fatty liver and lipotropic factors.pptx
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Fatty liver, or steatosis, is defined as an excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver replacing liver cells. This can progress to liver cirrhosis. Causes include overfeeding of fats or carbohydrates, increased fatty acid mobilization to the liver from fat depots, decreased fatty acid oxidation, and decreased export of fats from the liver. Lipotropic factors help transport triglycerides from the liver by facilitating phospholipid and protein biosynthesis, such as essential fatty acids, inositol, choline, methionine, and proteins. Antilipotropic factors inhibit this process through interfering with phospholipid and protein biosynthesis, like overfeeding of cholesterol or substances like carbon tetrachloride.
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- Deficiencies of galactokinase or galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase can cause galactosemia, leading to an accumulation of galactose and its metabolites in tissues and symptoms including liver damage, cataracts, and intellectual disability.
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This document discusses nucleotides, their synthesis and degradation. It covers the following key points:
1. Nucleotides are composed of a nucleoside (a nitrogenous base linked to a 5-carbon sugar) bound to one or more phosphate groups. They are the monomers that make up nucleic acids like RNA and DNA.
2. Purine nucleotides are synthesized de novo through a complex 10 step pathway beginning with phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) and ending with inosine monophosphate (IMP). Pyrimidine nucleotides can also be synthesized from PRPP.
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Links to PowerPoint presentations in poultry diseases, medications, and immunity in addition to soft skills courses
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ادوية علاج الدواجن من المضادات الحيوية ومستخلصات الأعشاب
Poultry medications (antibiotics and herbal extracts)
Link to download more presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/gJGGnPY
امراض الدواجن البكتيرية والفيروسية واساسات التحصينات ومناعة الطيور
Poultry diseases, vaccination and immunity
Link to download presentations in powerpoint
https://lnkd.in/g2ef7DP
كورسات التنمية البشرية
Soft skills courses
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المكتبة متجددة باستمرار
NHHC chapter 19 outline
The document discusses nutrition and liver diseases, including fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. It covers the following key points:
1) Fatty liver is caused by an accumulation of fat in the liver and affects 20% of the US adult population. It is often asymptomatic but can lead to inflammation and liver damage over time. Treatment focuses on eliminating the underlying cause like obesity.
2) Hepatitis is liver inflammation that can be caused by viruses, alcohol, drugs, or autoimmune disease. Viral hepatitis A-E are discussed along with their transmission routes. Symptoms range from mild to chronic liver damage.
3) Cirrhosis is an advanced scarring of the liver that impairs its
Vitamin A( Animals and HUmans)
This slide deals with different aspects of vitamin A sources, their deficiency syndromes particularly in Animals
Similar to fatty liver and lipotropic factors.pptx (6)
Absorption, transport and metabolism of pantothenic acid
Absorption, transport and metabolism of pantothenic acid
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SEROTONIN for better understanding .pptx
Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that has diverse functions including mood, cognition, and physiological processes. It is found widely in nature, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. 5-HT is synthesized from tryptophan and stored in neurons and chromaffin cells. It is released and acts on several receptor subtypes to exert its effects before being reuptaken or metabolized. Key 5-HT receptors include 5-HT1 receptors which inhibit adenylate cyclase, and 5-HT2 receptors which stimulate phospholipase C. Agonists and antagonists that target these receptors are used to treat various conditions like anxiety, migraine, and hypertension.
Eicosanoids mwisho.. For bettr understanding.pptx
The document discusses eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid that play roles in various physiological processes. There are three main types of eicosanoids: prostanoids, leukotrienes, and lipoxins. Prostanoids like prostaglandins and thromboxanes are derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. Leukotrienes promote inflammation while lipoxins help resolve it. Eicosanoids act via specific receptors and are synthesized via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes acting on arachidonic acid. They are metabolized in the kidneys, lungs, and liver and play important roles in processes like
CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION bph 23.pptx
The document discusses acetylcholine (ACh), the first neurotransmitter discovered. ACh is synthesized in the presynaptic part of neurons from choline and acetyl-CoA. It is stored in vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft upon neuronal stimulation. In the cleft, ACh binds to cholinergic receptors on the postsynaptic membrane before being degraded by acetylcholinesterase. ACh acts as a neurotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, and various organs. The document outlines the synthesis, storage, release, mechanisms of action, and degradation of ACh. It also discusses cholinergic drugs that can act as
14. infec desease.pptx
This document summarizes infectious diseases and microorganisms. It defines infectious diseases and categorizes infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It describes how microorganisms cause disease by direct cell death, toxin production, or inducing immune responses. It also outlines different patterns of inflammatory response to infection like suppurative, mononuclear, cytopathic-proliferative, necrotizing, and chronic inflammation. Various transmission routes and examples of diseases caused by different infectious categories are provided. Special tests for diagnosing infectious agents like gram stain, acid-fast stain, and culture techniques are also mentioned.
Stereochemistry23-1.pptx
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry and stereoisomers. It begins by defining stereochemistry and noting that it refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. It then discusses Louis Pasteur's 1848 discovery of chirality and enantiomers through his experiments with tartaric acid crystals. The document defines key terms like chiral, achiral, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It explains the different types of stereoisomers including those arising from chiral centers and geometric isomers like cis-trans. The document emphasizes that stereoisomers can have different physical and chemical properties despite having the same molecular formula.
3 Enteric bacteria E.coli Klebsiella-1.pptx
This document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, including Escherichia coli. It notes that Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. E. coli is described as a facultative anaerobic bacterium that is usually harmless but can cause infections under certain conditions. There are five main pathogenic strains of E. coli that can cause diseases like diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. Biochemical tests and culture media are used to identify and differentiate Enterobacteriaceae bacteria.
2 STREPTOCOCCI1 - ne.ppt
Streptococci are Gram-positive cocci that occur in pairs or chains and are classified based on hemolysis, Lancefield grouping, and antigenic differences. Key pathogenic species include:
S. pyogenes (Group A), which causes pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo and other skin infections, necrotizing fasciitis, and post-streptococcal sequelae.
S. agalactiae (Group B) colonizes the genital tract and can cause neonatal sepsis and meningitis.
S. pneumoniae is a common colonizer that causes pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
Vir
1 STAPHYLOCOCCUS.ppt
This document provides information on Staphylococcus including its morphology, classification, virulence factors, diseases caused, and laboratory identification. Staphylococcus are gram positive cocci that occur in grape-like clusters and produce catalase. Major species include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. S. aureus is commonly pathogenic while others are opportunistic. Diseases range from skin infections to toxinoses. Identification involves culture, microscopy, and biochemical tests like coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Treatment often requires antibiotics like vancomycin due to antibiotic resistance.
HYBRIDIZATION CHEMISTRY.pptx
Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that give molecules their shape and bonding properties. There are several types of hybridization depending on the orbitals involved, including sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization. Sp3 hybridization involves one s and three p orbitals mixing to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals arranged tetrahedrally as seen in methane. Sp2 hybridization is the mixing of one s and two p orbitals to yield three sp2 hybrid orbitals in a trigonal planar arrangement as in ethylene. Sp hybridization mixes one s and one p orbital to produce two linear sp hybrid orbitals as observed in acetylene. Hybridization explains molecular geometry and
ANS PHARMACOLOGY BPH 2023.pptx
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions through two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic division activates the fight or flight response through neurotransmitters like norepinephrine. The parasympathetic division conserves energy and supports rest/digest functions through acetylcholine. Both systems have two-neuron pathways and differ in anatomy, neurotransmitters, and target organ effects. The ANS maintains homeostasis through balanced sympathetic/parasympathetic signaling to various organs.
Presentation1 NEOPLASIA III II YEAR UNDER - Copy_2.pptx
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal tissue growths), including definitions, classifications of benign and malignant neoplasms, characteristics of each, and precancerous conditions. It discusses that neoplasms have proliferating parenchymal cells and supportive stroma. Malignant neoplasms are less differentiated, grow more rapidly, are locally invasive, and can metastasize. The molecular basis of cancer involves accumulation of genetic mutations from environmental agents and defects in DNA repair over time.
CELL INJURY,ADAPTATION AND DEATH-2.1.pptx
This document discusses cell injury, adaptation, and death. It begins by introducing cells as the basic units that make up tissues and organs. There are two main types of cells: epithelial and mesenchymal. Diseases occur due to abnormalities at the cellular level. Cell injury can be caused by various stresses and etiologic agents, and cells can respond through adaptation or death. Causes of cell injury include genetic, hypoxic, physical, chemical, microbial, immunologic, nutritional, and iatrogenic factors. Reversible cell injury involves changes like decreased ATP and membrane damage that can be reversed, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through mechanisms like calcium influx and DNA damage. Necrosis, autolysis, and
STERILIZATION BY CHEMICAL METHODS.pptx
This document discusses chemical sterilization methods. It defines sterilization, disinfection, and antiseptics. The main modes of action for chemical disinfectants are damaging the cell membrane, denaturing proteins, and modifying functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids. Agents that can damage the cell membrane include surface active disinfectants like cationic, anionic, and amphoteric compounds as well as phenols and phenolic compounds. Agents that can denature proteins include acids, alkalies, and alcohols. Agents that can modify functional groups include heavy metals, oxidizing agents like halogens and hydrogen peroxide, dyes, and alkylating agents like formaldehyde and glutar
PCR LECTURE.ppt
PCR is a laboratory technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. It works by repeatedly heating and cooling a DNA sample to make billions of copies of the target sequence. The DNA polymerase used is Taq polymerase, isolated from a heat-tolerant bacterium, which allows the high temperatures needed to separate the DNA strands during each PCR cycle. Primers are used to determine the region to be amplified by binding to the edges of the target sequence on opposite strands.
lecture series-7-1.pptx
This document provides information about cytokines. Some key points:
- Cytokines are small secreted proteins that regulate immune cell communication and function. They stimulate immune cell movement and interactions.
- Cytokines can have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. They exhibit properties like pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism.
- Major classes of cytokines include lymphokines, monokines, chemokines, and interleukins. They have various roles like attracting immune cells, activating macrophages, and stimulating antibody production.
- Cytokines act by binding specific receptors on target cells and altering gene expression. They have high affinity for receptors and can function at pic
CHEMISTRY NUCLEIC ACID.ppt
This document discusses nucleic acids and their structure. It notes that there are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is found primarily in the nucleus, while RNA is found throughout the cell. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. The bases are either purines (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, or uracil). DNA has a double helix structure proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953. RNA plays important roles in protein synthesis through messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA.
Nucleic Acid Chemistry session one.ppt
This document provides information about nucleic acids and their structure. It discusses that nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. DNA forms a double-stranded helical structure with complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. RNA is typically single-stranded. The document also discusses nucleic acid function and provides examples.
MALE&FEMALE REPROD.SYSTEMS.ppt
The male reproductive system consists of internal organs (testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis) and external genitals (scrotum). The testes produce sperm and hormones. Sperm travel through ducts and are mixed with fluids from accessory glands to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra. The female reproductive system includes ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina and external genitals. The ovaries contain eggs and produce hormones. The uterus provides nourishment and environment for fetal development. During ovulation, an egg is released from an ovary and may become fertilized in the uterine tubes.
HISTO. MALE&FEMALE GENITALS FINAL- DR G. TOWO.pptx
The male genital system is composed of the testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, and penis. The testes produce sperm and hormones. The genital ducts and accessory glands secrete fluids that transport sperm and provide nutrients. Sperm and secretions make up semen. In the testes, sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules through spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process. Sperm then travel through rete testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens to the urethra, aided by contractions. Accessory glands including seminal vesicles and prostate add secretions to semen. The penis contains erectile
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
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7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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fatty liver and lipotropic factors.pptx
- 1. Fatty liver (Steatosis) • Definition: • It is the accumulation of excessive amount of lipids more than 4% of the weight of the liver leading to liver cells replacement by fibrous tissues with subsequent liver cirrhosis.
- 5. Causes of Fatty liver 1.Over feeding of fats. 2.Over feeding of carbohydrates. 3.Over mobilization of F.A from depot to liver. 4.Decreased oxidation of F.A. due to: A. Deficiency of pantothenic acid. B. Deficiency of carnitine. C. Increased NADH/NAD ratio as in alcoholism. 5. Decreased mobilization of fats from liver to blood.
- 6. LIPOTROPIC FACTORS Definition: These are factors which facilitate transport of TAG from liver to be utilized by the tissues. These factors may be either: 1. Substances needed for phospholipid biosynthesis. 2. Substances needed for protein biosynthesis.
- 7. 1. Substances needed for phospholipid biosynthesis. A. Essential F.A. B. Inositol. C. Choline D. Substances needed for choline biosynthesis as Methionine,Glycine betaine,Folic acid and Vit.B12 2. Substances needed for protein biosynthesis: A. Protein of high biological value. B. Essential a.a (e.g Methionine). C. Non-essential a.a (Serine).
- 18. HOW WILL YOU DISTINGUISH AFLD FROM NAFLD
- 19. Antilipotropic Factors Definition: These are substances which inhibit mobilization of fats from the liver. Causes: 1. Substances Which inhibit phospholipid biosynthesis. 2. Substances Which inhibit protein biosynthesis.
- 20. 1. Substances Which inhibit phospholipid biosynthesis as in over feeding of cholesterol, niacin and biotin 2. Substances Which inhibit protein biosynthesis like carbon tetracholoride, choloroform, phosphorus, arsenic and ethionine