The male genital system is composed of the testes, genital ducts, accessory glands, and penis. The testes produce sperm and hormones. The genital ducts and accessory glands secrete fluids that transport sperm and provide nutrients. Sperm and secretions make up semen. In the testes, sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules through spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Sertoli cells support this process. Sperm then travel through rete testis, epididymis, and ductus deferens to the urethra, aided by contractions. Accessory glands including seminal vesicles and prostate add secretions to semen. The penis contains erectile
The document discusses the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis. It describes the major structures of the male reproductive system including the testes, duct system, and accessory glands. It then focuses on the microscopic structure and function of the seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs. Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatogonia differentiate and develop into spermatozoa through spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Sertoli and germ cells are also described in detail for their roles in supporting spermatogenesis.
The testis and duct system consists of highly coiled seminiferous tubules in the testis that produce sperm through spermatogenesis. A system of ducts made up of the rete testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct collects and transports sperm. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland secrete fluids that nourish and transport sperm via the penis during ejaculation. Within the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells nurture germ cells and Leydig cells produce testosterone.
The male reproductive system consists of testes that produce sperm through spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules. Sperm exit the testes and travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra. Accessory glands including the seminal vesicles and prostate gland secrete fluids that combine with sperm to form semen. The testes are located in the scrotum to maintain a temperature slightly lower than body temperature, which is vital for sperm production.
This document provides an overview of the histology and histophysiology of the male reproductive system. It describes the key structures and functions of the testes, seminiferous tubules, spermatogenic cells, Leydig cells, and spermatozoa. The testes contain seminiferous tubules that produce spermatozoa through spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells nurture developing spermatogenic cells and form the blood-testis barrier. Leydig cells respond to LH to synthesize testosterone, which supports spermatogenesis. Upon maturation, spermatids are transformed into motile spermatozoa through spermiogenesis.
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
The document provides details on the histology of male reproductive organs. It describes the structure and function of the testes, seminiferous tubules, interstitial tissue, spermatogenesis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The testes contain seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs to produce sperm, and interstitial tissue containing Leydig cells that secrete testosterone. The intratesticular ducts and excretory ducts then transport the mature sperm to the urethra for ejaculation. The accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with sperm to form semen.
The male reproductive system functions to produce sperm and sex hormones. It includes the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and a series of ducts that transport sperm. During sexual arousal, blood flow increases in the penis, causing erection. During orgasm, contractions propel semen, containing sperm and fluids, through the urethra and out of the body. Sperm develop through spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in the testes and mature in the epididymis. The female reproductive system must receive the sperm for fertilization to occur.
The document provides details about the male reproductive system. It describes the testes, duct system, and accessory sex glands. The testes produce sperm and hormones. Sperm develop through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The duct system includes the rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct. The accessory sex glands are the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The seminal vesicles secrete fluids that provide energy for sperm.
The document discusses the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis. It describes the major structures of the male reproductive system including the testes, duct system, and accessory glands. It then focuses on the microscopic structure and function of the seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs. Spermatogenesis is the process by which spermatogonia differentiate and develop into spermatozoa through spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Sertoli and germ cells are also described in detail for their roles in supporting spermatogenesis.
The testis and duct system consists of highly coiled seminiferous tubules in the testis that produce sperm through spermatogenesis. A system of ducts made up of the rete testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct collects and transports sperm. The seminal vesicles and prostate gland secrete fluids that nourish and transport sperm via the penis during ejaculation. Within the seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells nurture germ cells and Leydig cells produce testosterone.
The male reproductive system consists of testes that produce sperm through spermatogenesis in seminiferous tubules. Sperm exit the testes and travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra. Accessory glands including the seminal vesicles and prostate gland secrete fluids that combine with sperm to form semen. The testes are located in the scrotum to maintain a temperature slightly lower than body temperature, which is vital for sperm production.
This document provides an overview of the histology and histophysiology of the male reproductive system. It describes the key structures and functions of the testes, seminiferous tubules, spermatogenic cells, Leydig cells, and spermatozoa. The testes contain seminiferous tubules that produce spermatozoa through spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells nurture developing spermatogenic cells and form the blood-testis barrier. Leydig cells respond to LH to synthesize testosterone, which supports spermatogenesis. Upon maturation, spermatids are transformed into motile spermatozoa through spermiogenesis.
Anatomy and physiology of male reproductive systemPallavi Lokhande
The organs of the male reproductive system include the testes, a system of ducts (including the epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra), accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands), and several supporting Structures, including the scrotum and the penis.
and knowledge of this system can help in knowing abnormality in it as well as can be used as study material
The document provides details on the histology of male reproductive organs. It describes the structure and function of the testes, seminiferous tubules, interstitial tissue, spermatogenesis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The testes contain seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs to produce sperm, and interstitial tissue containing Leydig cells that secrete testosterone. The intratesticular ducts and excretory ducts then transport the mature sperm to the urethra for ejaculation. The accessory glands secrete fluids that mix with sperm to form semen.
The male reproductive system functions to produce sperm and sex hormones. It includes the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone, and a series of ducts that transport sperm. During sexual arousal, blood flow increases in the penis, causing erection. During orgasm, contractions propel semen, containing sperm and fluids, through the urethra and out of the body. Sperm develop through spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis in the testes and mature in the epididymis. The female reproductive system must receive the sperm for fertilization to occur.
The document provides details about the male reproductive system. It describes the testes, duct system, and accessory sex glands. The testes produce sperm and hormones. Sperm develop through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The duct system includes the rete testis, efferent ducts, epididymis, vas deferens, and ejaculatory duct. The accessory sex glands are the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. The seminal vesicles secrete fluids that provide energy for sperm.
The document summarizes the histology of the male reproductive system. It describes the key structures including the testis, seminiferous tubules, Sertoli and Leydig cells involved in spermatogenesis. It then discusses the male duct system including the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the microscopic anatomy of each structure.
The male reproductive system undergoes significant changes during puberty due to increased hormone production. This causes enlargement of the testes and genitals. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis, a process where diploid cells undergo meiosis to become haploid sperm. Mature sperm are stored in the epididymis and travel through ducts to be ejaculated through the urethra.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm. During puberty, the testes enlarge and begin producing testosterone and sperm through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm pass through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra to be ejaculated with fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. The penis becomes erect through increased blood flow, allowing for sexual intercourse and delivery of sperm.
The document discusses male and female reproductive systems. It describes how sperm is produced through spermatogenesis in the testes in a 2.5 month process, and stored in the epididymis. Upon sexual stimulation, sperm mixes with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is then ejaculated. It also briefly outlines the female menstrual cycle and key parts of the male anatomy like the testes and penis.
The document discusses male and female reproductive systems. It describes how sperm is produced through spermatogenesis in the testes in a 2.5 month process, and stored in the epididymis. Upon sexual stimulation, sperm mixes with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is then ejaculated. It also briefly outlines the female menstrual cycle and key parts of the male anatomy like the testes and penis.
Adolescence begins with puberty between ages 9-14 when a burst of hormones activates testes maturation. The testes, located in the scrotum, produce sperm through spermatogenesis and male sex hormones. Sperm travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra, mixing with secretions from accessory glands to form semen, which is ejaculated through the penis.
The male reproductive system has two main functions: production of male gametes (spermatozoa) and synthesis/secretion of androgenic hormones. It includes gonads that produce gametes and hormones, ducts that transport gametes, and accessory glands that secrete fluids. The main components are a pair of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra. The testes produce sperm and testosterone, which support male sexual differentiation and function. Sperm mature as they move from the testes to the epididymis to the vas deferens. Accessory glands including the seminal vesicles and prostate add fluids to form semen, which
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system including both external and internal structures. It begins with describing the external genitalia including the penis and scrotum. It then discusses the internal genitalia such as the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens. Next, it covers the accessory glands including the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands. It concludes with an explanation of sperm production through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The entire male reproductive system works together to produce, mature, and ejaculate sperm for reproduction.
- The male reproductive system includes the penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, and other structures. The testes produce sperm and hormones within the scrotum, which provides a cooler environment for sperm production. The prostate gland secretes fluids that protect and nourish sperm.
- The testes and epididymis work together to produce, mature, and store sperm. The epididymis is a coiled tube that receives sperm from the testes and stores it until ejaculation. The testes have seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced with help from Sertoli cells.
- The scrotum houses the testes and epididymis and contains muscles that help
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Involved in the development, maturation, transport and deposition of the male gametes (spermatozoa).
It consists of the paired testes,
the convoluted duct of the epididymis (ductus epididymidis),
the deferent duct (ductus deferens), the urethra (pars pelvina urethra) and the accessory glands
The male reproductive system produces sperm and reproductive hormones. During development, the testes descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. At puberty, the testes and sex organs mature under hormonal changes. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis and store them in the epididymis. During ejaculation, sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands are expelled through the urethra. The male sex hormones support secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. Sperm travel through the duct system and are ejaculated in semen to potentially fertilize an egg.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external organs including the scrotum and penis. It then details the internal organs such as the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands including the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. Finally, it provides an overview of sperm structure and function, including fertilization.
General idea about the histology of the Testes. the gross anatomy and the major structures important for the understanding of the microscopic structures of testes including spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis can be found.
Also the practical identification of a testes can also be found in this presentation. the Staining used for each and every slide shown in the presentation are the H&E staining that gives the pink and purple coloured slides.
Male reproductive system the sperm testes and the penis all includedatitotim09
The male reproductive system functions to produce and transport sperm and semen. It is made up of internal organs like the testes which produce sperm and testosterone, and external organs like the penis. During development, the reproductive structures start out undifferentiated before differentiating into male organs due to testosterone from the testes. At puberty, increased hormones cause development of secondary sex characteristics and initiation of sperm production.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, with the kidneys being the main organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter the blood and regulate water and electrolyte levels through selective reabsorption and secretion in the tubules. Urine is then transported from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits through the urethra.
male reproductive system, spermatogensis, sperm.pptxAnju Kumawat
The document describes the male reproductive system. It discusses the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. Sperm are formed through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. From there, sperm pass through the rete testis into the epididymis for storage and maturation. The epididymis leads to the vas deferens, which joins the seminal vesicles and prostate to form the ejaculatory ducts. During ejaculation, secretions from the accessory glands mix with sperm to form semen, which is then expelled through the urethra.
Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that has diverse functions including mood, cognition, and physiological processes. It is found widely in nature, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. 5-HT is synthesized from tryptophan and stored in neurons and chromaffin cells. It is released and acts on several receptor subtypes to exert its effects before being reuptaken or metabolized. Key 5-HT receptors include 5-HT1 receptors which inhibit adenylate cyclase, and 5-HT2 receptors which stimulate phospholipase C. Agonists and antagonists that target these receptors are used to treat various conditions like anxiety, migraine, and hypertension.
More Related Content
Similar to HISTO. MALE&FEMALE GENITALS FINAL- DR G. TOWO.pptx
The document summarizes the histology of the male reproductive system. It describes the key structures including the testis, seminiferous tubules, Sertoli and Leydig cells involved in spermatogenesis. It then discusses the male duct system including the rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands like the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the microscopic anatomy of each structure.
The male reproductive system undergoes significant changes during puberty due to increased hormone production. This causes enlargement of the testes and genitals. Sperm are produced in the testes through spermatogenesis, a process where diploid cells undergo meiosis to become haploid sperm. Mature sperm are stored in the epididymis and travel through ducts to be ejaculated through the urethra.
The male reproductive system produces and transports sperm. During puberty, the testes enlarge and begin producing testosterone and sperm through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules. Mature sperm pass through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra to be ejaculated with fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. The penis becomes erect through increased blood flow, allowing for sexual intercourse and delivery of sperm.
The document discusses male and female reproductive systems. It describes how sperm is produced through spermatogenesis in the testes in a 2.5 month process, and stored in the epididymis. Upon sexual stimulation, sperm mixes with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is then ejaculated. It also briefly outlines the female menstrual cycle and key parts of the male anatomy like the testes and penis.
The document discusses male and female reproductive systems. It describes how sperm is produced through spermatogenesis in the testes in a 2.5 month process, and stored in the epididymis. Upon sexual stimulation, sperm mixes with fluids from the seminal vesicles and prostate to form semen, which is then ejaculated. It also briefly outlines the female menstrual cycle and key parts of the male anatomy like the testes and penis.
Adolescence begins with puberty between ages 9-14 when a burst of hormones activates testes maturation. The testes, located in the scrotum, produce sperm through spermatogenesis and male sex hormones. Sperm travel through the epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra, mixing with secretions from accessory glands to form semen, which is ejaculated through the penis.
The male reproductive system has two main functions: production of male gametes (spermatozoa) and synthesis/secretion of androgenic hormones. It includes gonads that produce gametes and hormones, ducts that transport gametes, and accessory glands that secrete fluids. The main components are a pair of testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra. The testes produce sperm and testosterone, which support male sexual differentiation and function. Sperm mature as they move from the testes to the epididymis to the vas deferens. Accessory glands including the seminal vesicles and prostate add fluids to form semen, which
This document provides an overview of the male reproductive system including both external and internal structures. It begins with describing the external genitalia including the penis and scrotum. It then discusses the internal genitalia such as the testes, epididymis, and vas deferens. Next, it covers the accessory glands including the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands. It concludes with an explanation of sperm production through spermatogenesis within the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The entire male reproductive system works together to produce, mature, and ejaculate sperm for reproduction.
- The male reproductive system includes the penis, testes, scrotum, prostate gland, and other structures. The testes produce sperm and hormones within the scrotum, which provides a cooler environment for sperm production. The prostate gland secretes fluids that protect and nourish sperm.
- The testes and epididymis work together to produce, mature, and store sperm. The epididymis is a coiled tube that receives sperm from the testes and stores it until ejaculation. The testes have seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced with help from Sertoli cells.
- The scrotum houses the testes and epididymis and contains muscles that help
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Involved in the development, maturation, transport and deposition of the male gametes (spermatozoa).
It consists of the paired testes,
the convoluted duct of the epididymis (ductus epididymidis),
the deferent duct (ductus deferens), the urethra (pars pelvina urethra) and the accessory glands
The male reproductive system produces sperm and reproductive hormones. During development, the testes descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. At puberty, the testes and sex organs mature under hormonal changes. The testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis and store them in the epididymis. During ejaculation, sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands are expelled through the urethra. The male sex hormones support secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. Sperm travel through the duct system and are ejaculated in semen to potentially fertilize an egg.
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external organs including the scrotum and penis. It then details the internal organs such as the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands including the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. Finally, it provides an overview of sperm structure and function, including fertilization.
General idea about the histology of the Testes. the gross anatomy and the major structures important for the understanding of the microscopic structures of testes including spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis can be found.
Also the practical identification of a testes can also be found in this presentation. the Staining used for each and every slide shown in the presentation are the H&E staining that gives the pink and purple coloured slides.
Male reproductive system the sperm testes and the penis all includedatitotim09
The male reproductive system functions to produce and transport sperm and semen. It is made up of internal organs like the testes which produce sperm and testosterone, and external organs like the penis. During development, the reproductive structures start out undifferentiated before differentiating into male organs due to testosterone from the testes. At puberty, increased hormones cause development of secondary sex characteristics and initiation of sperm production.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, with the kidneys being the main organs that filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The kidneys contain nephrons that filter the blood and regulate water and electrolyte levels through selective reabsorption and secretion in the tubules. Urine is then transported from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder for storage and then exits through the urethra.
male reproductive system, spermatogensis, sperm.pptxAnju Kumawat
The document describes the male reproductive system. It discusses the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. Sperm are formed through spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. From there, sperm pass through the rete testis into the epididymis for storage and maturation. The epididymis leads to the vas deferens, which joins the seminal vesicles and prostate to form the ejaculatory ducts. During ejaculation, secretions from the accessory glands mix with sperm to form semen, which is then expelled through the urethra.
Similar to HISTO. MALE&FEMALE GENITALS FINAL- DR G. TOWO.pptx (20)
Serotonin (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter that has diverse functions including mood, cognition, and physiological processes. It is found widely in nature, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, blood platelets, and central nervous system. 5-HT is synthesized from tryptophan and stored in neurons and chromaffin cells. It is released and acts on several receptor subtypes to exert its effects before being reuptaken or metabolized. Key 5-HT receptors include 5-HT1 receptors which inhibit adenylate cyclase, and 5-HT2 receptors which stimulate phospholipase C. Agonists and antagonists that target these receptors are used to treat various conditions like anxiety, migraine, and hypertension.
Eicosanoids mwisho.. For bettr understanding.pptxPharmTecM
The document discusses eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid that play roles in various physiological processes. There are three main types of eicosanoids: prostanoids, leukotrienes, and lipoxins. Prostanoids like prostaglandins and thromboxanes are derived from arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenase pathway. Leukotrienes promote inflammation while lipoxins help resolve it. Eicosanoids act via specific receptors and are synthesized via cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes acting on arachidonic acid. They are metabolized in the kidneys, lungs, and liver and play important roles in processes like
The document discusses acetylcholine (ACh), the first neurotransmitter discovered. ACh is synthesized in the presynaptic part of neurons from choline and acetyl-CoA. It is stored in vesicles and released into the synaptic cleft upon neuronal stimulation. In the cleft, ACh binds to cholinergic receptors on the postsynaptic membrane before being degraded by acetylcholinesterase. ACh acts as a neurotransmitter in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, including at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, and various organs. The document outlines the synthesis, storage, release, mechanisms of action, and degradation of ACh. It also discusses cholinergic drugs that can act as
This document summarizes infectious diseases and microorganisms. It defines infectious diseases and categorizes infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It describes how microorganisms cause disease by direct cell death, toxin production, or inducing immune responses. It also outlines different patterns of inflammatory response to infection like suppurative, mononuclear, cytopathic-proliferative, necrotizing, and chronic inflammation. Various transmission routes and examples of diseases caused by different infectious categories are provided. Special tests for diagnosing infectious agents like gram stain, acid-fast stain, and culture techniques are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of stereochemistry and stereoisomers. It begins by defining stereochemistry and noting that it refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. It then discusses Louis Pasteur's 1848 discovery of chirality and enantiomers through his experiments with tartaric acid crystals. The document defines key terms like chiral, achiral, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It explains the different types of stereoisomers including those arising from chiral centers and geometric isomers like cis-trans. The document emphasizes that stereoisomers can have different physical and chemical properties despite having the same molecular formula.
This document discusses the Enterobacteriaceae family of bacteria, including Escherichia coli. It notes that Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. E. coli is described as a facultative anaerobic bacterium that is usually harmless but can cause infections under certain conditions. There are five main pathogenic strains of E. coli that can cause diseases like diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. Biochemical tests and culture media are used to identify and differentiate Enterobacteriaceae bacteria.
Streptococci are Gram-positive cocci that occur in pairs or chains and are classified based on hemolysis, Lancefield grouping, and antigenic differences. Key pathogenic species include:
S. pyogenes (Group A), which causes pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo and other skin infections, necrotizing fasciitis, and post-streptococcal sequelae.
S. agalactiae (Group B) colonizes the genital tract and can cause neonatal sepsis and meningitis.
S. pneumoniae is a common colonizer that causes pneumonia, meningitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
Vir
This document provides information on Staphylococcus including its morphology, classification, virulence factors, diseases caused, and laboratory identification. Staphylococcus are gram positive cocci that occur in grape-like clusters and produce catalase. Major species include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus. S. aureus is commonly pathogenic while others are opportunistic. Diseases range from skin infections to toxinoses. Identification involves culture, microscopy, and biochemical tests like coagulase and mannitol fermentation. Treatment often requires antibiotics like vancomycin due to antibiotic resistance.
Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals that give molecules their shape and bonding properties. There are several types of hybridization depending on the orbitals involved, including sp3, sp2, and sp hybridization. Sp3 hybridization involves one s and three p orbitals mixing to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals arranged tetrahedrally as seen in methane. Sp2 hybridization is the mixing of one s and two p orbitals to yield three sp2 hybrid orbitals in a trigonal planar arrangement as in ethylene. Sp hybridization mixes one s and one p orbital to produce two linear sp hybrid orbitals as observed in acetylene. Hybridization explains molecular geometry and
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls involuntary body functions through two divisions - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic division activates the fight or flight response through neurotransmitters like norepinephrine. The parasympathetic division conserves energy and supports rest/digest functions through acetylcholine. Both systems have two-neuron pathways and differ in anatomy, neurotransmitters, and target organ effects. The ANS maintains homeostasis through balanced sympathetic/parasympathetic signaling to various organs.
Presentation1 NEOPLASIA III II YEAR UNDER - Copy_2.pptxPharmTecM
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new abnormal tissue growths), including definitions, classifications of benign and malignant neoplasms, characteristics of each, and precancerous conditions. It discusses that neoplasms have proliferating parenchymal cells and supportive stroma. Malignant neoplasms are less differentiated, grow more rapidly, are locally invasive, and can metastasize. The molecular basis of cancer involves accumulation of genetic mutations from environmental agents and defects in DNA repair over time.
CELL INJURY,ADAPTATION AND DEATH-2.1.pptxPharmTecM
This document discusses cell injury, adaptation, and death. It begins by introducing cells as the basic units that make up tissues and organs. There are two main types of cells: epithelial and mesenchymal. Diseases occur due to abnormalities at the cellular level. Cell injury can be caused by various stresses and etiologic agents, and cells can respond through adaptation or death. Causes of cell injury include genetic, hypoxic, physical, chemical, microbial, immunologic, nutritional, and iatrogenic factors. Reversible cell injury involves changes like decreased ATP and membrane damage that can be reversed, while irreversible injury leads to cell death through mechanisms like calcium influx and DNA damage. Necrosis, autolysis, and
This document discusses chemical sterilization methods. It defines sterilization, disinfection, and antiseptics. The main modes of action for chemical disinfectants are damaging the cell membrane, denaturing proteins, and modifying functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids. Agents that can damage the cell membrane include surface active disinfectants like cationic, anionic, and amphoteric compounds as well as phenols and phenolic compounds. Agents that can denature proteins include acids, alkalies, and alcohols. Agents that can modify functional groups include heavy metals, oxidizing agents like halogens and hydrogen peroxide, dyes, and alkylating agents like formaldehyde and glutar
PCR is a laboratory technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA. It works by repeatedly heating and cooling a DNA sample to make billions of copies of the target sequence. The DNA polymerase used is Taq polymerase, isolated from a heat-tolerant bacterium, which allows the high temperatures needed to separate the DNA strands during each PCR cycle. Primers are used to determine the region to be amplified by binding to the edges of the target sequence on opposite strands.
This document provides information about cytokines. Some key points:
- Cytokines are small secreted proteins that regulate immune cell communication and function. They stimulate immune cell movement and interactions.
- Cytokines can have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. They exhibit properties like pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism.
- Major classes of cytokines include lymphokines, monokines, chemokines, and interleukins. They have various roles like attracting immune cells, activating macrophages, and stimulating antibody production.
- Cytokines act by binding specific receptors on target cells and altering gene expression. They have high affinity for receptors and can function at pic
This document discusses nucleic acids and their structure. It notes that there are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is found primarily in the nucleus, while RNA is found throughout the cell. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. The bases are either purines (adenine or guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, or uracil). DNA has a double helix structure proposed by Watson and Crick in 1953. RNA plays important roles in protein synthesis through messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA.
This document provides information about nucleic acids and their structure. It discusses that nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. DNA forms a double-stranded helical structure with complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine and cytosine and guanine. RNA is typically single-stranded. The document also discusses nucleic acid function and provides examples.
The male reproductive system consists of internal organs (testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis) and external genitals (scrotum). The testes produce sperm and hormones. Sperm travel through ducts and are mixed with fluids from accessory glands to form semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra. The female reproductive system includes ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina and external genitals. The ovaries contain eggs and produce hormones. The uterus provides nourishment and environment for fetal development. During ovulation, an egg is released from an ovary and may become fertilized in the uterine tubes.
This document provides information about nucleic acids and their structure. It discusses that nucleic acids are polymers made up of nucleotides that store and transmit genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. A nucleotide is composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group. The nitrogen bases in nucleotides can be purines (adenine and guanine) or pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil). DNA has a double-stranded helical structure, with complementary base pairing between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine. RNA is typically single-stranded. ATP
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
2. THE MALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Composed of the testes, genital ducts, accessory glands,
and penis.
The dual function of the testis is to produce
spermatozoa and hormones.
The genital ducts and accessory glands produce
secretions that, aided by smooth muscle contractions,
conduct spermatozoa toward the exterior.
These secretions also provide nutrients for spermatozoa
while they are confined to the male reproductive
tract.
Spermatozoa and the secretions of the genital ducts and accessory glands make
up the semen.
Although testosterone is the main hormone produced in the testes, both
testosterone and one of its metabolites, dihydrotestosterone, are
necessary for the physiology of men.
3.
4. Testes
• Each testis is surrounded by a thick capsule of
dense connective tissue (tunica vaginalis)
• Tunica albuginea is thickened on the posterior
surface of the testis to form the mediastinum
testis, from which fibrous septa penetrate the
gland, dividing it into about 250 pyramidal
compartments called the testicular lobules.
• These septa are incomplete, and there is
frequent intercommunication between the
lobules.
• Each lobule is occupied by one to four
seminiferous tubules enmeshed in a web of
loose connective tissue that is rich in blood
and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and interstitial
cells, also known as Leydig cells.
• Seminiferous tubules produce male
reproductive cells, the spermatozoa.
During embryonic development the testes develop retroperitoneally in the dorsal wall of the abdominal
cavity. They migrate during fetal development and become positioned within the scrotum, at the ends of the
spermatic cords. Because of this migration, each testis carries with it a serous sac, the tunica vaginalis,
derived from the peritoneum. The tunic consists of an outer parietal layer and an inner visceral layer,
covering the tunica albuginea on the anterior and lateral sides of the testis.
5. Seminiferous Tubules
• Spermatozoids are produced in the
seminiferous tubules at a daily rate of about 2
x 108 in the adult.
• Each testicle has 250 to1000 seminiferous
tubules that measure about 150 to 250 mm in
diameter and 30 to 70 cm in length.
• The combined length of the tubules of one
testis is about 250 m. The tubules are
convoluted and have the form of loops at
whose ends the lumen narrows and continues
in short segments, known as straight tubules,
or tubuli recti.
• These tubules connect the seminiferous
tubules to an anastomosing labyrinth of
epithelium-lined channels, the rete testis.
• About 10 to 20 ductuli efferentes connect the
rete testis to the cephalic portion of the
epididymis
6. • The seminiferous tubules are
lined with a complex stratified
epithelium called germinal or
seminiferous epithelium.
• Their outer wall is surrounded
by a well-defined basal lamina
and a fibrous connective tissue
consisting of several layers of
fibroblasts .
• The innermost layer, adhering
to the basal lamina, consists of
flattened myoid cells, which
have characteristics of smooth
muscle.
• Interstitial (Leydig) cells occupy
much of the space between the
seminiferous tubules
7. • The seminiferous epithelium
consists of two types of cells:
Sertoli, or supporting cells and
cells that constitute the
spermatogenic lineage.
• The cells of the spermatogenic
lineage are stacked in four to eight
layers; their function is to produce
spermatozoa.
• The production of spermatozoa is
called spermatogenesis, a process
that includes cell division through
mitosis and meiosis and the final
differentiation of spermatozoids,
which is called spermiogenesis.
8. Spermatogenesis
• Spermatogenesis is the process
by which spermatozoids are
formed. It begins with a
primitive germ cell, the
spermatogonium (generation),
which is a relatively small cell,
about 12 m in diameter,
situated next to the basal
lamina of the epithelium.
• At sexual maturity,
spermatogonia begin dividing
by mitosis, producing
successive generations of cells.
9. Spermiogenesis is the final stage of
production of spermatozoids.
During spermiogenesis the spermatids are
transformed into spermatozoa, cells that are
highly specialized to deliver male DNA to the
ovum. No cell division occurs during this
process.
The spermatids can be distinguished by
their small size (7 to 8m in diameter) and by
nuclei with areas of condensed chromatin.
Spermiogenesis is a complex process that
includes formation of the acrosome,
condensation and elongation of the nucleus,
development of the flagellum, and loss of
much of the cytoplasm.
The end result is the mature spermatozoon,
which is then released into the lumen of the
seminiferous tubule.
10. Spermiogenesis
• From this first meiotic division arise
smaller cells called secondary
spermatocytes
• Secondary spermatocytes are difficult to
observe in sections of the testis because
they are short-lived cells that remain in
interphase very briefly and quickly enter
into the second meiotic division.
• Division of each secondary spermatocyte
results in two cells that contain 23
chromosomes, the spermatids.
• Because no S phase (DNA synthesis)
occurs between the first and second
meiotic divisions of the spermatocytes,
the amount of DNA per cell in this
second division is reduced by half,
forming haploid (1N) cells.
S phase ; The phase of the mitotic cycle during which DNA synthesis
occurs.
11. The Golgi Phase
• The cytoplasm of spermatids contains
a prominent Golgi complex near the
nucleus, mitochondria, a pair of
centrioles, free ribosomes, and
tubules of smooth endoplasmic
reticulum .
• Small periodic granules called
proacrosomal granules accumulate in
the Golgi complex. They subsequently
coalesce to form a single acrosomal
granule within a membrane-limited
acrosomal vesicle
• The centrioles migrate to a position
near the cell surface and opposite the
forming acrosome.
• The flagellar axoneme begins to form,
and the centrioles migrate back
toward the nucleus, spinning out the
axonemal components as they move.
12. Sertoli Cells
• The Sertoli cells are important for the function
of the testes. These cells are elongated
pyramidal cells that partially envelop cells of
the spermatogenic lineage. The bases of the
Sertoli cells adhere to the basal lamina, and
their apical ends frequently extend into the
lumen of the seminiferous tubule.
• Adjacent Sertoli cells are bound together by
occluding junctions at the basolateral part of
the cell
• Spermatocytes and spermatids lie within deep
invaginations of the lateral and apical margins
of the Sertoli cells.
• As the flagellar tails of the spermatids develop,
they appear as tufts extending from the apical
ends of the Sertoli cells.
Spermatozoa are transported to the epididymis in an appropriate medium, testicular fluid,
produced by the Sertoli cells and rete testis lining cells. This fluid contains steroids, proteins,
ions, and androgen-binding protein (ABP) associated with testosterone.
13. Intratesticular Genital Ducts
• The intratesticular genital ducts are the tubuli
recti (straight tubules), the rete testis, and the
ductuli efferentes .
• These ducts carry spermatozoa and liquid from
the seminiferous tubules to the ductus
epididymidis.
• Most seminiferous tubules are in the form of
loops, both ends of which join the rete testis by
structures known as tubuli recti.
• Tubuli recti empty into the rete testis
• The rete testis is a highly anastomotic network of
channels lined with cuboidal epithelium.
• From the rete testis extend ductuli efferentes.
• They have an epithelium composed of groups of
nonciliated cuboidal cells alternating with ciliated
cells that beat in the direction of the epididymis.
14. Excretory Genital Ducts
• Excretory genital ducts transport the spermatozoa
produced in the testis toward the penile meatus.
• These ducts are the ductus epididymidis, the ductus
(vas) deferens, and the urethra.
• The ductus epididymidis is a single highly coiled tube
(4-6 m in length).
• Together with surrounding connective tissue and blood
vessels, this long canal forms the body and tail of the
epididymis.
• It is lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
composed of rounded basal cells and columnar cells.
• These cells are supported on a basal lamina
surrounded by smooth muscle cells, whose peristaltic
contractions help to move the sperm along the duct,
and by loose connective tissue rich in blood capillaries.
Their surface is covered by long, branched, irregular
microvilli called stereocilia.
15. ductus (vas) deferens
• From the epididymis the
ductus (vas) deferens, a
straight tube with a thick,
muscular wall, continues
toward the prostatic urethra
and empties into it.
• It is characterized by a narrow
lumen and a mucosa with
longitudinal folds, covered
along most of its extent by
pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with stereocilia.
16. • The lamina propria is rich in elastic fibers, and the thick
muscular layer consists of longitudinal inner and outer
layers separated by a circular layer. The abundant smooth
muscle produces strong peristaltic contractions that
participate in the expulsion of the spermatozoa during
ejaculation.
17. • The ductus deferens forms part of
the spermatic cord, which includes
the testicular artery, the pampiniform
plexus, and nerves. Before it enters
the prostate, the ductus deferens
dilates, forming a region called the
ampulla.
• In this area, the epithelium becomes
thicker and extensively folded. At the
final portion of the ampulla, the
seminal vesicles join the duct.
• From there on, the ductus deferens
enters the prostate, opening into the
prostatic urethra. The segment
entering the prostate is called the
ejaculatory duct. The mucous layer
of the ductus deferens continues
through the ampulla into the
ejaculatory duct, but the muscle layer
ends after the ampulla.
18. Accessory Genital Glands
• The accessory genital glands produce secretions that are
essential for the reproductive function in men. The
accessory genital glands are the seminal vesicles, the
prostate, and the bulbourethral glands.
• The seminal vesicles consist of two highly tortuous tubes
about 15 cm in length.
• It has a folded mucosa that is lined with cuboidal or
pseudostratified columnar epithelium rich in secretory
granules.
• Epithelial Tissue.
• The lamina propria of the seminal vesicles is rich in
elastic fibers and surrounded by a thin layer of smooth
muscle.
• The seminal vesicles are not reservoirs for spermatozoa.
They are glands that produce a viscid, yellowish secretion
that contains spermatozoa-activating substances such as
carbohydrates, citrate, inositol, prostaglandins, and
several proteins.
• Seventy percent of human ejaculate originates in the
seminal vesicles. The height of the epithelial cells of the
seminal vesicles and the degree of activity of the
secretory processes are dependent on testosterone
levels
19. Prostate
• The prostate is a collection of
30-50 branched tubuloalveolar
glands.
• Their ducts empty into the
prostatic urethra, which crosses
the prostate.
• The prostate has three distinct
zones: The central zone
occupies 25% of the gland's
volume. Seventy percent of the
gland is formed by the
peripheral zone, which is the
major site of prostatic cancer.
• The transition zone is of
medical importance because it
is the site at which most benign
prostatic hyperplasia originates.
20.
21. • The tubuloalveolar glands of the
prostate are formed by a cuboidal
or a columnar pseudostratified
epithelium. An exceptionally rich
fibromuscular stroma surrounds
the glands.
• The prostate is surrounded by a
fibroelastic capsule rich in smooth
muscle. Septa from this capsule
penetrate the gland and divide it
into lobes that are indistinct in
adult men.
22. Penis
• The main components of the penis are
three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue,
plus the urethra, surrounded by skin.
• Two of these cylinders the corpora
cavernosa of the penis are placed
dorsally.
• The other the corpus cavernosum of the
urethra, or corpus spongiosum is
ventrally located and surrounds the
urethra.
• At its end it dilates, forming the glans
penis.
• Most of the penile urethra is lined with
pseudostratified columnar epithelium; in
the glans penis, it becomes stratified
squamous epithelium. Mucus-secreting
glands of Littre are found throughout the
length of the penile urethra.
23. Prepuce
• The is a retractile fold of skin that contains connective
tissue with smooth muscle in its interior. Sebaceous
glands are present in the internal fold and in the skin that
covers the glans.
• The corpora cavernosa are covered by a resistant layer of
dense connective tissue, the tunica albuginea.
• The corpora cavernosa of the penis and the corpus
cavernosum of the urethra are composed of erectile
tissue. This is a tissue with a large number of venous
spaces lined with endothelial cells and separated by
trabeculae of connective tissue fibers and smooth muscle
cells.
24. THE FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM
Ovaries
Oviducts
Uterus
Vagina
Breast
Placenta
Follicle Growth
Menstrual Cycle
26. OVARIES
GERMINAL EPITH.
Simple Sq.-cuboid Epith.
TUNICA ALBUGINEA
Dense connective tissue
whitish color
CORTEX
– Stroma that houses ovarian
follicles in various stages of
development
MEDULLA
– Loose C. Tissue containing
vascular bed and nervous
27. OVARIAN CYCLE
Three phases of ovarian cycle :
• Follicular phase
– Development of primordial F.Mature F.
– Folicular phase of endometrium
• Ovulatory phase
– Release of oocyte from mature F. and capture by oviducts
• Luteal phase
– Residual follicular cell folds and becomes part of Corpus
Luteum (C.L.)
– Secretion/luteal phase of endometrium
28. FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
PRIMORDIAL F.
(formed during fetal life)
Follicular
Growth
PUBERTY
Modification of :
•Oocyte
•Granulosa cells
•Stromal fibroblast
WHAT IS OVARIAN FOLLICLES? :
•An oocyte
•Follicular/ granulosa cells
30. FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
1. PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE :
A. primary oocyte
• Arrested in prophase stage of MI
• ~ 25 µm in diameter
B. follicular cells
• single layer of flattened cells
• Attach by desmosomes
Start at puberty, small groups of
primordial F. stimulated by FSH begins
the follicular growth primary F.
Secondary F. Graafian F.
31. FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
2. PRIMARY FOLLICLE
A. primary oocyte
• growth to 125-150 mm
diam.
B. follicular cells
• cuboidal cells
• 1 to many layers
Zona pellucida separate oocyte
from F.C
C. Stromal cells
• Theca interna
• Theca externa
32. FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
3. SECONDARY FOLLICLE
A. primary oocyte
• 125-150 mm diam.
B. follicular cells
• cuboidal cells, many layers
• Liquor folliculiAntrum
• Cumulus oophorus
• Corona radiata
C. Stromal cells
• Theca interna ~steroid producing
cells
• Theca externa
33. FOLLICULAR GROWTH (Follicular phase)
4.GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
A. Primary oocyte
B. Follicular cells
• Continued growth 2.5 cm
in diameter
• Continues formation of liquor
foliculi oocyte floating
During each menstrual cycle,
Only one follicle growth
Becomes Dominant F.
The other enter ATRESIA
34. OVARIAN CYCLE
Three phases of ovarian cycle :
• Follicular phase
– Development of primordial F.Mature F.
• Ovulatory phase
– Release of oocyte from mature F. and capture by
oviducts
• Luteal phase
– Residual follicular cell folds and becomes part of
Corpus Luteum (C.L.)
35. OVULATION PHASE
Day 14 of menstrual Cycle
• LH surge
• Rupture the wall of G.F
– PG, Histamine,Collagenases
– Hyaluronic acid
• Complete the 1st meiosis
• Release of secondary oocyte (arrest in
metaphase II) with corona radiata
• Received the oocyte by fimbriae
fertilization usually in oviduct
male & female pronuclei fuse = zygote
36. OVARIAN CYCLE
Three phases of ovarian cycle :
• Follicular phase
– Development of primordial F.Mature F.
• Ovulatory phase
– Release of oocyte from mature F. and capture by
oviducts
• Luteal phase
– Residual follicular cell folds and becomes part of
Corpus Luteum (C.L.)
37. CORPUS LUTEUM/C.L. (LUTEAL PHASE )
AFTER OVULATION :
remainder of graafian follicle
collapse & folded
Blood flow into follicular cavity clot +
invaded by C.T. phagocytes central
part C.L.
Granulosa cellgranulosa-lutein cells
Theca interna cells theca-lutein
cells
C.L produce estrogen & progesteron
38. FATE OF CORPUS LUTEUM ??
DEPEND ON WHETHER
PREGNANCY IS
ESTBALISH OR NOT :
• If the pregnancy does not occur
C.L. degenerate CORPUS
ALBICANS
• If pregnancy occur hCG
maintains C.L C.L. of pregnancy
secrete hormone maintain
pregnancy
C.L. Gravidarum
39. CORPUS ALBICANS
• C.L of menstruation is
invaded by fibroblasts
fibrotic.
• Its remnant undergo
luteolysis
• Fibrous connective tissue
corpus albicans
• Persist as the scar on the
surface of ovary
40. OVIDUCTS (Fallopian Tubes)
The walls composed of :
• Mucosa layer
– Lines by simple column. Epith.
– Lamina propia
– Charaterized by longitudinal folds
• Muscularis layer
– Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers
of smooth muscle
• Serosa layer
– Simple sq. epithelium
The oviducts is the site of
fertilization & early
cleavage of the zygote
41. Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)
Two types epith. Cell :
• Non ciliated peg cells
– No cilia
– Secretory :
• Nutritive & protective for
oocyte
• capacitation of sperm.
• Ciliated cells
– Cilia beat toward the uterus
Peristaltic contraction +
ciliary activity + fluid move oocyte/
zygote toward the uterus
45. Uterus (Myometrium)
Thickest layer of uterus
Composed of three layers of
smooth muscle:
– inner longitudinal
– middle circular (strat.Vasculature)
– outer longitudinal
The size & number of muscle cells are
related to estrogen levels
Pregnancy : hyperplasia & hypertrophy
46. Menstrual Cycle
• Under stimulus of estr. & progest. endometrium undergo cyclic
structure modification
Proliferatifsecretionmentruationproliferatif
• Duration = 28 days
• Puberty menopause
47. Proliferative/follicular phase (days 5-14)
• After menstrual phase
• Coincides with ovarian follicles
development (estrog.)
• Regeneration of endometr.
day 14, fully restored
– surface epithelium
– lamina propria
– coiled arteries
– uterine glands : simple columnar
epithel, straight tubule, narrow
lumens.
48. Secretory / Luteal phase (days 15-28)
• Begins after ovulation
• Depends on C.L. Secretions (progest)
Uterine glands: coiled & branched,
accumulation of glycogendilate the
lumen
• Thickening of functionalis (edema and
secretory product)
• Prepared to receive zygote
49. Menstrual phase (days 1-4)
• When no fertilization
C.L. degenerates drop in progest. &
est.
• coiled arteries constrict ischemia &
necrosis of Functionalis layer
• Rupture of arteries hemorrhagic
• Shedding of functional layer,
• basal layer remain viable
restore functional layer
51. PLACENTA
• Temporary organ as the site of
physiologic exchanges between
mother and fetus
• also as an endocrine organ
• Consist of :
– Fetal part :
• Chorionic villi arise from chorionic
plate
• Connective tissue surrounded by
syncytiotrophoblast and
cytotrophoblast
– Maternal part :
• Decidua basalis form lacunae
52. PLACENTA
Placental barrier :
a) trophoblast layers
b) basal lamina of
Trophoblast
a) Mesenchyme
b) basal lamina of
capillaries
a) endothelium of
fetal capillary
53. CERVIX
• Epithel :
– Lumen : mucus-secreting simple columnar epith.
– External surface : stratified sq. nonkeratinized epith.
• Wall :
– dense, collagenous cont. tissue
• Cervical glands regulates by progesteron
– Serous/watery fluid : around the time of ovulation
– viscous/mucus : at pregnancy/luteal phase of
menstruation
54. VAGINA
Vagina consist of three layers :
• Mucosa
– Strat. Sq. Nonkeratinized Epit.(>>
glycogen)
– Lamina propria : loose fibroelastic C.T. ,
rich vascular.
– No glands ; vaginal fluid comes from
transudation & cervical glands
• Muscularis
– Smooth muscle, inner circular & outer
longitudinal
• Adventitia
– Dense fibroelastic C.T
56. Mammary Glands
• Organs of milk production
• Consist of 15-25 lobes of comp.
tubuloalveolar gland
• Excretory lactiferous duct
• Dense C.T. & adipose tissue separate the
lobes
• Histologic structure varies according to :
– Age
– Physiologic status