Enhancement of Solar Ejector Cooling SystemIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Cooling sector is dominating by vapor compression cooling sector which uses refrigerant which are harmful to environment. The solar ejector cooling system is alternative for vapor compression cycle which uses solar energy to give heat to the generator, which is a viable method for heat generation. The solar ejector cooling system not only fulfills cooling requirement but also helps in energy conservation and protection of environment. It reduces the generator work and decrease the throttling losses. Maintenance requirement and cost is low for ejector cooling system .In this paper, theoretically study is done on enhancement of the performance of solar ejector cooling system. Various system configuration are presented with detailed design. This system still needed a lot of research work to make it alternative for vapor compression cycle based cooling system completely.
Flight Safety Case Study: Adi Sucipto Airport Jogjakarta - IndonesiaIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Adi Sucipto Airport-Jogyakarta is an airport with enclave civil status or as TNI-AU airbase (civilian airport within the military area) has limited infrastructure with Azimuth Runway 09-27, has no RESA (Runway End Safety Area). The calculation results using Acceptable Safety Level (ASL) standard 1 x 10-7 shows that the probability of accident risk at wet runway condition is greater than in dry condition. Runway Excursion occurs at the airport, especially when the runway is wet and overrun due to hydroplaning and the plane deviates from the center of runway as well as the aircraft wheels are in contact with ground or obstacle surface outside the runway. It means the thicker layer of water above the runway will cause increased risk of accidents on the runway. This is why standing water should be immediately removed from the runway as quickly as possible. Mitigation efforts need to be done simultaneously with recovery by adding RESA and other preventive efforts in order to water patch and standing water does not exceed 2 mm and apply the mandatory of SOP consistently at the airport.
A Review of Severe Plastic DeformationIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This article reviews about Ultrafine grained (UFG) materials processed by Severe Plastic
Deformation. From the period of 1950’s, the researchers made a fountain stone for this technique. Over the last
decades, this SPD technique experienced an enormous growth among the research field. There was a
development of different methods of SPD, production of various materials by SPD with improved and
interesting results based on our requirement. Moreover, different post processing techniques will also help to
enhance the property of the SPD processed material. This paper reviews the overall development of this
technique, various methods of SPD, discussed about the enhancement of the properties and finally concluded
with some specific challenges and issues faced by the modern researchers. It may be helpful to those who wants
specialise in bulk nanomaterials produced by SPD.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
Evaluation of Thresholding Based Noncontact Respiration Rate Monitoring using...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: - A noncontact method for respiration rate monitoring using thermal imaging was developed and evaluated. Algorithms to capture images, detect the location of the face, locate the corners of the eyes from the detected face and thereafter locate the tip of the nose in each image were developed. The amount of emitted infrared radiation was then determined from the detected tip of the nose. Signal processing techniques were then utilised to obtain the respiration rate in real-time. The method was evaluated on 6 enrolled subjects after obtaining all ethical approvals. The evaluations were conducted against two existing contact based methods; thoracic and abdominal bands. Results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.9974 to 0.9999 depending on the location of the ROI relative to the detected tip of the nose. The main contributions of the work was the successful development and evaluation of the facial features tracking algorithms in thermal imagining, the evaluation of thermal imaging as a technology for respiration monitoring in a hospital environment against existing respiration monitoring systems as well as the real time nature of the method where the frame processing time was 40 ms from capture to respiration feature plotting.
Correlation of True Boiling Point of Crude OilIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract :- The knowledge of the crude boiling point is very important for the refining process design and optimization. In this project the aim is to find the correlation of true boiling points. The study will be very useful in crude transportation and downstream operations. Correlation is tried to obtain by testing a number of crude oil samples from heavy to light. The comparisons of boiling point of different crude samples obtained is tried to compare with already existing correlations. Framol, Destmol and Riazi’s, these three correlation models have taken. The result showed that comparison of three correlation models and which is more accurate.
Combined Geophysical And Geotechnical Techniques For Assessment Of Foundation...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: This study was carried out to assess the subsurface conditions around the school of technology complex in Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, using integrated geophysical and geotechnical techniques. The site lies within the Sedimentary terrain of southwestern Nigeria. Allied Ohmega Resistivity meter was used for data collection of 1-D and 2-D resistivitymeasurement while WinResist software and Dipro software were used for the processing respectively.The results of the vertical electrical sounding indicate that the depth to basement values ranges between 27.6 and 39.5m. The 2D resistivitysurvey has provided valuable information on the lateral and vertical variation of the layer competent for erecting foundation of engineering structures. The CPT probed an average depth of 4.8m and has identified material of very high shear strength associated with dense sand materials. The correlation of the three techniques used revealed similar soil layering consisting of topsoilsandy clay, coarse sand and sand.A mechanically stable coarse sand material was discovered as weathered layer which indicates high load bearing capacity suitable for foundation in the area and can support massive structures.
Abstract:- research stands out because it is provided by the model of Al-Mobaideen (2009) critics to analyze for the governance of information and communications technology (ICT) at the National University of Chimborazo factors which raises the factors such as: strategies and policies, infrastructure and networks, financing and sustainability, and institutional culture that should be taken into account if desired govern the successful integration of ICT in the school. The study is exploratory, the almost total lack of previous studies on Governance of ICT integration at the University. It is concluded that there is a set of organizations with addresses IT markedly different roles in their duties with regard to its orientation to administrative, academic and research. The University has failed to define the strategic role of ICT in their academic, because there is no objective referred to IT academia in 2013-2016 pedi, but also because there is not a pedi-oriented IT the formation. The limited effectiveness of IT organizations in academic activities is provided by the low rate of use of educationalplatformsb_learning.
Gobernanzade las TIC en la Educacion SuperiorIRJESJOURNAL
Abstract:-Se destaca la investigación debido a que se da a conocer mediante el modelo de Al-Mobaideen (2009) los factores críticos a analizar para la gobernanza de las Tecnologías de la información y la Comunicación (TIC) en la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo donde plantea los factores como:estrategias y políticas, infraestructura y redes, financiación y sostenibilidad, y cultura institucional, que se debe tomar en cuenta si se desea gobernar la integración exitosa de las TIC en la institución educativa. El estudio es exploratoria, por la poca presencia de estudios previos sobre Gobernanza de la integración de las TIC en la Universidad. Se concluye que existe un conjunto de organismos con direcciones de TI con roles notoriamente diferenciados en sus funciones con respecto a su orientación a procesos administrativos, académicos y de investigación. La Universidad no ha logrado definir el rol estratégico de las TIC en su desarrollo académico, porque no existe ningún objetivo referido a TI para el ámbito académico en el PEDI 2013-2016, sino porque además, no se cuenta con un PEDI de TI orientado a la formación. La poca eficacia de los organismos de TI en actividades académicas se da a conocer por la baja tasa de uso de plataformas educativas b_learning.
The Analysis and Perspective on Development of Chinese Automotive Heavy-duty ...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In recent years, under the influence of both China's domestic market demand and emissions standard improvement, Chinese manufacturers put great effort on the research and design of automotive heavy-duty diesel engine. This paper analyzes the technical parameters of heavy duty diesel engine in 11 / 13L displacement section and introduces its performance. At the same time, combined with the development of foreign heavy-duty diesel engine, the future development direction of Chinese heavy-duty diesel engine is forecasted.
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Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 6, Issue 3 (March 2017), PP.45- 51
www.irjes.com 45 | Page
Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller
Burnishing Process
Davinder Saini1
Manish Kapoor2
Dr. C. S Jawalkar3
Alumni Department of Production and Industrial Engineering PEC University of Technology
Chandigarh-160012 Mobile- +918800344250
ABSTRACT:- Burnishing, a cold working process, is a very simple and effective method of improving surface
properties, which can easily be carried out using existing machines, such as lathe. With changing trends in
manufacturing industry, special attention is given on surface finish along with dimensional accuracy and tight
geometrical tolerances. Burnishing comes in mind as one of popular finishing process because it is completely
chip-less as compared to other finishing processes such as grinding, honing etc. The purpose of the research was
to demonstrate burnishing process on ferrous metals namely mild steel alloy. Parametric analysis was done
using speed and feed rate as input parameters and surface roughness & surface micro hardness as response
variables. Burnishing was performed using Hindustan machine tools (HMT) power lathe (NH 26 model).
KEYWORDS:- Burnishing, surface finish, surface micro hardness, HMT
I. INTRODUCTION
During recent years, considerable attention is being paid to the post-machining metal finishing
operations such as burnishing which improves the surface properties by plastically deforming the surface layers
of work surface at microscopic level (M.M. El-Khabeery and M.H. El- Axir, 2003). Burnishing is simple and
effective finishing process for the improvement of surface properties such as surface finish, surface micro
hardness, fatigue resistance etc (Hassan, A.M., 1997). Burnishing displaces the peaks or asperities into the
valleys of the machined surface, thereby producing a smooth and compact surface. Burnishing mechanisms can
be categorized into three main groups. First is the surface smoothing (geometrical) mechanism, the
characteristic of which is mainly the decrease in surface roughness. Second is the surface enhancement
(mechanical) mechanism, the characteristics of which are the introduction of compressive residual stress and
cold-work hardening. Third being the microstructural (metallurgical) mechanism, the characteristics of which
are the closure of crack, the change of texture orientation, the elongation and refinement of crystalline grain
even to nanocrystallization by severe plastic deformation (Feng Lei Li et al, 2012). Burnishing tools are now
widely applied in non-automotive applications for a variety of benefits; to produce better and longer lasting seal
surfaces; to improve wear life; to reduce friction and noise levels in running parts and to enhance cosmetic
appearance. Examples of such application include valves, pistons of hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders, lawn and
garden equipment components, shafts for pumps, shafts (Malleswara Rao J. N, 2011)
1.1 Classification of burnishing processes: Burnishing process has typically been categorized into two types.
a. Ball burnishing
b. Roller burnishing
Ball Burnishing: In this process the deformation element is hard ball. Alumina carbide ceramic, cemented
carbide, silicon nitride ceramic, silicon carbide ceramic etc. are the popular materials being used for
manufacturing of the ball (Mahajan & Tajane, 2013). Ball acts as tool for compressing the surface layers and
there is point contact between tool and work piece. Fig.1 represents the scheme of ball burnishing process.
Roller Burnishing: It is a method of cold working the metallic surface in order to reduce compressive residual
stresses and enhance surface roughness qualities. In roller burnishing process, the pressure exerted by the rollers
exceeds the yield point of the work piece at the point of contact, which results in small plastic deformation of
the surface structure of the work piece. All machined surfaces consist of a network of peaks and valleys which
are not regular in height and spacing. Roller burnishing creates plastic deformation which displaces the material
from the peaks of work piece by means of cold work under pressure into the valleys resulting in mirror-like
finish with a tough, work hardened, wear and corrosion resistant work surface (Hassan, A.M., 1997). The
process schematic has been shown as below in Fig.1
2. Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process
www.irjes.com 46 | Page
Fig.1 Schematic representation of ball and roller burnishing
1.2 Benefits of burnishing
1. Simple and highly productive operation which may be carried out in conventional machines (e.g.
lathe).
2. May replace more complicated operations such as honing, lapping and grinding.
3. Requires low energy and torque since the pressure load is relatively low.
4. Does not produce chips, shavings, filings, turnings or dust.
5. Provides tight dimensional tolerances.
6. As compared to other processes tool wear is relatively less.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
Axir, has investigated roller burnishing using RSM (response surface methodology) and took Steel-37 as work
piece and a roller bearing having outside diameter of 22 mm and a width of 6 mm as tool. Using feed rate of 0.1
mm/rev., depth of cut 0.2 mm and spindle speed of 600 rpm respectively, he observed that the spindle speed,
burnishing force, burnishing feed and number of passes have the most significant effect on both surface micro
hardness and surface roughness. Recommended spindle speeds that resulted in high surface micro hardness and
good surface finish were in the range from 150 to 230 rpm and also the residual stress was maximum near the
surface (Axir, 2000).
Khaberry and Axir, have developed the experimental techniques for studying the influence of burnishing
parameters on surface characteristics for some materials. To carry out the experimental work four input
parameters were used, namely: burnishing speed, depth of penetration, burnishing time and initial hardness of
the work piece materials. Three response parameters were selected, namely: Out-of-roundness, reduction in
diameter and surface micro hardness; respectively. It was found that increase in burnishing speed of more than
1.5 m/s resulted in a considerable increase in out-of-roundness. The best results for surface micro hardness were
obtained at low depth of penetration with high burnishing time or with high depth of penetration with low initial
hardness of material (Khabeery & Axir, 2003)
Hryniewicz and Rokosz, have studied the corrosion behaviour of C-45 carbon steel after roller burnishing
through electrochemical investigation results of the corrosion rate. Two different medias, based on sodium
chloride as the corrosive agent, were applied for the electrochemical studies, with one of them, 3% NaCl water
solution, imitating the synthetic sea water environment. It was found that the corrosion rate decreased many
times after roller burnishing of initially prepared surface having regular projections on it (Hryniewicz and
Rokosz, 2005).
Thamizhmanii et al., have worked on multi-roller burnishing on non-ferrous metals where burnishing process
was carried on lathe and vertical/horizontal milling machines with suitable fixtures to hold the work piece with
various spindle rotations, feed rate and depth of penetration and it was identified that surface roughness of non-
ferrous metals improved with high spindle rotations, high feed rate and depth of penetration respectively
(Thamizhmanii et al., 2007).
3. Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process
www.irjes.com 47 | Page
Thamizhmanii et al., have worked on surface roughness investigation and hardness by burnishing on titanium
alloy by using a multi roller burnishing tool on square titanium alloy material by designing various sliding
speed/ spindle speed, feed rate and depth of penetration and concluded that the roller burnishing was very useful
process in improving surface roughness and hardness and can be employed to impart compressive stress and
high fatigue life (Thamizhmanii et al., 2008).
Jawalkar et al., have conducted experiments to find optimized values for enhancing the surface quality and
hardness economically in the roller burnishing process. They have considered the input parameters as spindle
speed, tool feed, number of passes and lubricants. The surface roughness and micro hardness were main
response variables (outputs). The commonly used industrial material EN-8 was selected as a work piece for
experimental purpose. It was concluded that the number of passes, feed and spindle speed contributed maximum
for the surface roughness in burnishing of EN-8 material. Number of passes and speed contributed maximum in
improving the surface hardness of EN-8 because of the work hardening effect (Jawalkar et al., 2009)
Stoic et al., have investigated on the machining efficiency of 34CrMo4 steel, using roller burnishing process.
The experimental results showed that all smoothing outputs could be detected in all regimes. The measured data
on surface roughness before and after roller burnishing process had been compared. It was found that surface
roughness was significantly lower after roller burnishing. Experimental results and numerical modeling of roller
burnishing offered great potential in improving the efficiency and part’s quality (Stoic et al, 2010).
2.1 Some other relevant literature results can be tabulated as in below Table 1.
Sr.
No
Process/Tool
/Material
Key Results Authors
1. Roller burnishing on
mild steel specimen.
It was found that surface finish and surface hardness
increases with burnishing speed up to an optimum value of
(62 mm/min) and then decreases with further increase in
speed.
Babu et al.
(2008)
2. Roller burnishing on
EN-24 steel using EN-
31 roller tool.
It was observed that the performance of the tin-coated roller
was superior to that of uncoated rollers in burnishing
operation
Yeldose et al.
(2008)
3. Ball burnishing on Al
alloy 2014 using carbon
chromium steel ball as
tool.
Results showed that from an initial roughness of about Ra 4
μm, the specimen could be finished to a roughness average
of 0.14 μm.
Axira and
Othmanb
(2008)
4. Roller burnishing on
A53 steel.
Results showed that the corrosion potential and corrosion
current decreased with increasing pressing force and reached
a minimum value at about 80 N.
Qawabeha et
al. (2009)
5. Roller burnishing on
different geometries.
Using FEA models quantitative prediction of the residual
stress state was done.
Klocke et al.
(2009)
6. Roller burnishing on
IN718 alloy.
Using roller burnishing high compressive residual stress,
high strain hardening and excellent surface quality
respectively were obtained.
Klocke et al.
(2009)
7. Ball burnishing on
chromium-alloyed steel
using ceramic ball as
tool.
Using complete factorial plan, empirical relation was
developed that could predict the surface roughness.
Manole and
Nagi (2011)
8. Ball burnishing on steel
components.
Using ball burnishing fatigue life and wear resistance
improved considerably.
Chaudhari et
al. (2011)
9. Roller burnishing on O1
alloy steel.
Using SPD, surface quality improved by 12.5%, ultimate
tensile strength increased by 166 MPa and the percentage
elongation of material increased by 13.6% respectively.
Rababa and
Almahasne
(2011)
III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A properly planned and executed experiment can provide highly reduced data for collection and can
avoid unnecessary experiments. It will save lot of resources which may be time, money, raw materials etc. In
present study, parametric observation was made using speed and feed rate as process parameters and surface
4. Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process
www.irjes.com 48 | Page
roughness and surface micro hardness as output or response variables. Experiments were performed using HMT
power lathe (NH 26 model), making use of mineral oil as a lubricant. Lathe is shown in Fig.2. Burnishing
operation was performed on mild steel specimen using roller burnishing tool. Fig.3 shows two different regions
on mild steel specimen.
IV. RESULTS OF THE STUDY
3.1 Measurement of surface roughness values
In this study surface roughness and surface micro-hardness were the main response variables and the
process parameter under consideration was the spindle speed. The material under consideration was mild steel.
On experimental analysis, it was found that all the process parameters significantly affected the quality and
surface finish of the work piece. The variation of surface roughness with spindle speed obtained during the trial
is shown in the table 1 and fig.4.
Table 2: Variation of surface roughness with spindle speed
S.No.
Spindle speed (rpm)
(along X-axis in graph)
Surface roughness (μm)
(along Y-axis in graph)
1. 325 0.25
2. 420 0.21
3. 550 0.70
Fig.4 Trend line showing variation of surface roughness with spindle speed.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Surface roughness
Surface roughness
Fig.2 HMT power lathe for carrying out
burnishing process.
Fig.3 Different regions observed in mild steel
specimen during burnishing process.
Burnished region
Unburnished region
5. Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process
www.irjes.com 49 | Page
The variation in feed rate also affects the surface roughness of mild steel specimen as shown in Table 3 and
Fig.5.
Table 3: Variation of surface roughness with feed rate
S.No. Feed rate (mm/rev.)
(along X-axis on graph)
Surface roughness (μm)
(along Y-axis on graph)
1. 0.1 0.30
2. 0.2 0.25
3. 0.4 0.65
Fig.5 Trend line showing variation of surface roughness with feed rate.
3.2 Measurement of surface micro hardness values
In this phase experiments were conducted using roller burnishing tool on mild steel specimen to
analyze the effect of variation in rpm on surface hardness. An increase in the burnishing force will increase the
plastic deformation, as the penetration of roller is increased. It will lead to an increase in the internal
compressive residual stress, which in turn causes a considerable increase in the surface hardness. Surface
hardness decreases with increase in spindle speed and feed but there is a limit beyond which it is not possible to
decrease the hardness due to work hardening effect. The Table 4 and Fig.6 represents the micro hardness against
the spindle speed.
Table 4: Variation of micro hardness with spindle speed
S.No. Spindle speed (rpm)
(along X-axis on graph)
Surface hardness (HRB) (alongY-axis on
graph)
1. 325 63
2. 420 61
3. 550 66
Fig.6 Trend line showing variation of surface micro hardness with spindle speed.
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Surface roughness
Surface roughness
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Micro hardness
Micro hardness
6. Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process
www.irjes.com 50 | Page
The variation in feed rate also affects the surface micro hardness of mild steel specimen as shown in Table 5 and
Fig.7.
Table 5: Variation of micro hardness with feed rate
S.No. Feed rate (mm/rev.)
(along X-axis on graph)
Surface hardness (HRB)
(along Y-axis on graph)
1. 0.1 62.5
2. 0.2 63
3. 0.4 66
Fig.7 Trend line showing variation of surface micro hardness with feed rate.
IV. CONCLUSIONS/RESULTS
Roller burnishing process for which the results are reported in this paper can be considered as one of
the important processes for finishing of precision components. Through the conducted experiments on mild steel
specimen, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Roller burnishing produced superior surface finish with absence of feed marks of the burnishing tool on the
burnished surface. The average surface roughness Ra obtained was 0.39 μm in burnishing, and finest Ra value
observed was 0.21 μm (Table 2).
2. The process was useful in improving the quality of the burnished surface by selecting proper input
parameters.
3. There was significant improvement in the surface micro hardness of mild steel specimen with increase in
speed and feed rate. Best value of hardness obtained was 66 HRB at spindle speed of 550 rpm and feed rate of
0.4 mm/rev. respectively.
4. Since roller burnishing process improves bored or turned metal surface as well as the quality of surface
roughness and surface hardness, so it can effectively be used in many fields such as automobiles manufacturing
sector, production of machine tools, aerospace industries etc.
5. Since burnishing is completely chip-less process so there is no scrap produced while performing the
experiments as compare to its counterparts like grinding, honing, lapping etc.
4.1 Future work/Research
Observing the various fruitful outcomes, it can be understood that this area of research has a vast scope
for further research and experiments. By undergoing experiments a variety of materials as per their use in
industry and applications. It may provide the associated sectors especially which calls better surface properties
(like Space industry, Aeronautics and commodities sector etc.) with a hell of benefits.
62
62.5
63
63.5
64
64.5
65
65.5
66
66.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Micro hardness
Micro hardness
7. Parametric Analysis of Mild Steel Specimens Using Roller Burnishing Process
www.irjes.com 51 | Page
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